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Kang W, Frouni I, Kwan C, Bédard D, Nuara SG, Hamadjida A, Gourdon JC, Huot P. Effect of the mGlu 2 positive allosteric modulator biphenyl-indanone A as a monotherapy and as adjunct to a low dose of L-DOPA in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset. Eur J Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38936819 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Activation of metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptors is a potential novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of parkinsonism. Thus, when administered as monotherapy or as adjunct to a low dose of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), the mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) LY-487,379 alleviated parkinsonism in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned primates. Here, we sought to investigate the effect of biphenyl-indanone A (BINA), a highly selective mGlu2 PAM whose chemical scaffold is unrelated to LY-487,379, to determine if a structurally different mGlu2 PAM would also confer anti-parkinsonian benefit. In monotherapy experiments, MPTP-lesioned marmosets were injected with either vehicle, L-DOPA/benserazide (15/3.75 mg/kg, positive control) or BINA (0.1, 1, 10 mg/kg). In adjunct to a low L-DOPA dose experiments, MPTP-lesioned marmosets were injected with L-DOPA/benserazide (7.5/1.875 mg/kg) in combination with vehicle or BINA (0.1, 1, 10 mg/kg). Parkinsonism, dyskinesia and psychosis-like behaviours (PLBs) were then quantified. When administered alone, BINA 1 and 10 mg/kg decreased parkinsonism severity by ~22% (p < 0.01) and ~47% (p < 0.001), when compared with vehicle, which was comparable with the global effect of a high L-DOPA dose. When administered in combination with a low L-DOPA dose, BINA 1 and 10 mg/kg decreased global parkinsonism by ~38% (p < 0.001) and ~53% (p < 0.001). BINA 10 mg/kg decreased global dyskinesia by ~94% (p < 0.01) and global PLBs by ~92% (p < 0.01). Our results provide additional evidence that mGlu2 positive allosteric modulation elicits anti-parkinsonian effects. That this benefit is not related to a particular chemical scaffold suggests that it may be a class effect rather than the effect of a specific molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Kang
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Imane Frouni
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen G Nuara
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jim C Gourdon
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Frouni I, Kwan C, Bédard D, Hamadjida A, Kang W, Belliveau S, Nuara SG, Gourdon JC, Huot P. Effect of mGluR 2 and mGluR 2/3 activators on parkinsonism in the MPTP-lesioned non-human primate. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03216-2. [PMID: 38900249 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
We have previously discovered that the selective activation of metabotropic glutamate type 2 receptors (mGluR2) and concurrent stimulation of metabotropic glutamate types 2 and 3 receptors (mGluR2/3) enhance the anti-parkinsonian action of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Here, we sought to determine the effects of the mGluR2/3 orthosteric agonists LY-354,740 and LY-404,039, as well as the effects of the mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators LY-487,379 and CBiPES on the range of movement, bradykinesia, posture and alertness as adjuncts to L-DOPA. Ten 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned marmosets entered 4 experimental streams: L-DOPA + LY-354,740 (vehicle, 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg), L-DOPA + LY-404,039 (vehicle, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg), L-DOPA + LY-487,379 (vehicle, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg), L-DOPA + CBiPES (vehicle, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg). For each molecule, treatments were randomised, and the range of movement, bradykinesia, posture and alertness were assessed by a blinded rater. None of the tested compounds significantly altered the global range of movement. LY-404,039 and CBiPES both reduced global bradykinesia, by up to 46% (both P < 0.05). LY-354,740, LY-404,039 and CBiPES each improved global posture by 35%, 44% and 39% (each P < 0.05), respectively. LY-404,039 and CBiPES both enhanced alertness by 54% (P < 0.05) and 79% (P < 0.01), respectively. LY-487,379 did not improve any of the parameters. Our results suggest that selective mGluR2 positive allosteric modulation and combined mGluR2/3 orthosteric stimulation might benefit bradykinesia, posture and alertness in PD when added to L-DOPA, which potentially represent novel therapeutic indications for molecules acting via these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Frouni
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Woojin Kang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sébastien Belliveau
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephen G Nuara
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jim C Gourdon
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Movement Disorder Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Kang W, Frouni I, Bédard D, Kwan C, Hamadjida A, Nuara SG, Gourdon JC, Huot P. Positive allosteric mGluR 2 modulation with BINA alleviates dyskinesia and psychosis-like behaviours in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03215-3. [PMID: 38861009 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate type 2 receptors (mGluR2) is an efficacious approach to reduce the severity of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia, psychosis-like behaviours (PLBs), while conferring additional anti-parkinsonian benefit. However, the mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) tested so far, LY-487,379 and CBiPES, share a similar chemical scaffold. Here, we sought to assess whether similar benefits would be conferred by a structurally-distinct mGluR2 PAM, biphenylindanone A (BINA). Six 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned marmosets exhibiting dyskinesia and PLBs were administered L-DOPA with either vehicle or BINA (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg) in a randomised within-subject design and recorded. Behaviour was analysed by a blinded rater who scored the severity of each of parkinsonism, dyskinesia and PLBs. When added to L-DOPA, BINA 0.1 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg all significantly reduced the severity of global dyskinesia, by 40%, 52% and 53%, (all P < 0.001) respectively. BINA similarly attenuated the severity of global PLBs by 35%, 48%, and 50%, (all P < 0.001) respectively. Meanwhile, BINA did not alter the effect of L-DOPA on parkinsonism exhibited by the marmosets. The results of this study provide incremental evidence of positive allosteric modulation of mGluR2 as an effective therapeutic strategy for alleviating dyskinesia and PLBs, without hindering the anti-parkinsonian action of L-DOPA. Furthermore, this therapeutic benefit does not appear to be confined to a particular chemical scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Kang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Imane Frouni
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen G Nuara
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jim C Gourdon
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Neurosciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Frouni I, Kwan C, Bédard D, Kang W, Hamadjida A, Nuara SG, Gourdon JC, Huot P. Effect of the mGlu 4 positive allosteric modulator ADX-88178 on parkinsonism, psychosis-like behaviours and dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2093-2099. [PMID: 37516708 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate type 4 (mGlu4) receptors is a promising strategy to alleviate parkinsonian disability and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) induced dyskinesia. ADX-88178 is a highly selective mGlu4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) that previously enhanced the anti-parkinsonian action of L-DOPA in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVES We sought to explore the effects of ADX-88178 on psychosis-like behaviours (PLBs) in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned marmoset. We also aimed to determine the effect of ADX-88178 on parkinsonism and dyskinesia. METHODS Six MPTP-lesioned marmosets were administered L-DOPA chronically to induce stable PLBs and dyskinesias. They were then administered ADX-88178 (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg) or vehicle, in combination with L-DOPA/benserazide (15/3.75 mg/kg), both sub-cutaneously, in a randomised fashion. PLBs, parkinsonism and dyskinesia were then measured. RESULTS ADX-88178 mildly worsened global PLBs at the dose of 1 mg/kg (by 13%, P = 0.020). L-DOPA alone conferred 158 min of on-time, while the duration of on-time was 212 min (34% increase, P = 0.011), after adding ADX-88178 1 mg/kg to L-DOPA. Accordingly, ADX-88178 1 mg/kg reduced global parkinsonian disability, by 38% (P = 0.0096). ADX-88178 1 mg/kg diminished peak dose dyskinesia by 34% (P = 0.015). Minimal effects were provided by lower doses. CONCLUSIONS Whereas these results provide additional evidence of the anti-parkinsonian and anti-dyskinetic effects of mGlu4 positive allosteric modulation as an adjunct to L-DOPA, they also suggest that ADX-88178 may exacerbate dopaminergic psychosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate this possible adverse effect of mGlu4 PAMs on PD psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Frouni
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Woojin Kang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen G Nuara
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jim C Gourdon
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Movement Disorder Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Rajalingam R, Fasano A. Punding in Parkinson's Disease: An Update. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:1035-1047. [PMID: 37476310 PMCID: PMC10354600 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Punding is a stereotyped behavior characterized by an intense fascination with a complex, excessive, non-goal oriented, repetitive activity affecting individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) on dopamine replacement therapy (DRT). Objectives In 2010, we published the first review focused on the pathophysiology of punding. This study aims to systematically review the literature of the past decade on punding in PD, particularly focusing on the clinical features, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment. Methods Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, and APA PsycInfo for articles published between July 1, 2010 and March 19, 2022. The search strategy included: (punding) AND (parkinson*). Results Of 256 studies identified, 29 were eligible for inclusion with 19 original research articles and 10 case reports. This review confirmed that predictors of punding in PD are higher doses of DRT, younger age, male sex, and increasing disease severity. We also found an association between punding and psychiatric and/or cognitive symptoms. Neuroimaging studies have showed that punding in PD is associated with a disconnection between midbrain, limbic and white matter tracts projecting to the frontal cortices and a breakdown of the connectivity among the crucial nodes of the reward circuit. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been shown to produce a transient beneficial effect in PD patients with punding. Conclusion In conclusion, although the clinical features of punding have been established, in the past 12 years, we gained a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of punding, mainly thanks to magnetic resonance imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasumi Rajalingam
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders ClinicToronto Western Hospital, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders ClinicToronto Western Hospital, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of NeurologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Krembil Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
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Anti-parkinsonian effect of the mGlu 2 positive allosteric modulator LY-487,379 as monotherapy and adjunct to a low L-DOPA dose in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 939:175429. [PMID: 36502960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In previous experiments, we have discovered that positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptors enhances the anti-parkinsonian action of an optimal dose of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Whether selective mGlu2 positive allosteric modulation would also alleviate parkinsonian disability as monotherapy or as adjunct to a sub-optimal dose of L-DOPA has not been determined. Here, we assessed the anti-parkinsonian effect of mGlu2 positive allosteric modulation as monotherapy and adjunct to a sub-optimal dose of L-DOPA in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned marmosets. The highly selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) LY-487,379 was utilised to activate mGlu2 receptors. When administered as monotherapy, LY-487,379 10 mg/kg diminished global parkinsonism by 48% (P < 0.001) and increased duration of on-time by 7-fold, when compared to vehicle treatment (P < 0.05). When added to a sub-optimal dose of L-DOPA, LY-487,379 10 mg/kg decreased global parkinsonism by 44% (P < 0.001) and extended duration of on-time by 2.5-fold (P < 0.01). Our results indicate that selective mGlu2 positive allosteric modulation elicits anti-parkinsonian benefits as monotherapy and as adjunct to sub-optimal dose of L-DOPA paradigms, potentially suggesting that mGlu2 PAMs may have a therapeutic niche early in the treatment of PD as DOPA-sparing agents.
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Lipari N, Centner A, Glinski J, Cohen S, Manfredsson FP, Bishop C. Characterizing the relationship between L-DOPA-induced-dyskinesia and psychosis-like behaviors in a bilateral rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105965. [PMID: 36526089 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease associated psychosis (PDAP) is a prevalent non-motor symptom (NMS) that significantly erodes patients' and caregivers' quality of life yet remains vastly understudied. One potential source of PDAP in late-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) is the common dopamine (DA) replacement therapy for motor symptoms, Levodopa (L-DOPA). Given the high incidence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in later phases of PD, this study sought to characterize the relationship between PDAP and LID in a bilateral medial forebrain bundle 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA) lesion rat model. To assess PDAP in this model, prepulse inhibition (PPI), a well-validated assay of sensorimotor gating, was employed. First, we tested whether a bilateral lesion alone or after chronic L-DOPA treatment was sufficient to induce PPI dysfunction. Rats were also monitored for LID development, using the abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) test, to examine PPI and LID associations. In experiment 2, Vilazodone (VZD), a serotonin transporter (SERT) blocker and 1A receptor (5-HT1A) partial agonist was administered to test its potential efficacy in reducing LID and PPI dysfunction. Once testing was complete, tissue was collected for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to examine the monoamine levels in motor and non-motor circuits. Results indicate that bilateral DA lesions produced motor deficits and that chronic L-DOPA induced moderate AIMs; importantly, rats that developed more severe AIMs were more likely to display sensorimotor gating dysfunction. In addition, VZD treatment dose-dependently reduced L-DOPA-induced AIMs without impairing L-DOPA efficacy, although VZD's effects on PPI were limited. Altogether, this project established the bilateral 6-OHDA lesion model accurately portrayed LID and PDAP-like behaviors, uncovered their potential relationship, and finally, demonstrated the utility of VZD for reducing LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Lipari
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Centner
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - John Glinski
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Additive effects of mGluR 2 positive allosteric modulation, mGluR 2 orthosteric stimulation and 5-HT 2AR antagonism on dyskinesia and psychosis-like behaviours in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:2381-2388. [PMID: 34550406 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antagonising serotonin (5-HT) type 2A receptors (5-HT2AR) is an effective strategy to alleviate both dyskinesia and psychosis in Parkinson's disease (PD). We have recently shown that activation of metabotropic glutamate 2 receptors (mGluR2), via either orthosteric stimulation or positive allosteric modulation, enhances the anti-dyskinetic and anti-psychotic effects of 5-HT2AR antagonism. Here, we investigated if greater therapeutic efficacy would be achieved by combining 5-HT2AR antagonism with concurrent mGluR2 orthosteric stimulation and mGluR2 positive allosteric modulation. METHODS Five 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned marmosets exhibiting dyskinesia and psychosis-like behaviours (PLBs) were administered L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in combination with vehicle or the 5-HT2AR antagonist EMD-281,014. EMD-281,014 was itself administered alone or with the mGluR2 orthosteric agonist (OA) LY-354,740, the mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) LY-487,379 and combination thereof, after which the severity of dyskinesia, PLBs and parkinsonism was rated. RESULTS EMD-281,014 reduced dyskinesia and PLBs by up to 47% and 40%, respectively (both P < 0.001). The addition of LY-354,740, LY-487,379 and LY-354,740/LY-487,379 decreased dyskinesia by 56%, 65% and 77%, while PLBs were diminished by 55%, 63% and 71% (all P < 0.001). All treatment combinations provided anti-dyskinetic and anti-psychotic benefits significantly greater than those conferred by EMD-281,014 alone (all P < 0.05). The combination of EMD-281,014/LY-354,740/LY-487,379 resulted in anti-dyskinetic and anti-psychotic effects significantly greater than those conferred by EMD-281,014 with either LY-354,740 or LY-487,379 (both P < 0.05). No deleterious effects on L-DOPA anti-parkinsonian action were observed. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that combining 5-HT2AR antagonism with mGluR2 activation results in greater reduction of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and PD psychosis. They also indicate that further additive effect can be achieved when a mGluR2 OA and a mGluR2 PAM are combined with a 5-HT2AR antagonist than when a mGluR2 OA or a mGluR2 PAM are added to a 5-HT2AR antagonist.
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