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Yagi C, Morita Y, Yamagishi T, Ohshima S, Izumi S, Takahashi K, Itoh K, Suzuki Y, Igarashi H, Horii A. Gaze instability after exposure to moving visual stimuli in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1056556. [PMID: 36504627 PMCID: PMC9733075 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1056556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a chronic vestibular syndrome lasting more than 3 months. The core vestibular symptoms are dizziness, unsteadiness, and non-spinning vertigo, which are exacerbated by upright posture or walking, active or passive motion, and exposure to moving or complex visual stimuli. Among these, visual exacerbation is a key feature of PPPD for which the neural mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that vestibular symptoms may be exacerbated by visual stimuli through gaze behavioral change after exposure to moving or complex visual stimuli. The study aimed to examine gaze stability after exposure to moving visual stimuli in patients with PPPD. Methods Fourteen healthy controls (HCs), 27 patients with PPPD, and 12 patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH), showing chronic vestibular symptoms for >3 months, were enrolled in the study. The participants were instructed to fixate on the gazing point at the center of a screen for 30 s before and after 90 s of exposure to moving visual stimuli. Gaze stability, best represented by the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA), was compared among three groups, both before and after exposure to the moving visual stimuli. Comparisons between pre- and post-moving visual stimuli in BCEA were also conducted. Correlation between the post/pre ratio of BCEA and vestibular tests, several clinical symptom scales including the Dizziness Handicap Inventory, Niigata PPPD Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the exacerbation of dizziness by exposure to moving visual stimuli was examined in the PPPD group. Results BCEA, both before and after exposure to moving visual stimuli in the PPPD group, was not different from that in HC and UVH groups. In the PPPD group, BCEA increased significantly after exposure to moving visual stimuli. The post/pre ratio of BCEA correlated with the occurrence of exacerbation of the dizziness sensation by exposure to moving visual stimuli; however, it did not correlate with vestibular tests or clinical symptom scales. Conclusion Patients with PPPD were more likely to exhibit gaze instability after exposure to moving visual stimuli, which potentially exacerbated vestibular symptoms. This phenomenon may help elucidate the neural mechanisms of visual exacerbation in patients with PPPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yagi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,*Correspondence: Chihiro Yagi,
| | - Yuka Morita
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamagishi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohshima
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Izumi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Takahashi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kosuke Itoh
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hironaka Igarashi
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Arata Horii
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Villalobos D, Pacios J, Vázquez C. Cognitive Control, Cognitive Biases and Emotion Regulation in Depression: A New Proposal for an Integrative Interplay Model. Front Psychol 2021; 12:628416. [PMID: 33995183 PMCID: PMC8119761 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.628416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research traditions on cognition and depression focus on relatively unconnected aspects of cognitive functioning. On one hand, the neuropsychological perspective has concentrated on cognitive control difficulties as a prominent feature of this condition. On the other hand, the clinical psychology perspective has focused on cognitive biases and repetitive negative patterns of thinking (i.e., rumination) for emotional information. A review of the literature from both fields reveals that difficulties are more evident for mood-congruent materials, suggesting that cognitive control difficulties interact with cognitive biases to hinder cognitive switching, working memory updating, and inhibition of irrelevant information. Connecting research from these two traditions, we propose a novel integrative cognitive model of depression in which the interplay between mood-congruent cognitive control difficulties, cognitive biases, and rumination may ultimately lead to ineffective emotion-regulation strategies to downregulate negative mood and upregulate positive mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Villalobos
- Department of Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pacios
- Department of Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Vázquez
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Godlewska BR, Harmer CJ. Cognitive neuropsychological theory of antidepressant action: a modern-day approach to depression and its treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1265-1278. [PMID: 31938879 PMCID: PMC8062380 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and improving its treatment is a core research priority for future programmes. A change in the view of psychological and biological processes, from seeing them as separate to complementing one another, has introduced new perspectives on pathological mechanisms of depression and treatment mode of action. This review presents a theoretical model that incorporated this novel approach, the cognitive neuropsychological hypothesis of antidepressant action. This model proposes that antidepressant treatments decrease the negative bias in the processing of emotionally salient information early in the course of antidepressant treatment, which leads to the clinically significant mood improvement later in treatment. The paper discusses the role of negative affective biases in the development of depression and response to antidepressant treatments. It also discusses whether the model can be applied to other antidepressant interventions and its potential translational value, including treatment choice, prediction of response and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata R Godlewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, University Department of Psychiatry (PPRU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology and Emotion Research Laboratory (PERL), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Health Foundation Trust, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology and Emotion Research Laboratory (PERL), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health Foundation Trust, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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4
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Mertens LJ, Wall MB, Roseman L, Demetriou L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL. Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:167-180. [PMID: 31941394 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119895520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psilocybin has shown promise as a treatment for depression but its therapeutic mechanisms are not properly understood. In contrast to the presumed actions of antidepressants, we recently found increased amygdala responsiveness to fearful faces one day after open-label treatment with psilocybin (25 mg) in 19 patients with treatment-resistant depression, which correlated with treatment efficacy. AIMS Aiming to further unravel the therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin, the present study extends this basic activation analysis. We hypothesised changed amygdala functional connectivity, more precisely decreased amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity, during face processing after treatment with psilocybin. METHODS Psychophysiological interaction analyses were conducted on functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a classic face/emotion perception task, with the bilateral amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex time-series as physiological regressors. Average parameter estimates (beta weights) of significant clusters were correlated with clinical outcomes at one week. RESULTS Results showed decreased ventromedial prefrontal cortex-right amygdala functional connectivity during face processing post- (versus pre-) treatment; this decrease was associated with levels of rumination at one week. This effect was driven by connectivity changes in response to fearful and neutral (but not happy) faces. Independent whole-brain analyses also revealed a post-treatment increase in functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to occipital-parietal cortices during face processing. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with the idea that psilocybin therapy revives emotional responsiveness on a neural and psychological level, which may be a key treatment mechanism for psychedelic therapy. Future larger placebo-controlled studies are needed to examine the replicability of the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea J Mertens
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew B Wall
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Leor Roseman
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (C3NL), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lysia Demetriou
- Invicro, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Weinberg-Wolf H, Chang SWC. Differences in how macaques monitor others: Does serotonin play a central role? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 10:e1494. [PMID: 30775852 PMCID: PMC6570566 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Primates must balance the need to monitor other conspecifics to gain social information while not losing other resource opportunities. We consolidate evidence across the fields of primatology, psychology, and neuroscience to examine individual, population, and species differences in how primates, particularly macaques, monitor conspecifics. We particularly consider the role of serotonin in mediating social competency via social attention, aggression, and dominance behaviors. Finally, we consider how the evolution of variation in social tolerance, aggression, and social monitoring might be explained by differences in serotonergic function in macaques. This article is categorized under: Economics > Interactive Decision-Making Psychology > Comparative Psychology Neuroscience > Behavior Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve W C Chang
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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6
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Blanchard D, Meyza K. Risk assessment and serotonin: Animal models and human psychopathologies. Behav Brain Res 2019; 357-358:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Godlewska BR. Cognitive neuropsychological theory: Reconciliation of psychological and biological approaches for depression. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 197:38-51. [PMID: 30578809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
New antidepressants and individualized approaches to treatment, matching specific therapies to individual patients, are urgently needed. For this, a better understanding of processes underpinning the development of depressive symptoms and response to medications are required. The cognitive neuropsychological model offers a novel approach uniquely combining biological and psychological approaches to explain how antidepressants exert their effect, why there is a delay in the onset of their clinical effect, and how changes in emotional processing are an essential step for a clinical antidepressant effect to take place. The paper presents the model and its underpinnings in the form of research in both healthy and depressed individuals, as well as the potential for its practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata R Godlewska
- Psychopharmacology Research Unit, University Department of Psychiatry (PPRU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Zanda MT, Fadda P, Antinori S, Di Chio M, Fratta W, Chiamulera C, Fattore L. Methoxetamine affects brain processing involved in emotional response in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3333-3345. [PMID: 28718892 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Methoxetamine (MXE) is a novel psychoactive substance that is emerging on the Internet and induces dissociative effects and acute toxicity. Its pharmacological effects have not yet been adequately investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined a range of behavioural effects induced by acute administration of MXE (0.5-5 mg·kg-1 ; i.p.) in rats and whether it causes rapid neuroadaptive molecular changes. KEY RESULTS MXE (0.5-5 mg·kg-1 ) affected motor activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, inducing hypermotility and hypomotility at low and high doses respectively. At low and intermediate doses (0.5 and 1 mg·kg-1 ), MXE induced anxious and/or obsessive-compulsive traits (marble burying test), did not significantly increase sociability (social interaction test) or induce spatial anxiety (elevated plus maze test). At a high dose (5 mg·kg-1 ), MXE induced transient analgesia (tail-flick and hot-plate test), decreased social interaction time (social interaction test) and reduced immobility time while increasing swimming activity (forced swim test), suggesting an antidepressant effect. Acute MXE administration did not affect self-grooming behaviour at any dose tested. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that behaviourally active doses of MXE (1 and 5 mg·kg-1 ) increased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS MXE differentially affected motor activity, behaviour and emotional states in rats, depending on the dose tested. As reported for ketamine, phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 was increased in MXE-treated animals, thus providing a 'molecular snapshot' of rapid neuroadaptive molecular changes induced by behaviourally active doses of MXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Zanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - S Antinori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Di Chio
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - W Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C Chiamulera
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - L Fattore
- Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
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9
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Moul C, Hawes DJ, Dadds MR. Mapping the developmental pathways of child conduct problems through the neurobiology of empathy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 91:34-50. [PMID: 28377098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The notion that antisocial behavior reflects failures of empathy has a long history in the clinical literature, yet only recently has evidence emerged to support neuroscientific accounts of empathy and the development of child conduct problems. Much of this evidence has come from research into callous-unemotional traits, which correspond to the affective component of psychopathy and therefore encompass deficits in empathy within a broader cluster of emotional impairments. In this review we integrate current evidence concerning the biobehavioral bases of empathy and callous-unemotional traits, and discuss how it may inform models of heterogeneous subgroups of individuals with early onset conduct problems. We argue that somewhat distinct failures of empathy map onto distinct risk pathways to early onset conduct problems, and that these pathways may be best understood by examining empathy in terms of cognitive and environmental prerequisites and the various neurochemical systems implicated therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Moul
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, 2006, Australia.
| | - David J Hawes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, 2006, Australia.
| | - Mark R Dadds
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, 2006, Australia.
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10
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Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Serotonergic Enhancement on Memory Performance in Young and Older Adults. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:551-561. [PMID: 27555381 PMCID: PMC5399237 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of effective therapies for dementia and its precursors, enhancing neuroplasticity by means of non-invasive brain stimulation such as anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) might be a promising approach to counteract or delay the onset of cognitive decline, but effect sizes have been moderate so far. Previous reports indicate that increasing serotonin levels may enhance atDCS-induced neuroplasticity. However, evidence for serotonergic modulation of atDCS effects on memory is still lacking. Here, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, sham-/placebo-controlled trial to investigate the impact of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI; single dose of 20 mg citalopram) and atDCS over the right temporoparietal cortex (1 mA, 20 min) on memory formation. Twenty young and 20 older subjects completed an object-location learning task in each of the four conditions: sham+placebo, sham+SSRI, atDCS+placebo, and atDCS+SSRI. Outcome measures were performance in immediate (primary outcome) and delayed cued recall. While we found an SSRI effect, but no statistically significant effect of atDCS on immediate recall scores, young and older adults benefited most from the combined application (comparisons: atDCS+SSRI>atDCS+placebo and atDCS+SSRI>sham+placebo). Thus, our data provide evidence that atDCS improves memory formation if serotonergic neurotransmission is enhanced simultaneously. Further studies are needed to assess whether these findings extend to clinical populations with memory impairment and translate into clinically relevant improvements after long-term serotonergic enhancement and repeated stimulation.
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11
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Pringle A, Harmer CJ. The effects of drugs on human models of emotional processing: an account of antidepressant drug treatment. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 26869848 PMCID: PMC4734885 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2015.17.4/apringle] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human models of emotional processing suggest that the direct effect of successful antidepressant drug treatment may be to modify biases in the processing of emotional information. Negative biases in emotional processing are documented in depression, and single or short-term dosing with conventional antidepressant drugs reverses these biases in depressed patients prior to any subjective change in mood. Antidepressant drug treatments also modulate emotional processing in healthy volunteers, which allows the consideration of the psychological effects of these drugs without the confound of changes in mood. As such, human models of emotional processing may prove to be useful for testing the efficacy of novel treatments and for matching treatments to individual patients or subgroups of patients.
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12
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Chelnokova O, Laeng B, Løseth G, Eikemo M, Willoch F, Leknes S. The µ-opioid system promotes visual attention to faces and eyes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1902-1909. [PMID: 27531386 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paying attention to others' faces and eyes is a cornerstone of human social behavior. The µ-opioid receptor (MOR) system, central to social reward-processing in rodents and primates, has been proposed to mediate the capacity for affiliative reward in humans. We assessed the role of the human MOR system in visual exploration of faces and eyes of conspecifics. Thirty healthy males received a novel, bidirectional battery of psychopharmacological treatment (an MOR agonist, a non-selective opioid antagonist, or placebo, on three separate days). Eye-movements were recorded while participants viewed facial photographs. We predicted that the MOR system would promote visual exploration of faces, and hypothesized that MOR agonism would increase, whereas antagonism decrease overt attention to the information-rich eye region. The expected linear effect of MOR manipulation on visual attention to the stimuli was observed, such that MOR agonism increased while antagonism decreased visual exploration of faces and overt attention to the eyes. The observed effects suggest that the human MOR system promotes overt visual attention to socially significant cues, in line with theories linking reward value to gaze control and target selection. Enhanced attention to others' faces and eyes represents a putative behavioral mechanism through which the human MOR system promotes social interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Chelnokova
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0317, Norway
| | - Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0317, Norway
| | - Guro Løseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0317, Norway
| | - Marie Eikemo
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0317, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0318, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0318, Norway
| | - Frode Willoch
- Department of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway
| | - Siri Leknes
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0317, Norway.,Department of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway.,The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0424, Norway
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Warren MB, Pringle A, Harmer CJ. A neurocognitive model for understanding treatment action in depression. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140213. [PMID: 26240428 PMCID: PMC4528825 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The way in which emotion is represented and processed in the human brain is an expanding area of research and has key implications for how we understand and potentially treat affective disorders such as depression. Characterizing the effects of pharmacological manipulations of key neurotransmitter systems can also help reveal the neurochemical underpinnings of emotional processing and how common antidepressant drugs may work in the treatment of depression and anxiety. This approach has revealed that depression is associated with both neural and behavioural biases towards negative over positive stimuli. Evidence from pharmacological challenge studies suggests that antidepressant treatment acts to normalize these biases early on in treatment, resulting in patients experiencing the world in a more positive way, improving their mood over time. This model is supported by evidence from both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The unique perspective on antidepressant treatment offered by this approach provides some insights into individual response to treatment, as well as novel approaches to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Warren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Abbie Pringle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
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