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The Effects of the Inhalant Toluene on Cognitive Function and Behavioral Flexibility: A Review of Recent Findings. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 5:100059. [PMID: 36798693 PMCID: PMC9928149 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is characterized, in part, by lack of control over drug seeking and taking. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is highly involved in control of behavior and deficits in PFC structure and function have been demonstrated in clinical and preclinical studies of SUD. Of the various classes of drugs associated with the development of SUD, inhalants are among the least studied despite their widespread use among adolescents and children. In this work, we review what is currently known regarding the sites and mechanisms of action of inhalants with a focus on the volatile solvent toluene that is contained in a wide variety of legal and easily obtained products. We then describe how inhalants including toluene affect various behaviors with an emphasis on those associated with PFC function and how chronic use of inhalants alters brain structure and neuronal signaling. Findings from these studies highlight advances made in recent years that have expanded our understanding of the effects of inhalants on brain structure and reinforce the need for continued work in this field.
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Lee MY, Hsieh CP, Chan MH, Chen HH. Beneficial effects of atypical antipsychotics on object recognition deficits after adolescent toluene exposure in mice: involvement of 5-HT 1A receptors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022; 48:673-683. [PMID: 36137281 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2122484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Inhalant (e.g. toluene) misuse by adolescents has been linked to psychosis and persistent cognitive deficits. Identifying effective strategies to improve cognitive deficits following chronic toluene misuse is critical. 5-HT1A receptor has been proposed as a target for the treatment of cognitive deficits.Objectives: We compared the effects of antipsychotics on recognition deficits after adolescent toluene exposure in mice and elucidated the role of 5-HT1A receptors in the cognition-improving effects of antipsychotics.Methods: Male NMRI mice (n = 279) received one injection per day of either toluene (750 mg/kg) or corn oil at postnatal days 35-39 and 42-46. Thereafter, the acute and subchronic effects of haloperidol, aripiprazole, or clozapine on toluene-induced recognition deficits were evaluated by novel object recognition test.Results: Acute administration of aripiprazole (p < .05) and clozapine (p < .01), but not haloperidol, significantly attenuated the toluene-induced recognition deficits. Pretreatment with 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY -100,635 (p < .05) blocked their beneficial effects. Moreover, 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone (p < .01) ameliorated the toluene-induced recognition deficits, which was reversed by WAY -100,635 (p < .001). Finally, after repeated treatment with clozapine, aripiprazole, and buspirone daily for 14 days, the impaired object recognition in toluene-exposed mice was significantly improved (p < .05) and the beneficial effects lasted for at least 2 weeks (p < .05).Conclusions: The results indicate that clozapine and aripiprazole, which display 5-HT1A agonist properties, restored cognitive deficits in mice induced by adolescent toluene exposure. These findings suggest that these antipsychotics should be further explored as a potential treatment option for cognitive deficits in patients with psychosis associated with toluene exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yi Lee
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pin Hsieh
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huan Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Hsien Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen ST, Hsieh CP, Lee MY, Chen LC, Huang CM, Chen HH, Chan MH. Betaine prevents and reverses the behavioral deficits and synaptic dysfunction induced by repeated ketamine exposure in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112369. [PMID: 34715446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor, ketamine has become a popular recreational substance and currently is used to address treatment-resistant depression. Since heavy ketamine use is associated with persisting psychosis, cognitive impairments, and neuronal damage, the safety of ketamine treatment for depression should be concerned. The nutrient supplement betaine has been shown to counteract the acute ketamine-induced psychotomimetic effects and cognitive dysfunction through modulating NMDA receptors. This study aimed to determine whether the adjunctive or subsequent betaine treatment would improve the enduring behavioral disturbances and hippocampal synaptic abnormality induced by repeated ketamine exposure. Mice received ketamine twice daily for 14 days, either combined with betaine co-treatment or subsequent betaine post-treatment for 7 days. Thereafter, three-chamber social approach test, reciprocal social interaction, novel location/object recognition test, forced swimming test, and head-twitch response induced by serotonergic hallucinogen were monitored. Data showed that the enduring behavioral abnormalities after repeated ketamine exposure, including disrupted social behaviors, recognition memory impairments, and increased depression-like and hallucinogen-induced head-twitch responses, were remarkably improved by betaine co-treatment or post-treatment. Consistently, betaine protected and reversed the reduced hippocampal synaptic activity, such as decreases in field excitatory post-synaptic potentiation (fEPSP), long-term potentiation (LTP), and PSD-95 levels, after repeated ketamine treatment. These results demonstrated that both co-treatment and post-treatment with betaine could effectively prevent and reverse the adverse behavioral manifestations and hippocampal synaptic plasticity after repeated ketamine use, suggesting that betaine can be used as a novel adjunct therapy with ketamine for treatment-resistant depression and provide benefits for ketamine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Tsu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pin Hsieh
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Lee
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Liao-Chen Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Min Huang
- Animal Behavior Core National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Hsien Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Animal Behavior Core National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi Uinversity, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Huan Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi Uinversity, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Changchi University, 64, Section 2, Zhinan Road, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Zoicas I, Kornhuber J. The Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Social Behavior in Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061412. [PMID: 30897826 PMCID: PMC6470515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The appropriate display of social behavior is critical for the well-being and survival of an individual. In many psychiatric disorders, including social anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorders, depression and schizophrenia social behavior is severely impaired. Selective targeting of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) has emerged as a novel treatment strategy for these disorders. In this review, we describe some of the behavioral paradigms used to assess different types of social behavior, such as social interaction, social memory, aggressive behavior and sexual behavior. We then focus on the effects of pharmacological modulation of mGluR1-8 on these types of social behavior. Indeed, accumulating evidence indicates beneficial effects of selective ligands of specific mGluRs in ameliorating innate or pharmacologically-induced deficits in social interaction and social memory as well as in reducing aggression in rodents. We emphasize the importance of future studies investigating the role of selective mGluR ligands on different types of social behavior to provide a better understanding of the neural mechanisms involved which, in turn, might promote the development of selective mGluR-targeted tools for the improved treatment of psychiatric disorders associated with social deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Zoicas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
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Attenuation of toluene-induced brain stimulation reward enhancement and behavioral disturbances by N-acetylcysteine in mice. Toxicology 2018; 408:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tracy ME, Banks ML, Shelton KL. Negative allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors inhibits facilitation of brain stimulation reward by drugs of abuse in C57BL6/J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:715-25. [PMID: 26612620 PMCID: PMC4825185 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is an emerging body of evidence that implicates a crucial role of γ-aminobutyric acid subtype A (GABAA) receptors in modulating the rewarding effects of a number of abused drugs. Modulation of GABAA receptors may therefore represent a novel drug-class independent mechanism for the development of abuse treatment pharmacotherapeutics. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that the GABAA receptor benzodiazepine-site (BDZ) negative modulator Ro15-4513 would reduce the reward-related effects of three pharmacologically dissimilar drugs; toluene vapor, d-methamphetamine, and diazepam using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in mice. We also examined whether Ro15-4513 attenuated dopamine release produced by d-methamphetamine in an in vivo microdialysis procedure. RESULTS Ro15-4513 abolished ICSS reward facilitation produced by all three abused drugs at Ro15-4513 doses which had no effect on ICSS when administered alone. In contrast, the BDZ antagonist flumazenil only attenuated the ICSS-facilitating effects of diazepam. Administration of the same dose of Ro15-4513 which abolished drug-facilitated ICSS produced a 58 % decrease in d-methamphetamine-stimulated dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of mice relative to d-methamphetamine alone. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that negative modulation of GABAA receptors can produce profound reductions in reward-related effects of a diverse group of drugs that activate the mesolimbic reward pathway through different mechanisms. These data suggest that pharmacological modulation of GABAA receptors may represent a viable pathway for the development of drug abuse pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Tracy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Room 746, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Room 746, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Keith L Shelton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Room 746, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
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