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Xie D, Zhu X, Zhang X, Jiang Z, Wang X, Liu T. Research on the correlation between clinical nurses' self-efficacy, future time perspective, and occupational burnout. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1363450. [PMID: 38952734 PMCID: PMC11215154 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1363450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The number of clinical nurses in China experiencing professional burnout is increasing yearly, posing a serious challenge to the public health sector. Implementing effective intervention strategies is key to reducing the level of occupational burnout. At present, training aimed at alleviating occupational burnout among clinical nurses is very limited, with common training programs focusing on addressing external factors of occupational burnout rather than the internal cognitive issues of clinical nurses. Self-efficacy and future time perspective are both aspects of an individual's internal self-cognition. Meanwhile, the relationship between clinical nurses' self-efficacy, future time perspective, and occupational burnout is not clear, and further research is needed to verify this. Objective This study aims to reveal the relationship between clinical nurses' self-efficacy, future time perspective, and occupational burnout, and to explore the mediating role of future time perspective between self-efficacy and occupational burnout among clinical nurses, providing a scientific reference for training directions to improve occupational burnout. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design, conducting a questionnaire survey with 529 practicing clinical nurses using the General Demographics Questionnaire (GDQ), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS). SPSS software version 26.0 was used to analyze the correlation between variables, and AMOS 26.0 was used to test the mediation effect. Results Clinical nurses' self-efficacy had a negative predictive effect on occupational burnout (r = -0.503, p < 0.001). Future time perspective showed significant differences in regression coefficients on both the paths of self-efficacy (r = 0.615, p < 0.001) and occupational burnout (r = -0.374, p < 0.001). Future time perspective played a partial mediating role between self-efficacy and occupational burnout, accounting for 33.8% of the total effect. Conclusion This study suggests a significant correlation between clinical nurses' self-efficacy, future time perspective, and occupational burnout. Self-efficacy can directly affect occupational burnout in clinical nurses and can also indirectly affect occupational burnout through the future time perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daixun Xie
- Department of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Emergency Department, Yibin Second People's Hospital, Yibin, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Emergency Department, Yibin Second People's Hospital, Yibin, China
| | - Xiurong Zhang
- Emergency Department, Yibin Second People's Hospital, Yibin, China
| | - Zhaoquan Jiang
- Department of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Department of Nursing, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Keen R, Hardy D, Jose B, Erturk HN. Effects of caffeine on temporal perception in Rattus norvegicus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304608. [PMID: 38820365 PMCID: PMC11142558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We report two studies that tested the effects of caffeine, the world's most widely used psychoactive drug, on temporal perception. We trained Wistar rats using the Bisection Procedure (Experiment 1) or the Stubbs' Procedure (Experiment 2) to discriminate between short and long light stimuli. Once training finished, we administered caffeine orally (0, 9.6, and 96.0 mg/kg for Experiment 1 and 0, 9.6, 19.2, and 38.4 mg/kg for Experiment 2) 15 minutes prior to testing. Relative to the control condition, the 9.6 mg/kg condition (Experiments 1 and 2) and the 19.2 mg/kg condition (Experiment 2) resulted in an increase in proportion of choosing the long response. Meanwhile, overall accuracy was not affected by any condition in both experiments. Taken together, these results are consistent with the notion that caffeine, at some doses, speeds up temporal perception. However, it is not clear why the effect disappears at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Keen
- Department of Psychology, Converse University, Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dalene Hardy
- Department of Psychology, Converse University, Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, Converse University, Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Belda Jose
- Department of Psychology, Converse University, Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, Converse University, Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - H. Neval Erturk
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, Converse University, Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States of America
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Zheng H, Zhou W, Wang M, Dong HH, Lu C, Zhang JL, Ma XF, Hu Y, Dong GH. Gender difference in network relationship between inter-temporal decisions and prefrontal activation levels in internet gaming disorder. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2023; 3:kkad015. [PMID: 38666126 PMCID: PMC11003422 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Impulsivity and decision-making are key factors in addiction. However, little is known about how gender and time sensitivity affect impulsivity in internet gaming disorder (IGD). Objective To investigate the gender difference of impulsive decision-making and relevant brain responses in IGD. Methods We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with 123 participants, including 59 IGD individuals (26 females) and 64 matched recreational game users (RGUs, 23 females). Participants performed a delay-discounting task during fMRI scanning. We examined gender-by-group effects on behavioral and neural measures to explore the preference for immediate over delayed rewards and the associated brain activity. We also investigated the network correlations between addiction severity and behavioral and neural measures, and analyzed the mediating role of brain activity in the link between delay discounting parameters and IGD severity. Results We found significant gender-by-group interactions. The imaging results revealed gender-by-group interactions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Post hoc analysis indicated that, for females, RGUs showed higher activity than IGD individuals in these brain regions, while for males IGD individuals exhibited higher activity than RGUs. The activation in the left IFG mediated the relation between Internet Addiction Test score and discount rate in females. In males, the activation in the right dlPFC mediated the relation between IAT score and time sensitivity. Discussion Our findings imply that male IGD participants demonstrate impaired intertemporal decisions associated with neural dysfunction. Influencing factors for impulsive decision-making in IGD diverge between males (time sensitivity) and females (discount rate). These findings augment our comprehension of the neural underpinnings of gender differences in IGD and bear significant implications for devising effective intervention strategies for treating people with IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Weiran Zhou
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hao-hao Dong
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Chunlei Lu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 321004, China
| | - Jia-lin Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875,China
| | - Xue-feng Ma
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Yanbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guang-Heng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
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Godefroy V, Sezer I, Bouzigues A, Montembeault M, Koban L, Plassmann H, Migliaccio R. Altered delay discounting in neurodegeneration: insight into the underlying mechanisms and perspectives for clinical applications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105048. [PMID: 36669749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Steeper delay discounting (i.e., the extent to which future rewards are perceived as less valuable than immediate ones) has been proposed as a transdiagnostic process across different health conditions, in particular psychiatric disorders. Impulsive decision-making is a hallmark of different neurodegenerative conditions but little is known about delay discounting in the domain of neurodegenerative conditions. We reviewed studies on delay discounting in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and in patients with dementia (Alzheimer's disease / AD or frontotemporal dementia / FTD). We proposed that delay discounting could be an early marker of the neurodegenerative process. We developed the idea that altered delay discounting is associated with overlapping but distinct neurocognitive mechanisms across neurodegenerative diseases: dopaminergic-related disorders of reward processing in PD, memory/projection deficits due to medial temporal atrophy in AD, modified reward processing due to orbitofrontal atrophy in FTD. Neurodegeneration could provide a framework to decipher the neuropsychological mechanisms of value-based decision-making. Further, delay discounting could become a marker of interest in clinical practice, in particular for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Godefroy
- FrontLab, INSERM U1127, Institut du cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Marketing Area, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France; Control-Interoception-Attention Team, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
| | - Idil Sezer
- FrontLab, INSERM U1127, Institut du cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- FrontLab, INSERM U1127, Institut du cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Montembeault
- Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Leonie Koban
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Bron, France
| | - Hilke Plassmann
- Marketing Area, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France; Control-Interoception-Attention Team, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- FrontLab, INSERM U1127, Institut du cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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Portnova GV, Maslennikova AV. The Photic Stimulation Has an Impact on the Reproduction of 10 s Intervals Only in Healthy Controls but Not in Patients with Schizophrenia: The EEG Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13010112. [PMID: 36672093 PMCID: PMC9856562 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by both abnormal time perception and atypical relationships with external factors. Here we compare the influence of external photic stimulation on time production between healthy subjects (n = 24) and patients with schizophrenia (n = 22). To delve into neuropsychological mechanisms of such a relationship, the EEG was recorded during variable conditions: during production of 10 s intervals; during photic stimulation of 4, 9, 16, and 25 Hz; and during combinations of these conditions. We found that the higher frequency of photic stimulation influenced the production of time intervals in healthy volunteers, which became significantly longer and were accompanied by corresponding EEG changes. The impact of photic stimulation was absent in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, the time production was characterized by less accuracy and the absence of EEG dynamics typical for healthy controls that included an increase in alpha2 power and envelope frequency. Our findings indicated that the time perception was not adjusted by external factors in patients with schizophrenia and might have involved cognitive and mental processes different from those of healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V. Portnova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
- Pushkin State Russian Language Institute, Akademika Volgina st, 6, Moscow 117485, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra V. Maslennikova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
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Pourriyahi H, Almasi-Dooghaee M, Imani A, Vahedi T, Zamani B. "Split-day syndrome", a patient with frontotemporal dementia who lives two days in the span of one: a case report and review of articles. Neurocase 2022; 28:292-297. [PMID: 35901273 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2022.2105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is among the most prevalent causes of young-onset dementia . Along with the frontotemporal and striate atrophy, dopamine dysregulation is also present in FTD. The dopamine system controls mechanisms of time perception. Its depletion can cause miscalculations in the perception of time. We present a 72-year-old man with a unique profile of disorientation in time, such that he split each day into two, 12-h intervals. Although through each 12-h period, he went by his daily activities as if a complete day had passed, e.g., he had two sets of breakfast, lunch, and dinner , hence the designated "split-day syndrome."
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Pourriyahi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Almasi-Dooghaee
- Department of Neurology, Firoozgar Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Imani
- Department of Neurology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taravat Vahedi
- Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Zamani
- Department of Neurology, Firoozgar Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Déli E, Kisvárday Z. The thermodynamic brain and the evolution of intellect: the role of mental energy. Cogn Neurodyn 2020; 14:743-756. [PMID: 33101528 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The living state is low entropy, highly complex organization, yet it is part of the energy cycle of the environment. Due to the recurring presence of the resting state, stimulus and its response form a thermodynamic cycle of perception that can be modeled by the Carnot engine. The endothermic reversed Carnot engine relies on energy from the environment to increase entropy (i.e., the synaptic complexity of the resting state). High entropy relies on mental energy, which represents intrinsic motivation and focuses on the future. It increases freedom of action. The Carnot engine can model exothermic, negative emotional states, which direct the focus on the past. The organism dumps entropy and energy to its environment, in the form of aggravation, anxiety, criticism, and physical violence. The loss of mental energy curtails freedom of action, forming apathy, depression, mental diseases, and immune problems. Our improving intuition about the brain's intelligent computations will allow the development of new treatments for mental disease and novel find applications in robotics and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltán Kisvárday
- MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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Teghil A, Di Vita A, D'Antonio F, Boccia M. Inter-individual differences in resting-state functional connectivity are linked to interval timing in irregular contexts. Cortex 2020; 128:254-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Peters J, Vega T, Weinstein D, Mitchell J, Kayser A. Dopamine and Risky Decision-Making in Gambling Disorder. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0461-19.2020. [PMID: 32341121 PMCID: PMC7294471 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0461-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling disorder is a behavioral addiction associated with impairments in value-based decision-making and cognitive control. These functions are thought to be regulated by dopamine within fronto-striatal circuits, but the role of altered dopamine neurotransmission in the etiology of gambling disorder remains controversial. Preliminary evidence suggests that increasing frontal dopamine tone might improve cognitive functioning in gambling disorder. We therefore examined whether increasing frontal dopamine tone via a single dose of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor tolcapone would reduce risky choice in human gamblers (n = 14) in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Data were analyzed using hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimation and a combined risky choice drift diffusion model (DDM). Model comparison revealed a nonlinear mapping from value differences to trial-wise drift rates, confirming recent findings. An increase in risk-taking under tolcapone versus placebo was about five times more likely, given the data, than a decrease [Bayes factor (BF) = 0.2]. Examination of drug effects on diffusion model parameters revealed that an increase in the value dependency of the drift rate under tolcapone was about thirteen times more likely than a decrease (BF = 0.073). In contrast, a reduction in the maximum drift rate under tolcapone was about seven times more likely than an increase (BF = 7.51). Results add to previous work on COMT inhibitors in behavioral addictions and to mounting evidence for the applicability of diffusion models in value-based decision-making. Future work should focus on individual genetic, clinical and cognitive factors that might account for heterogeneity in the effects of COMT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Peters
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50923, Germany
| | - Taylor Vega
- Department of Neurology, VA Northern California Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA 94121
| | | | - Jennifer Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Andrew Kayser
- Department of Neurology, VA Northern California Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA 94121
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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10
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Abstract
Purpose of Review To address variation in the severity of gambling disorder, this review evaluates the contribution of mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurons to potential behavioral endophenotypes, the influence of individual differences in the dopamine system on gambling and related behaviors, and the possible role for dopaminergic medications in the treatment of gambling disorder. Recent Findings Newer work has suggested that dopaminergic dysfunction can lead to increased reward anticipation and a greater sensitivity to uncertainty, which in turn may drive addictive gambling behaviors. In addition, increased impulsivity, a well-recognized risk factor for gambling disorder, has been linked to dopaminergic dysfunction. More recently, emerging evidence has suggested that dopaminergic medications can influence the discounting of delayed rewards. Summary Dopaminergic drugs that increase the salience of long-term over short-term goals may ameliorate symptoms of impulsive individuals with gambling disorder. More broadly, improved understanding of intermediate behavioral and other phenotypes with a defined neurobiological substrate may allow for personalized treatment of gambling disorder and other psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kayser
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco
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11
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Marinho V, Pinto GR, Bandeira J, Oliveira T, Carvalho V, Rocha K, Magalhães F, de Sousa VG, Bastos VH, Gupta D, Orsini M, Teixeira S. Impaired decision-making and time perception in individuals with stroke: Behavioral and neural correlates. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:367-376. [PMID: 30922589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that stroke subjects present impairment of functions related to decision-making and timing, involving the information processing in the neural circuits of the cerebellum in association with the prefrontal cortex. This review is aimed to identify the gaps, and demonstrate a better understanding of decision-making and timing functions in the patients with stroke. Electronic literature database was searched and the findings of relevant studies were used to explore the mechanisms of decision-making and timing in patients with stroke, as well as the circuit connections in timing mediated by prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. A literature review was conducted with 65 studies that synthesized findings on decision-making and time perception in individuals with stroke. Types of neurobiological modalities in this study included: Relationships among decision-making, time perception, related cognitive aspects (such as discrimination tasks, verbal estimation, bisection tasks, time production and motor reproduction), and motor control. We demonstrate that the timing processes are important for the performance in cognitive tasks and that the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex are involved in decision-making and time perception. In the context, the decision-making is impaired in stroke patients has a great impact on executive functions, and this seems to be important in determining neurobiological aspects relevant to the time interval interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Marinho
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba-PI, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil.
| | - G R Pinto
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba-PI, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - J Bandeira
- Teresina Unified Education Center - CEUT, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - T Oliveira
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba-PI, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - V Carvalho
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - K Rocha
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - F Magalhães
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - V G de Sousa
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba-PI, Brazil
| | - V H Bastos
- The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil; Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba-PI, Brazil
| | - D Gupta
- Department of Biology, Camden County College, Blackwood, NJ, USA
| | - M Orsini
- Master's Program in Local Development Program, University Center Augusto Motta - UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Teixeira
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
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