1
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Konofal E. From past to future: 50 years of pharmacological interventions to treat narcolepsy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 241:173804. [PMID: 38852786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The history of narcolepsy research began with the pioneering work of Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau in the late 19th century. In the 1880s, Gélineau introduced the term "narcolepsy" to describe a condition characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of sleep. His clinical descriptions laid the foundation for our understanding of this complex disorder. Over the last half-century, the pharmacological landscape for narcolepsy treatment has evolved remarkably, shifting from merely managing symptoms to increasingly targeting its underlying pathophysiology. By the 1930s, treatments such as ephedrine and amphetamine were introduced to alleviate excessive daytime sleepiness, marking significant advancements in narcolepsy management. These stimulants provided temporary relief, helping patients maintain wakefulness during the day. As research progressed, the focus shifted towards understanding the disorder's underlying mechanisms. The discovery of orexin (also known as hypocretin) in the late 1990s revolutionized the field. This breakthrough underscored the importance of orexin in regulating sleep-wake cycles and provided new targets for pharmacological intervention. Looking ahead, the future of narcolepsy pharmacotherapy is poised for further innovation. The ongoing exploration of orexin receptor agonists and the potential development of neuroprotective therapeutic targets underscore a promising horizon. Emerging research into the genetic and immunological underpinnings of narcolepsy opens new avenues for personalized medicine approaches and the identification of biomarkers for more precise treatment strategies. Additionally, the refinement of existing treatments through improved delivery systems and the investigation of combination therapies offer opportunities for enhanced efficacy and improved quality of life for patients with narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Konofal
- Centre Pédiatrique des Pathologies du Sommeil, APHP Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, Paris 75019, France.
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2
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Nirogi R, Jayarajan P, Benade V, Abraham R, Goyal VK. Hits and misses with animal models of narcolepsy and the implications for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:755-768. [PMID: 38747534 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2354293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Narcolepsy is a chronic and rare neurological disorder characterized by disordered sleep. Based on animal models and further research in humans, the dysfunctional orexin system was identified as a contributing factor to the pathophysiology of narcolepsy. Animal models played a larger role in the discovery of some of the pharmacological agents with established benefit/risk profiles. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors examine the phenotypes observed in animal models of narcolepsy and the characteristics of clinically used pharmacological agents in these animal models. Additionally, the authors compare the effects of clinically used pharmacological agents on the phenotypes in animal models with those observed in narcolepsy patients. EXPERT OPINION Research in canine and mouse models have linked narcolepsy to the O×R2mutation and orexin deficiency, leading to new diagnostic criteria and a drug development focus. Advancements in pharmacological therapies have significantly improved narcolepsy management, with insights from both clinical experience and from animal models having led to new treatments such as low sodium oxybate and solriamfetol. However, challenges persist in addressing symptoms beyond excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, highlighting the need for further research, including the development of diurnal animal models to enhance understanding and treatment options for narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Drug Discovery & Development, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pradeep Jayarajan
- Drug Discovery & Development, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vijay Benade
- Drug Discovery & Development, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Renny Abraham
- Drug Discovery & Development, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Goyal
- Drug Discovery & Development, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Hyderabad, India
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3
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Ledneczki I, Tapolcsányi P, Gábor E, Éles J, Barabás J, Béni Z, Varga B, Balázs O, Román V, Fodor L, Szikra J, Vastag M, Lévay G, Schmidt É, Lendvai B, Greiner I, Kiss B, Némethy Z, Mahó S. Discovery of Novel Steroid-Based Histamine H 3 Receptor Antagonists/Inverse Agonists. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3643-3667. [PMID: 38393759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Steroid-based histamine H3 receptor antagonists (d-homoazasteroids) were designed by combining distinct structural elements of HTS hit molecules. They were characterized, and several of them displayed remarkably high affinity for H3 receptors with antagonist/inverse agonist features. Especially, the 17a-aza-d-homolactam chemotype demonstrated excellent H3R activity together with significant in vivo H3 antagonism. Optimization of the chemotype was initiated with special emphasis on the elimination of the hERG and muscarinic affinity. Additionally, ligand-based SAR considerations and molecular docking studies were performed to predict binding modes of the molecules. The most promising compounds (XXI, XXVIII, and XX) showed practically no muscarinic and hERG affinity. They showed antagonist/inverse agonist property in the in vitro functional tests that was apparent in the rat in vivo dipsogenia test. They were considerably stable in human and rat liver microsomes and provided significant in vivo potency in the place recognition and novel object recognition cognitive paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pál Tapolcsányi
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Eszter Gábor
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Júlia Barabás
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Béni
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Balázs Varga
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Ottilia Balázs
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Viktor Román
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - László Fodor
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Judit Szikra
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Mónika Vastag
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - György Lévay
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Éva Schmidt
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Balázs Lendvai
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Béla Kiss
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Némethy
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Sándor Mahó
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
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4
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Alhusaini M, Eissa N, Saad AK, Beiram R, Sadek B. Revisiting Preclinical Observations of Several Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonists/Inverse Agonists in Cognitive Impairment, Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep-Wake Cycle Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:861094. [PMID: 35721194 PMCID: PMC9198498 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.861094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A relationship appears to exist between dysfunction of brain histamine (HA) and various neuropsychiatric brain disorders. The possible involvement of brain HA in neuropathology has gained attention recently, and its role in many (patho)physiological brain functions including memory, cognition, and sleep-wake cycle paved the way for further research on the etiology of several brain disorders. Histamine H3 receptor (H3R) evidenced in the brains of rodents and humans remains of special interest, given its unique position as a pre- and postsynaptic receptor, controlling the synthesis and release of HA as well as different other neurotransmitters in different brain regions, respectively. Despite several disappointing outcomes for several H3R antagonists/inverse agonists in clinical studies addressing their effectiveness in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and schizophrenia (SCH), numerous H3R antagonists/inverse agonists showed great potentials in modulating memory and cognition, mood, and sleep-wake cycle, thus suggesting its potential role in neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, PD, SCH, narcolepsy, and major depression in preclinical rodent models. In this review, we present preclinical applications of selected H3R antagonists/inverse agonists and their pharmacological effects on cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and sleep-wake cycle disorders. Collectively, the current review highlights the behavioral impact of developments of H3R antagonists/inverse agonists, aiming to further encourage researchers in the preclinical drug development field to profile the potential therapeutic role of novel antagonists/inverse agonists targeting histamine H3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mera Alhusaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nermin Eissa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali K Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Sun Y, Tisdale R, Park S, Ma SC, Heu J, Haire M, Allocca G, Yamanaka A, Morairty SR, Kilduff TS. The development of sleep/wake disruption and cataplexy as hypocretin/orexin neurons degenerate in male vs. female Orexin/tTA; TetO-DTA Mice. Sleep 2022; 45:6532492. [PMID: 35182424 PMCID: PMC9742901 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1), a sleep disorder with similar prevalence in both sexes, is thought to be due to loss of the hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons. Several transgenic strains have been created to model this disorder and are increasingly being used for preclinical drug development and basic science studies, yet most studies have solely used male mice. We compared the development of narcoleptic symptomatology in male vs. female orexin-tTA; TetO-DTA mice, a model in which Hcrt neuron degeneration can be initiated by removal of doxycycline (DOX) from the diet. EEG, EMG, subcutaneous temperature, gross motor activity, and video recordings were conducted for 24-h at baseline and 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after DOX removal. Female DTA mice exhibited cataplexy, the pathognomonic symptom of NT1, by Week 1 in the DOX(-) condition but cataplexy was not consistently present in males until Week 2. By Week 2, both sexes showed an impaired ability to sustain long wake bouts during the active period, the murine equivalent of excessive daytime sleepiness in NT1. Subcutaneous temperature appeared to be regulated at lower levels in both sexes as the Hcrt neurons degenerated. During degeneration, both sexes also exhibited the "Delta State", characterized by sudden cessation of activity, high delta activity in the EEG, maintenance of muscle tone and posture, and the absence of phasic EMG activity. Since the phenotypes of the two sexes were indistinguishable by Week 6, we conclude that both sexes can be safely combined in future studies to reduce cost and animal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Shun-Chieh Ma
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Heu
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Meghan Haire
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Corresponding author. Thomas S. Kilduff, Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
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6
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Ishikawa O, Hahn S, Greenberg H. Pharmacologic Therapy for Narcolepsy. Neurology 2022. [DOI: 10.17925/usn.2022.18.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a lifelong disorder that adversely affects daytime function and quality of life. Major symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness with irrepressible sleep attacks and cataplexy. Recent developments in the understanding of the pathobiology of narcolepsy, as well as the neuronal systems involved in the regulation of wakefulness have led to development of new pharmacologic approaches to therapy. In this paper, we review available pharmacologic treatments for narcolepsy as well as agents currently under investigation.
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Némethy Z, Kiss B, Lethbridge N, Chazot P, Hajnik T, Tóth A, Détári L, Schmidt É, Czurkó A, Kostyalik D, Oláh V, Hernádi I, Balázs O, Vizi ES, Ledneczki I, Mahó S, Román V, Lendvai B, Lévay G. Convergent cross-species pro-cognitive effects of RGH-235, a new potent and selective histamine H 3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 916:174621. [PMID: 34965389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The histamine H3 receptor is a favourable target for the treatment of cognitive deficits. Here we report the in vitro and in vivo profile of RGH-235, a new potent, selective, and orally active H3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist developed by Gedeon Richter Plc. Radioligand binding and functional assays were used for in vitro profiling. Procognitive efficacy was investigated in rodent cognitive tests, in models of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and in cognitive tests of high translational value (rat touch screen visual discrimination test, primate fixed-foreperiod visual reaction time task). Results were supported by pharmacokinetic studies, neurotransmitter release, sleep EEG and dipsogenia. RGH-235 displayed high affinity to H3 receptors (Ki = 3.0-9.2 nM, depending on species), without affinity to H1, H2 or H4 receptors and >100 other targets. RGH-235 was an inverse agonist ([35S] GTPγS binding) and antagonist (pERK1/2 ELISA), showing favourable kinetics, inhibition of the imetit-induced dipsogenia and moderate effects on sleep-wake EEG. RGH-235 stimulated neurotransmitter release both in vitro and in vivo. RGH-235 was active in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), generally considered as a model of ADHD, and revealed a robust pro-cognitive profile both in rodent and primate tests (in 0.3-1 mg/kg) and in models of high translational value (e.g. in a rodent touch screen test and in non-human primates). The multiple and convergent procognitive effects of RGH-235 support the view that beneficial cognitive effects can be linked to antagonism/inverse agonism of H3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Némethy
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Kiss
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Paul Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Tünde Hajnik
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Tóth
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Détári
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Schmidt
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Czurkó
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Kostyalik
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vilmos Oláh
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, Grastyán Translational Research Center and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Hernádi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, Grastyán Translational Research Center and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ottilia Balázs
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Sándor Mahó
- Department of Chemistry, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Román
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Lendvai
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Lévay
- Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Shinde AK, Badange RK, Reballi V, Achanta PK, Bojja K, Manchineella S, Rao Muddana N, Subramanian R, Choudary Palacharla R, Benade V, Jayarajan P, Thentu JB, Lingavarapu BB, Yarra S, Kagita N, Rao Doguparthi M, Mohammed AR, Nirogi R. 1-[2-(1-Cyclobutylpiperidin-4-yloxy)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]propan-1-one: a Histamine H 3 Receptor Inverse Agonist with Efficacy in Animal Models of Cognition. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100583. [PMID: 34761873 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of chemical optimizations, which was guided by in vitro affinity at histamine H3 receptor (H3 R), modulation of lipophilicity, ADME properties and preclinical efficacy resulted in the identification of 1-[2-(1-cyclobutylpiperidin-4-yloxy)-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]propan-1-one (45 e) as a potent and selective (Ki =4.0 nM) H3 R inverse agonist. Dipsogenia induced by (R)-α-methylhistamine was dose dependently antagonized by 45 e, confirming its functional antagonism at H3 R. It is devoid of hERG and phospholipidosis issues. Compound 45 e has adequate oral exposures and favorable half-life in both rats and dogs. It has demonstrated high receptor occupancy (ED80 =0.22 mg/kg) and robust efficacy in object recognition task and, dose dependently increased acetylcholine levels in brain. The sub-therapeutic doses of 45 e in combination with donepezil significantly increased acetylcholine levels. The potent affinity, selectivity, in vivo efficacy and drug like properties together with safety, warrant for further development of this molecule for potential treatment of cognitive disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Karbhari Shinde
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Badange
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Veena Reballi
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Achanta
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Kumar Bojja
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Sravanthi Manchineella
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Muddana
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Ramkumar Subramanian
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Raghava Choudary Palacharla
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Vijay Benade
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Pradeep Jayarajan
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Thentu
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Bujji Babu Lingavarapu
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Sivasekhar Yarra
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Narendra Kagita
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Doguparthi
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Abdul Rasheed Mohammed
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Drug Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serene Chambers, Road-5, Avenue-7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
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9
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Falkenstein M, Elek M, Stark H. Chemical Probes for Histamine Receptor Subtypes. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:29-76. [PMID: 34595743 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ligands with different properties and different selectivity are highly needed for in vitro and in vivo studies on the (patho)physiological influence of the chemical mediator histamine and its receptor subtypes. A selection of well-described ligands for the different receptor subtypes and different studies is shown with a particular focus on affinity and selectivity. In addition, compounds with radioactive or fluorescence elements will be presented with their beneficial use for other species or different investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Falkenstein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Milica Elek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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