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Sun M, Zhang Y, Zhang XQ, Zhang Y, Wang XD, Li JT, Si TM, Su YA. Dopamine D1 receptor in medial prefrontal cortex mediates the effects of TAAR1 activation on chronic stress-induced cognitive and social deficits. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1341-1351. [PMID: 38658737 PMCID: PMC11224251 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is an intracellular expressed G-protein-coupled receptor that is widely expressed in major dopaminergic areas and plays a crucial role in modulation of central dopaminergic neurotransmission and function. Pharmacological studies have clarified the roles of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in cognitive function and social behaviors, and chronic stress can inhibit D1R expression due to its susceptibility. Recently, we identified TAAR1 in the mPFC as a potential target for treating chronic stress-induced cognitive and social dysfunction, but whether D1R is involved in mediating the effects of TAAR1 agonist remains unclear. Combined genomics and transcriptomic studies revealed downregulation of D1R in the mPFC of TAAR1-/- mice. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that hydrogen bond, salt bridge, and Pi-Pi stacking interactions were formed between TAAR1 and D1R indicating a stable TAAR1-D1R complex structure. Using pharmacological interventions, we found that D1R antagonist disrupted therapeutic effect of TAAR1 partial agonist RO5263397 on stress-related cognitive and social dysfunction. Knockout TAAR1 in D1-type dopamine receptor-expressing neurons reproduced adverse effects of chronic stress, and TAAR1 conditional knockout in the mPFC led to similar deficits, along with downregulation of D1R expression, all of these effects were ameliorated by viral overexpression of D1R in the mPFC, suggesting the functional interaction between TAAR1 and D1R. Collectively, our data elucidate the possible molecular mechanism that D1R in the mPFC mediates the effects of TAAR1 activation on chronic stress-induced cognitive and social deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Qiang Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Tao Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Mei Si
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.
| | - Yun-Ai Su
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhang XQ, Niu WP, Sun M, Zhang Y, Li JT, Si TM, Su YA. TAAR1 in dentate gyrus is involved in chronic stress-induced impairments in hippocampal plasticity and cognitive function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110995. [PMID: 38514038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) holds promise as a potential target for stress-related disorders, such as treating major depressive disorder (MDD). The role of TAAR1 in the regulation of adult neurogenesis is recently supported by transcriptomic data. However, it remains unknown whether TAAR1 in dentate gyrus (DG) mediate chronic stress-induced negative effects on hippocampal plasticity and related behavior in mice. The present study consisted of a series of experiments using RNAscope, genetic approaches, behavioral tests, immunohistochemical staining, Golgi-Cox technique to unravel the effects of TAAR1 on alterations of dentate neuronal plasticity and cognitive function in the chronic social defeat stress model. The mice subjected to chronic defeat stress exhibited a noteworthy decrease in the mRNA level of TAAR1 in DG. Additionally, they exhibited compromised social memory and spatial object recognition memory, as well as impaired proliferation and maturation of adult-born dentate granule cells. Moreover, the selective knockout TAAR1 in DG mostly mimicked the cognitive function deficits and neurogenesis impairment induced by chronic stress. Importantly, the administration of the selective TAAR1 partial agonist RO5263397 during stress exposure attenuated the adverse effects of chronic stress on cognitive function, adult neurogenesis, dendritic arborization, and the synapse number of dentate neurons in DG. In summary, our findings suggest that TAAR1 plays a crucial role in mediating the detrimental effects of chronic stress on hippocampal plasticity and cognition. TAAR1 agonists exhibit therapeutic potential for individuals suffering from cognitive impairments associated with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xian-Qiang Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-Pan Niu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ji-Tao Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tian-Mei Si
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yun-Ai Su
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China.
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Shemiakova TS, Efimova EV, Gainetdinov RR. TAARs as Novel Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Depression: A Narrative Review of the Interconnection with Monoamines and Adult Neurogenesis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1263. [PMID: 38927470 PMCID: PMC11200894 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental illness of great concern. Current therapy for depression is only suitable for 80% of patients and is often associated with unwanted side effects. In this regard, the search for and development of new antidepressant agents remains an urgent task. In this review, we discuss the current available evidence indicating that G protein-coupled trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) might represent new targets for depression treatment. The most frequently studied receptor TAAR1 has already been investigated in the treatment of schizophrenia, demonstrating antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. In fact, the TAAR1 agonist Ulotaront is currently undergoing phase 2/3 clinical trials testing its safety and efficacy in the treatment of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Other members of the TAAR family (TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9) are not only involved in the innate olfaction of volatile amines, but are also expressed in the limbic brain areas. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that TAAR2 and TAAR5 regulate emotional behaviors and thus may hold promise as potential antidepressant targets. Of particular interest is their connection with the dopamine and serotonin systems of the brain and their involvement in the regulation of adult neurogenesis, known to be affected by the antidepressant drugs currently in use. Further non-clinical and clinical studies are necessary to validate TAAR1 (and potentially other TAARs) as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisiia S. Shemiakova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.S.S.); (E.V.E.)
| | - Evgeniya V. Efimova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.S.S.); (E.V.E.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.S.S.); (E.V.E.)
- Saint-Petersburg University Hospital, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Peng L, Zhang J, Feng J, Ge J, Zou Y, Chen Y, Xu L, Zeng Y, Li JX, Liu J. Activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 ameliorates PTSD-like symptoms. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116236. [PMID: 38670437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) negatively modulates monoaminergic transmission in the mammalian brain and participates in many psychiatric disorders. Preclinical evidence indicate that selective TAAR1 agonists have anxiolytic effects and anti-stress properties. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder triggered by experiencing or witnessing traumatic stressors. However, it remains unknown whether TAAR1 is involved in PTSD. Here, we investigated the role of TAAR1 in two PTSD animal models, including single prolonged stress (SPS)-induced impairment of fear extinction and stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL). SPS decreased TAAR1 mRNA levels in the prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area. Acute treatment of the TAAR1 partial agonist RO5263397 attenuated SPS-induced anxiety-like behavior evaluated by the elevated-plus maze test. Compared to non-stressed animals, rats that experienced SPS showed higher freezing levels in the extinction retention test, indicating an impairment of fear extinction retention after SPS exposure. Acute and chronic treatment of RO5263397 ameliorated SPS-induced impairment of fear extinction retention. In the SEFL model, compared to the No-shock group, rats that experienced severe foot shock before fear conditioning showed higher freezing levels during the tests, indicating enhanced fear learning after stress exposure. Chronic treatment of RO5263397 partially attenuated the SEFL. Moreover, chronic treatment with the selective TAAR1 full agonist RO5166017 completely prevented the SEFL. Taken together, these data showed that pharmacological activation of TAAR1 could ameliorate PTSD-like symptoms. The present study thus provides the first evidence that TAAR1 might participate in the development of PTSD, and TAAR1 agonists could be potential pharmacological treatments for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Peng
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Jialu Feng
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Lang Xu
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China.
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Institute of Brain Science and Advanced Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China; College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China.
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5
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Dudzik P, Lustyk K, Pytka K. Beyond dopamine: Novel strategies for schizophrenia treatment. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38653551 DOI: 10.1002/med.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite extensive research efforts aimed at discovering novel antipsychotic compounds, a satisfactory pharmacological strategy for schizophrenia treatment remains elusive. All the currently available drugs act by modulating dopaminergic neurotransmission, leading to insufficient management of the negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder. Due to these challenges, several attempts have been made to design agents with innovative, non-dopaminergic mechanisms of action. Consequently, a number of promising compounds are currently progressing through phases 2 and 3 of clinical trials. This review aims to examine the rationale behind the most promising of these strategies while simultaneously providing a comprehensive survey of study results. We describe the versatility behind the cholinergic neurotransmission modulation through the activation of M1 and M4 receptors, exemplified by the prospective drug candidate KarXT. Our discussion extends to the innovative approach of activating TAAR1 receptors via ulotaront, along with the promising outcomes of iclepertin, a GlyT-1 inhibitor with the potential to become the first treatment option for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Finally, we evaluate the 5-HT2A antagonist paradigm, assessing two recently developed serotonergic agents, pimavanserin and roluperidone. We present the latest advancements in developing novel solutions to the complex challenges posed by schizophrenia, offering an additional perspective on the diverse investigated drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Dudzik
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Lustyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Zheng Y, Yasuda M, Yamao M, Gokan T, Sejima Y, Nishikawa T, Katayama S. Fermented soybean foods (natto) ameliorate age-related cognitive decline by hippocampal TAAR1-mediated activation of the CaMKII/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8). Food Funct 2023; 14:10097-10106. [PMID: 37870125 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03987k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Natto is a traditional fermented soybean-based food that has been an integral part of Japanese cuisine for several centuries. Although there have been extensive studies on the cognitive benefits of soybeans, only limited studies have examined the effects of natto on cognitive function. This study investigated the potential cognitive benefits of natto in senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. After 12 weeks of oral administering natto fermented for 18 h, the spatial learning and memory performance were improved compared with those in SAMP8 control mice. Furthermore, activation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) cascade was observed in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice that were fed natto. Additionally, natto administration upregulated trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) as a modulator of NMDAR. These findings suggest that natto ameliorates cognitive decline by activating the TAAR1-mediated CaMKII/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zheng
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.
| | - Mayu Yasuda
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamao
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Toshiya Gokan
- Takano Foods Co., Ltd, 1542 Noda, Omitama, Ibaraki 311-3411, Japan.
| | - Yudai Sejima
- Takano Foods Co., Ltd, 1542 Noda, Omitama, Ibaraki 311-3411, Japan.
| | | | - Shigeru Katayama
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Leo D, Targa G, Espinoza S, Villers A, Gainetdinov RR, Ris L. Trace Amine Associate Receptor 1 (TAAR1) as a New Target for the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147811. [PMID: 35887159 PMCID: PMC9318502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, approximately 27 million people are affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD pathophysiology is believed to be caused by the deposition of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Aβ can reduce long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity that is closely associated with learning and memory and involves postsynaptic glutamate receptor phosphorylation and trafficking. Moreover, Aβ seems to be able to reduce glutamatergic transmission by increasing the endocytosis of NMDA receptors. Trace amines (TAs) are biogenic amines that are structurally similar to monoamine neurotransmitters. TAs bind to G protein-coupled receptors, called TAARs (trace amine-associated receptors); the best-studied member of this family, TAAR1, is distributed in the cortical and limbic structures of the CNS. It has been shown that the activation of TAAR1 can rescue glutamatergic hypofunction and that TAAR1 can modulate glutamate NMDA receptor-related functions in the frontal cortex. Several lines of evidence also suggest the pro-cognitive action of TAAR1 agonists in various behavioural experimental protocols. Thus, we studied, in vitro, the role of the TAAR1 agonist RO5256390 on basal cortical glutamatergic transmission and tested its effect on Aβ-induced dysfunction. Furthermore, we investigated, in vivo, the role of TAAR1 in cognitive dysfunction induced by Aβ infusion in Aβ-treated mice. In vitro data showed that Aβ 1–42 significantly decreased NMDA cell surface expression while the TAAR1 agonist RO5256390 promoted their membrane insertion in cortical cells. In vivo, RO5256390 showed a mild pro-cognitive effect, as demonstrated by the better performance in the Y maze test in mice treated with Aβ. Further studies are needed to better understand the interplay between TAAR1/Aβ and glutamatergic signalling, in order to evaluate the eventual beneficial effect in different experimental paradigms and animal models. Taken together, our data indicate that TAAR1 agonism may provide a novel therapeutic approach in the treatments of disorders involving Aβ-induced cognitive impairments, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Leo
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute for Health Science and Technology, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Giorgia Targa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Espinoza
- Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy;
| | - Agnès Villers
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute for Health Science and Technology, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Laurence Ris
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute for Health Science and Technology, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (D.L.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-6537-3570
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Present and future antipsychotic drugs: a systematic review of the putative mechanisms of action for efficacy and a critical appraisal under a translational perspective. Pharmacol Res 2022; 176:106078. [PMID: 35026403 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotics represent the mainstay of schizophrenia pharmacological therapy, and their role has been expanded in the last years to mood disorders treatment. Although introduced in 1952, many years of research were required before an accurate picture of how antipsychotics work began to emerge. Despite the well-recognized characterization of antipsychotics in typical and atypical based on their liability to induce motor adverse events, their main action at dopamine D2R to elicit the "anti-psychotic" effect, as well as the multimodal action at other classes of receptors, their effects on intracellular mechanisms starting with receptor occupancy is still not completely understood. Significant lines of evidence converge on the impact of these compounds on multiple molecular signaling pathways implicated in the regulation of early genes and growth factors, dendritic spine shape, brain inflammation, and immune response, tuning overall the function and architecture of the synapse. Here we present, based on PRISMA approach, a comprehensive and systematic review of the above mechanisms under a translational perspective to disentangle those intracellular actions and signaling that may underline clinically relevant effects and represent potential targets for further innovative strategies in antipsychotic therapy.
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