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Kuiper LB, Roberts JB, Estave PM, Leo D, Gainetdinov RR, Jones SR. Patterns of ethanol intake in male rats with partial dopamine transporter deficiency. Genes Brain Behav 2023; 22:e12847. [PMID: 37461188 PMCID: PMC10733570 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesolimbic dopamine signaling plays a major role in alcohol and substance use disorders as well as comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. Growing evidence suggests that alcohol drinking is modulated by the function of the dopamine transporter (DAT), which tightly regulates extracellular dopamine concentrations. Adult male rats on a Wistar Han background (DAT+/+) and rats with a partial DAT deletion (DAT+/-) were used in this study. First, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in brain slices containing the nucleus accumbens core from ethanol-naïve subjects, we measured greater evoked dopamine concentrations and slower dopamine reuptake in DAT+/- rats, consistent with increased dopamine signaling. Next, we measured ethanol drinking using the intermittent access two-bottle choice paradigm (20% v/v ethanol vs. water) across 5 weeks. DAT+/- rats voluntarily consumed less ethanol during its initial availability (the first 30 min), especially after longer periods of deprivation. In addition, DAT+/- males consumed less ethanol that was adulterated with the bitter tastant quinine. These findings suggest that partial DAT blockade and concomitant increase in brain dopamine levels has potential to reduce drinking and ameliorate alcohol use disorder (AUD).
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Affiliation(s)
- L. B. Kuiper
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - J. B. Roberts
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - P. M. Estave
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - D. Leo
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of MonsMonsBelgium
| | - R. R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational BiomedicineSt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
- St. Petersburg University HospitalSt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
| | - S. R. Jones
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
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Savchenko A, Belozertseva I, Leo D, Sukhanov I. Hyperdopaminergia in rats is associated with reverse effort-cost dependent performance. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:1238-1248. [PMID: 37962090 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231211225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine is implicated in the effort-based control of motivational processes; however, whether tonic dopamine regulates the effort-cost impact on motivation, is still debated. AIMS The rats lacking the dopamine transporter (DAT), which have dramatically increased levels of the synaptic dopamine, were used in the present study to elucidate the role of the synaptic dopamine in motivational processes. METHODS To study the reward-related processes, the progressive ratio 3 (PR3) operant schedule of food reinforcement (the ratio increases by 3 after each earned reinforcer) was performed in adult male rats (DAT knockouts (DAT-KO), heterozygotes (DAT-HT) and wild-types (DAT-WT)). RESULTS During the PR3 session, the response rate of DAT-KO rats was gradually increased following the augmented required number of responses. In contrast, the local response rate of DAT-WT and DAT-HT decreased. d-Amphetamine sulfate salt (3 mg/kg, i.p.) altered the local response rate dynamics in DAT-WT, which became similar to that of DAT-KO. Interestingly, the reduction in response rate at low effort demands was associated with decreased rate of entries into the magazine tray in DAT-WT rats treated with amphetamine (3 mg/kg) but not in DAT-KO rats. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the elevated tonic synaptic dopamine can strongly affect motivation/effort-cost relation in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Savchenko
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Belozertseva
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Ilya Sukhanov
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Savchenko A, Targa G, Fesenko Z, Leo D, Gainetdinov RR, Sukhanov I. Dopamine Transporter Deficient Rodents: Perspectives and Limitations for Neuroscience. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050806. [PMID: 37238676 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The key element of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission is undoubtedly DA transporter (DAT), a transmembrane protein responsible for the synaptic reuptake of the mediator. Changes in DAT's function can be a key mechanism of pathological conditions associated with hyperdopaminergia. The first strain of gene-modified rodents with a lack of DAT were created more than 25 years ago. Such animals are characterized by increased levels of striatal DA, resulting in locomotor hyperactivity, increased levels of motor stereotypes, cognitive deficits, and other behavioral abnormalities. The administration of dopaminergic and pharmacological agents affecting other neurotransmitter systems can mitigate those abnormalities. The main purpose of this review is to systematize and analyze (1) known data on the consequences of changes in DAT expression in experimental animals, (2) results of pharmacological studies in these animals, and (3) to estimate the validity of animals lacking DAT as models for discovering new treatments of DA-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Savchenko
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy Str. 6-8, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Giorgia Targa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Zoia Fesenko
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Fontanka River Emb. 154, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Sukhanov
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy Str. 6-8, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Fontanka River Emb. 154, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Leo D, Targa G, Espinoza S, Villers A, Gainetdinov RR, Ris L. Trace Amine Associate Receptor 1 (TAAR1) as a New Target for the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147811. [PMID: 35887159 PMCID: PMC9318502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, approximately 27 million people are affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD pathophysiology is believed to be caused by the deposition of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Aβ can reduce long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity that is closely associated with learning and memory and involves postsynaptic glutamate receptor phosphorylation and trafficking. Moreover, Aβ seems to be able to reduce glutamatergic transmission by increasing the endocytosis of NMDA receptors. Trace amines (TAs) are biogenic amines that are structurally similar to monoamine neurotransmitters. TAs bind to G protein-coupled receptors, called TAARs (trace amine-associated receptors); the best-studied member of this family, TAAR1, is distributed in the cortical and limbic structures of the CNS. It has been shown that the activation of TAAR1 can rescue glutamatergic hypofunction and that TAAR1 can modulate glutamate NMDA receptor-related functions in the frontal cortex. Several lines of evidence also suggest the pro-cognitive action of TAAR1 agonists in various behavioural experimental protocols. Thus, we studied, in vitro, the role of the TAAR1 agonist RO5256390 on basal cortical glutamatergic transmission and tested its effect on Aβ-induced dysfunction. Furthermore, we investigated, in vivo, the role of TAAR1 in cognitive dysfunction induced by Aβ infusion in Aβ-treated mice. In vitro data showed that Aβ 1–42 significantly decreased NMDA cell surface expression while the TAAR1 agonist RO5256390 promoted their membrane insertion in cortical cells. In vivo, RO5256390 showed a mild pro-cognitive effect, as demonstrated by the better performance in the Y maze test in mice treated with Aβ. Further studies are needed to better understand the interplay between TAAR1/Aβ and glutamatergic signalling, in order to evaluate the eventual beneficial effect in different experimental paradigms and animal models. Taken together, our data indicate that TAAR1 agonism may provide a novel therapeutic approach in the treatments of disorders involving Aβ-induced cognitive impairments, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Leo
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute for Health Science and Technology, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Giorgia Targa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Espinoza
- Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy;
| | - Agnès Villers
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute for Health Science and Technology, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Laurence Ris
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute for Health Science and Technology, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (D.L.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-6537-3570
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Mallien AS, Becker L, Pfeiffer N, Terraneo F, Hahn M, Middelman A, Palme R, Creutzberg KC, Begni V, Riva MA, Leo D, Potschka H, Fumagalli F, Homberg JR, Gass P. Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats Show Impaired Wellbeing in a Multimodal Severity Assessment Approach. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:924603. [PMID: 35898652 PMCID: PMC9309546 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.924603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In preclinical psychiatry research, animals are central to modeling and understanding biological mechanisms of behavior and psychiatric disorders. We here present the first multimodal severity assessment of a genetically modified rat strain used in psychiatric research, lacking the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene and showing endophenotypes of several dopamine-associated disorders. Absence of the DAT leads to high extracellular dopamine (DA) levels and has been associated with locomotor hyperactivity, compulsive behaviors and stereotypies in the past. The German Animal Welfare Law, which is based on the EU Directive (2010/63/EU), requires a prospective severity assessment for every animal experiment, depending on the extent of the expected degree of pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm that the animals will experience. This should consider all procedures but also the impact of the genotype on the phenotype. Therefore, we examined multiple parameters indicating animal welfare, like burrowing behavior, social interaction, saccharin preference, baseline stress hormone levels and nesting behavior. Additionally, a footprint analysis was performed and home cage activity was analyzed for a more detailed characterization of locomotion. DAT KO rats demonstrated reduced burrowing, social interaction and saccharin preference. We also found pronounced stereotypies and alterations in the gait analysis in DAT KO rats. Moreover, we confirmed the hyperactivity and the impaired sensorimotor gating mechanisms to assure that our rats are exhibiting the correct phenotype. In conclusion, we provide evidence that DAT KO rats show alterations in natural behavior patterns and deduce that the marked stereotypies are a sign for coping difficulties, both indicating a negative influence of the genotype on wellbeing. We suggest to assess further rat models in an objectified severity assessment as previously done in mice to create a relative severity assessment based on scientific evidence. Until then, we propose the classification of homozygous DAT KO rats as “moderate” in accordance with the criteria of the EU directive 2010/63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Stephanie Mallien
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anne Stephanie Mallien,
| | - Laura Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Natascha Pfeiffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Federica Terraneo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anthonieke Middelman
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin Camile Creutzberg
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Begni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Savchenko A, Müller C, Lubec J, Leo D, Korz V, Afjehi-Sadat L, Malikovic J, Sialana FJ, Lubec G, Sukhanov I. The Lack of Dopamine Transporter Is Associated With Conditional Associative Learning Impairments and Striatal Proteomic Changes. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:799433. [PMID: 35370807 PMCID: PMC8971526 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.799433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is critically involved in different functions of the central nervous system (CNS) including control of voluntary movement, affect, reward, sleep, and cognition. One of the key components of DA neurotransmission is DA reuptake by the DA transporter (DAT), ensuring rapid clearance of DA from the synaptic cleft. Thus, lack of DAT leads to persistent high extracellular DA levels. While there is strong evidence for a role of striatal dopaminergic activity in learning and memory processes, little is known about the contribution of DAT deficiency to conditional learning impairments and underlying molecular processes. DAT-knockout (DAT-KO) rats were tested in a set of behavioral experiments evaluating conditional associative learning, which requires unaltered striatal function. In parallel, a large-scale proteomic analysis of the striatum was performed to identify molecular factors probably underlying behavioral patterns. DAT-KO rats were incapable to acquire a new operant skill in Pavlovian/instrumental autoshaping, although the conditional stimulus-unconditional stimulus (CS-US) association seems to be unaffected. These findings suggest that DAT directly or indirectly contributes to the reduction of transference of incentive salience from the reward to the CS. We propose that specific impairment of conditional learning might be caused by molecular adaptations to the hyperdopaminergic state, presumably by dopamine receptor 1 (DRD1) hypofunction, as proposed by proteomic analysis. Whether DRD1 downregulation can cause cognitive deficits in the hyperdopaminergic state is the subject of discussion, and further studies are needed to answer this question. This study may be useful for the interpretation of previous and the design of future studies in the dopamine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Savchenko
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Carina Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Lubec
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Volker Korz
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Leila Afjehi-Sadat
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jovana Malikovic
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fernando J Sialana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ilya Sukhanov
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Sørensen G, Rickhag M, Leo D, Lycas MD, Ridderstrøm PH, Weikop P, Lilja JH, Rifes P, Herborg F, Woldbye D, Wörtwein G, Gainetdinov RR, Fink-Jensen A, Gether U. Disruption of the PDZ domain-binding motif of the dopamine transporter uniquely alters nanoscale distribution, dopamine homeostasis, and reward motivation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101361. [PMID: 34756883 PMCID: PMC8648841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) is part of a presynaptic multiprotein network involving interactions with scaffold proteins via its C-terminal PDZ domain-binding sequence. Using a mouse model expressing DAT with mutated PDZ-binding sequence (DAT-AAA), we previously demonstrated the importance of this binding sequence for striatal expression of DAT. Here, we show by application of direct stochastic reconstruction microscopy not only that the striatal level of transporter is reduced in DAT-AAA mice but also that the nanoscale distribution of this transporter is altered with a higher propensity of DAT-AAA to localize to irregular nanodomains in dopaminergic terminals. In parallel, we observe mesostriatal DA adaptations and changes in DA-related behaviors distinct from those seen in other genetic DAT mouse models. DA levels in the striatum are reduced to ∼45% of that of WT, accompanied by elevated DA turnover. Nonetheless, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry recordings on striatal slices reveal a larger amplitude and prolonged clearance rate of evoked DA release in DAT-AAA mice compared with WT mice. Autoradiography and radioligand binding show reduced DA D2 receptor levels, whereas immunohistochemistry and autoradiography show unchanged DA D1 receptor levels. In behavioral experiments, we observe enhanced self-administration of liquid food under both a fixed ratio of one and progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement but a reduction compared with WT when using cocaine as reinforcer. In summary, our data demonstrate how disruption of PDZ domain interactions causes changes in DAT expression and its nanoscopic distribution that in turn alter DA clearance dynamics and related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Sørensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Center & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Rickhag
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Damiana Leo
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matthew D Lycas
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Herrstedt Ridderstrøm
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Center & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Weikop
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Center & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jamila H Lilja
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro Rifes
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Freja Herborg
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Woldbye
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitta Wörtwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Center & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine and Saint-Petersburg University Hospital, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anders Fink-Jensen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Center & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sanna F, Bratzu J, Serra MP, Leo D, Quartu M, Boi M, Espinoza S, Gainetdinov RR, Melis MR, Argiolas A. Altered Sexual Behavior in Dopamine Transporter (DAT) Knockout Male Rats: A Behavioral, Neurochemical and Intracerebral Microdialysis Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:58. [PMID: 32372926 PMCID: PMC7185326 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Central dopamine plays a key role in sexual behavior. Recently, a Dopamine Transporter knockout (DAT KO) rat has been developed, which displays several behavioral dysfunctions that have been related to increased extracellular dopamine levels and altered dopamine turnover secondary to DAT gene silencing. This prompted us to characterize the sexual behavior of these DAT KO rats and their heterozygote (HET) and wild type (WT) counterparts in classical copulatory tests with a sexually receptive female rat and to verify if and how the acquisition of sexual experience changes along five copulatory tests in these rat lines. Extracellular dopamine and glutamic acid concentrations were also measured in the dialysate obtained by intracerebral microdialysis from the nucleus accumbens (Acb) shell of DAT KO, HET and WT rats, which underwent five copulatory tests, when put in the presence of an inaccessible sexually receptive female rat and when copulation was allowed. Markers of neurotropism (BDNF, trkB), neural activation (Δ-FosB), functional (Arc and PSA-NCAM) and structural synaptic plasticity (synaptophysin, syntaxin-3, PSD-95) were also measured in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), Acb (shell and core) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) by Western Blot assays. The results indicate that the sexual behavior of DAT KO vs. HET and WT rats shows peculiar differences, mainly due to a more rapid acquisition of stable sexual activity levels and to higher levels of sexual motivation and activity. These differences occurred with differential changes in dopamine and glutamic acid concentrations in Acb dialysates during sexual behavior, with lower increases of dopamine and glutamic acid in DAT KO vs. WT and HET rats, and a lower expression of the markers investigated, mainly in the mPFC, in DAT KO vs. WT rats. Together these findings confirm a key role of dopamine in sexual behavior and provide evidence that the permanently high levels of dopamine triggered by DAT gene silencing cause alterations in both the frontocortical glutamatergic neurons projecting to the Acb and VTA and in the mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons, leading to specific brain regional changes in trophic support and neuroplastic processes, which may have a role in the sexual behavior differences found among the three rat genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for the Neurobiology of Addictions, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jessica Bratzu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for the Neurobiology of Addictions, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Citomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marina Quartu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Citomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marianna Boi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Citomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Espinoza
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Rosaria Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for the Neurobiology of Addictions, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Argiolas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for the Neurobiology of Addictions, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Cagliari Section, Cagliari, Italy
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9
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Espinoza S, Sukhanov I, Efimova EV, Kozlova A, Antonova KA, Illiano P, Leo D, Merkulyeva N, Kalinina D, Musienko P, Rocchi A, Mus L, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR. Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 5 Provides Olfactory Input Into Limbic Brain Areas and Modulates Emotional Behaviors and Serotonin Transmission. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:18. [PMID: 32194374 PMCID: PMC7066256 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a class of G-protein-coupled receptors found in mammals. While TAAR1 is expressed in several brain regions, all the other TAARs have been described mainly in the olfactory epithelium and the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb and are believed to serve as a new class of olfactory receptors sensing innate odors. However, there is evidence that TAAR5 could play a role also in the central nervous system. In this study, we characterized a mouse line lacking TAAR5 (TAAR5 knockout, TAAR5-KO) expressing beta-galactosidase mapping TAAR5 expression. We found that TAAR5 is expressed not only in the glomerular layer in the olfactory bulb but also in deeper layers projecting to the limbic brain olfactory circuitry with prominent expression in numerous limbic brain regions, such as the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the amygdala, the hippocampus, the piriform cortex, the entorhinal cortex, the nucleus accumbens, and the thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei. TAAR5-KO mice did not show gross developmental abnormalities but demonstrated less anxiety- and depressive-like behavior in several behavioral tests. TAAR5-KO mice also showed significant decreases in the tissue levels of serotonin and its metabolite in several brain areas and were more sensitive to the hypothermic action of serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propilamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). These observations indicate that TAAR5 is not just innate odor-sensing olfactory receptor but also serves to provide olfactory input into limbic brain areas to regulate emotional behaviors likely via modulation of the serotonin system. Thus, anxiolytic and/or antidepressant action of future TAAR5 antagonists could be predicted. In general, "olfactory" TAAR-mediated brain circuitry may represent a previously unappreciated neurotransmitter system involved in the transmission of innate odors into emotional behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Espinoza
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Ilya Sukhanov
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeniya V Efimova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alena Kozlova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kristina A Antonova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Placido Illiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Natalia Merkulyeva
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Kalinina
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Musienko
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,St. Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Healthcare of the RF, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Rocchi
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,IRCSS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Liudmila Mus
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana D Sotnikova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Leo D, Espinoza S, Villers A, Gainetdinov R, Ris L. Trace amine associate receptor 1 (TAAR1) as a new target for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Front Neurosci 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2019.96.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Adinolfi A, Zelli S, Leo D, Carbone C, Mus L, Illiano P, Alleva E, Gainetdinov RR, Adriani W. Behavioral characterization of DAT-KO rats and evidence of asocial-like phenotypes in DAT-HET rats: The potential involvement of norepinephrine system. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:516-527. [PMID: 30472113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, whose availability is regulated by the dopamine transporter (DAT). Deletion of DAT gene leading to hyperdopaminergia was previously performed on mouse models. This enabled recapitulation of the core symptoms of Attention-Deficit / Hyper-activity Disorder (ADHD), which include hyperactivity, inattention and cognitive impairment. We used recently developed DAT knockout (DAT-KO) rats to carry out further behavioral profiling on this novel model of hyperdopaminergia. DAT-KO rats display elevated locomotor activity and restless environmental exploration, associated with a transient anxiety profile. Furthermore, these rats show pronounced stereotypy and compulsive-like behavior at the Marble-Burying test. Homozygous DAT-KO rats mantain intact social interaction when tested in a social-preference task, while heterozygous (HET) rats show high inactivity associated with close proximity to the social stimulus. Ex-vivo evaluation of brain catecholamines highlighted increased levels of norepinephrine in the hippocampus and hypothalamus exclusively of heterozygous rats. Taken together, our data present evidence of unexpected asocial tendencies in heterozygous (DAT-HET) rats associated with neurochemical alterations in norepinephrine neurotransmission. We shed light on the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of altered DAT function in a higher, more complex model of hyperdopaminergia. Unraveling the role of DA neurotransmission in DAT-KO rats has very important implications in the understanding of many psychiatric illnesses, including ADHD, where alterations in DA system have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Adinolfi
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Zelli
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Cristiana Carbone
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Liudmila Mus
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Placido Illiano
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Enrico Alleva
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143025 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Espinoza S, Leo D, Sotnikova TD, Shahid M, Kääriäinen TM, Gainetdinov RR. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of the Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) Agonist RO5263397. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:645. [PMID: 29977204 PMCID: PMC6022153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor, which signals through elevating intracellular cAMP levels, and expressed in most vertebrates, including rodents and humans. In recent years, several lines of evidence indicated the role of TAAR1 in the regulation of dopaminergic system and its importance in physiological processes such as locomotion, control of emotional states and cognition. In our study, we used RO5263397, a selective TAAR1 agonist, as a tool and characterized its pharmacology in vitro in HEK293 cells and its effects in vivo in tests assessing potential antidepressant and antipsychotic actions. We found that RO5263397 not only increases cAMP levels at very low concentrations but also can induce the phosphorylation of ERK and CREB in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Like other TAAR1 agonists, RO5263397 potently suppressed high dopamine-dependent hyperactivity in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Moreover, RO5263397 produced a strong antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim test comparable to fluoxetine. Furthermore, the antidepressant-like activity was blocked by pretreatment with SCH23390 (dopamine D1 receptor antagonist) or NBQX (glutamate AMPA receptor antagonist) but only in part by WAY100635 (serotonin 5HT1A receptor antagonist). In conclusion, our study confirms some previous in vitro and in vivo findings in relation to the pharmacological effects of RO5263397 but more importantly provides new insight on intracellular signaling pathway and other neurotransmitter receptors modulated by TAAR1 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Espinoza
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Genoa, Italy
| | - Damiana Leo
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Tatyana D Sotnikova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Adinolfi A, Carbone C, Leo D, Gainetdinov RR, Laviola G, Adriani W. Novelty-related behavior of young and adult dopamine transporter knockout rats: Implication for cognitive and emotional phenotypic patterns. Genes Brain Behav 2018; 17:e12463. [PMID: 29406596 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a developmentally inappropriate, pervasive and persistent pattern of severe inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Despite onset in early childhood, ADHD may continue into adulthood with substantial impairment in social, academic and occupational functioning. A new animal model of this disorder was developed in rats with genetic deletion of the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene (dopamine transporter knockout rats; DAT-KO rats). We analyzed the behavior of DAT-KO rats for a deeper phenotypical characterization of this model. We first tested rats of the 3 genotypes at different ages (preadolescent, adolescent and adult), in a novelty-seeking test using a black/white box (Experiment 1). After that, we tested adult rats in a novelty-preference test using a 3-chamber apparatus with different shapes (Experiment 2). Experiment 1: as evidenced by analysis of time spent in the novel environment, adult DAT heterozygous (DAT-HET) rats show an increased curiosity-driven exploration compared with wild-type (WT) controls while DAT-KO rats did not recognize novelty. The locomotor activity data show a minimal difference between genotypes at adolescent age while the preadolescent and adult DAT-KO rats have significantly increased activity rate compared with WT and DAT-HET subjects. Experiment 2: in this case, due to more clearly evident spatial differences, time spent in novel environment was not significantly different among genotypes. During first 10 minutes, DAT-KO rats showed a decreased hyperactivity, apparently related to curiosity and attention to the new environments. In conclusion, DAT-KO rats may show some inattention while more novelty-seeking traits appear in DAT-HET rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Adinolfi
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Carbone
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - D Leo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - R R Gainetdinov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G Laviola
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - W Adriani
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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14
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Cinque S, Zoratto F, Poleggi A, Leo D, Cerniglia L, Cimino S, Tambelli R, Alleva E, Gainetdinov RR, Laviola G, Adriani W. Behavioral Phenotyping of Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats: Compulsive Traits, Motor Stereotypies, and Anhedonia. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:43. [PMID: 29520239 PMCID: PMC5826953 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in dopamine neurotransmission are generally associated with diseases such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Such diseases typically feature poor decision making and lack of control on executive functions and have been studied through the years using many animal models. Dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout (KO) and heterozygous (HET) mice, in particular, have been widely used to study ADHD. Recently, a strain of DAT KO rats has been developed (1). Here, we provide a phenotypic characterization of reward sensitivity and compulsive choice by adult rats born from DAT-HET dams bred with DAT-HET males, in order to further validate DAT KO rats as an animal model for preclinical research. We first tested DAT KO rats' sensitivity to rewarding stimuli, provided by highly appetitive food or sweet water; then, we tested their choice behavior with an Intolerance-to-Delay Task (IDT). During these tests, DAT KO rats appeared less sensitive to rewarding stimuli than wild-type (WT) and HET rats: they also showed a prominent hyperactive behavior with a rigid choice pattern and a wide number of compulsive stereotypies. Moreover, during the IDT, we tested the effects of amphetamine (AMPH) and RO-5203648, a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) partial agonist. AMPH accentuated impulsive behaviors in WT and HET rats, while it had no effect in DAT KO rats. Finally, we measured the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine receptor 2 (D2), serotonin transporter, and TAAR1 mRNA transcripts in samples of ventral striatum, finding no significant differences between WT and KO genotypes. Throughout this study, DAT KO rats showed alterations in decision-making processes and in motivational states, as well as prominent motor and oral stereotypies: more studies are warranted to fully characterize and efficiently use them in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cinque
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Zoratto
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Damiana Leo
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Cerniglia
- Faculty of Psychology, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Cimino
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Tambelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Alleva
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Rome, Italy
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Leo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Ilya Sukhanov
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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16
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Illiano P, Lanzo A, Leo D, Paglione M, Zampi G, Gainetdinov RR, Di Schiavi E. ACaenorhabditis elegansmodel to study dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:207-214. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Placido Illiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies; Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Ambra Lanzo
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science - National Research Council, CNR; Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, IBBR; Via Pietro Castellino 111 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies; Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Maria Paglione
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science - National Research Council, CNR; Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, IBBR; Via Pietro Castellino 111 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Giuseppina Zampi
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science - National Research Council, CNR; Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, IBBR; Via Pietro Castellino 111 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine; St. Petersburg State University; 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology; Skolkovo 143025 Moscow Russia
| | - Elia Di Schiavi
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science - National Research Council, CNR; Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, IBBR; Via Pietro Castellino 111 80131 Naples Italy
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17
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Colasante G, Lignani G, Rubio A, Medrihan L, Yekhlef L, Sessa A, Massimino L, Giannelli SG, Sacchetti S, Caiazzo M, Leo D, Alexopoulou D, Dell'Anno MT, Ciabatti E, Orlando M, Studer M, Dahl A, Gainetdinov RR, Taverna S, Benfenati F, Broccoli V. Rapid Conversion of Fibroblasts into Functional Forebrain GABAergic Interneurons by Direct Genetic Reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:719-734. [PMID: 26526726 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of GABAergic interneurons (INs) can provide long-term functional benefits in animal models of epilepsy and other neurological disorders. Whereas GABAergic INs can be differentiated from embryonic stem cells, alternative sources of GABAergic INs may be more tractable for disease modeling and transplantation. We identified five factors (Foxg1, Sox2, Ascl1, Dlx5, and Lhx6) that convert mouse fibroblasts into induced GABAergic INs (iGABA-INs) possessing molecular signatures of telencephalic INs. Factor overexpression activates transcriptional networks required for GABAergic fate specification. iGABA-INs display progressively maturing firing patterns comparable to cortical INs, form functional synapses, and release GABA. Importantly, iGABA-INs survive and mature upon being grafted into mouse hippocampus. Optogenetic stimulation demonstrated functional integration of grafted iGABA-INs into host circuitry, triggering inhibition of host granule neuron activity. These five factors also converted human cells into functional GABAergic INs. These properties suggest that iGABA-INs have potential for disease modeling and cell-based therapeutic approaches to neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Colasante
- Division of Neuroscience, Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Lignani
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alicia Rubio
- Division of Neuroscience, Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucian Medrihan
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Latefa Yekhlef
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy; Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sessa
- Division of Neuroscience, Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Division of Neuroscience, Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Silvio Sacchetti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Dimitra Alexopoulou
- Deep Sequencing Group, Biotechnology Center TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ernesto Ciabatti
- Division of Neuroscience, Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Orlando
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Studer
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, iBV, UMR 1091, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Deep Sequencing Group, Biotechnology Center TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stefano Taverna
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy; Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Division of Neuroscience, Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy.
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18
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Steinkellner T, Mus L, Eisenrauch B, Constantinescu A, Leo D, Konrad L, Rickhag M, Sørensen G, Efimova EV, Kong E, Willeit M, Sotnikova TD, Kudlacek O, Gether U, Freissmuth M, Pollak DD, Gainetdinov RR, Sitte HH. In vivo amphetamine action is contingent on αCaMKII. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2681-93. [PMID: 24871545 PMCID: PMC4207348 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulants (ie, amphetamines and cocaine) imposes a major socioeconomic burden. Prevention and treatment represent unmet medical needs, which may be addressed, if the mechanisms underlying psychostimulant action are understood. Cocaine acts as a blocker at the transporters for dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT), and norepinephrine (NET), but amphetamines are substrates that do not only block the uptake of monoamines but also induce substrate efflux by promoting reverse transport. Reverse transport has been a focus of research for decades but its mechanistic basis still remains enigmatic. Recently, transporter-interacting proteins were found to regulate amphetamine-triggered reverse transport: calmodulin kinase IIα (αCaMKII) is a prominent example, because it binds the carboxyl terminus of DAT, phosphorylates its amino terminus, and supports amphetamine-induced substrate efflux in vitro. Here, we investigated whether, in vivo, the action of amphetamine was contingent on the presence of αCaMKII by recording the behavioral and neurochemical effects of amphetamine. Measurement of dopamine efflux in the dorsal striatum by microdialysis revealed that amphetamine induced less dopamine efflux in mice lacking αCaMKII. Consistent with this observation, the acute locomotor responses to amphetamine were also significantly blunted in αCaMKII-deficient mice. In addition, while the rewarding properties of amphetamine were preserved in αCaMKII-deficient mice, their behavioral sensitization to amphetamine was markedly reduced. Our findings demonstrate that amphetamine requires the presence of αCaMKII to elicit a full-fledged effect on DAT in vivo: αCaMKII does not only support acute amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux but is also important in shaping the chronic response to amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Steinkellner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Liudmilla Mus
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain
Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego,
Genova, Italy,Department of Psychopharmacology,
Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, St
Petersburg, Russia
| | - Birgit Eisenrauch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreea Constantinescu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain
Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego,
Genova, Italy
| | - Lisa Konrad
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattias Rickhag
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics
Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and
Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Sørensen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics
Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and
Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evgenia V Efimova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and
Technology (Skoltech), Skolkovo, Moscow,
Russia
| | - Eryan Kong
- Department of Neurophysiology and
Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University
Vienna, Waehringer Strasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthäus Willeit
- Department of Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatyana D Sotnikova
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain
Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego,
Genova, Italy
| | - Oliver Kudlacek
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics
Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and
Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and
Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University
Vienna, Waehringer Strasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain
Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego,
Genova, Italy,Skolkovo Institute of Science and
Technology (Skoltech), Skolkovo, Moscow,
Russia,Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St
Petersburg State University, St Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for
Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse,
Vienna, Austria,Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and
Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 13A,
Vienna
1090, Austria, Tel: +43 1 40160 31323, Fax: +43 1
40160 931300, E-mail:
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19
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Pei Y, Lee J, Leo D, Gainetdinov RR, Hoener MC, Canales JJ. Activation of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 prevents relapse to cocaine seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2299-308. [PMID: 24722355 PMCID: PMC4138750 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) has emerged as a promising target for medication development in addiction because of its ability to regulate dopamine (DA) transmission. We tested in rats the efficacy of RO5203648 and RO5256390, partial and full TAAR1 agonists, respectively, in models of cocaine relapse. Using a model of context-induced relapse, both RO5203648 and RO5256390 dose-dependently suppressed cocaine seeking after a 2-week period of withdrawal from chronic cocaine self-administration. In a model of extinction-reinstatement, RO5203648 completely inhibited cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. At doses that effectively suppressed cocaine seeking neither RO5203648 nor RO5256390 altered responding maintained by a natural reward. Moreover, fast scan cyclic voltammetry data showed that RO5203648 prevented cocaine-induced DA overflow in the nucleus accumbens without altering DA half-life, suggesting that the partial TAAR1 agonist attenuated cocaine-stimulated DA overflow by mechanisms other than direct interference with DA uptake. Collectively, these data provide strong evidence in support of TAAR1 as a neuropharmacological target for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Pei
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jungah Lee
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia,Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Neuroscience Research, Pharmaceuticals Division, F Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juan J Canales
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, Tel: +64 3 364 2987 Ext. 7005 (office) 7303 (lab), Fax: +64 3 364 2181, E-mail:
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20
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Dell'Anno MT, Caiazzo M, Leo D, Dvoretskova E, Medrihan L, Colasante G, Giannelli S, Theka I, Russo G, Mus L, Pezzoli G, Gainetdinov RR, Benfenati F, Taverna S, Dityatev A, Broccoli V. Remote control of induced dopaminergic neurons in parkinsonian rats. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3215-29. [PMID: 24937431 DOI: 10.1172/jci74664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct lineage reprogramming through genetic-based strategies enables the conversion of differentiated somatic cells into functional neurons and distinct neuronal subtypes. Induced dopaminergic (iDA) neurons can be generated by direct conversion of skin fibroblasts; however, their in vivo phenotypic and functional properties remain incompletely understood, leaving their impact on Parkinson's disease (PD) cell therapy and modeling uncertain. Here, we determined that iDA neurons retain a transgene-independent stable phenotype in culture and in animal models. Furthermore, transplanted iDA neurons functionally integrated into host neuronal tissue, exhibiting electrically excitable membranes, synaptic currents, dopamine release, and substantial reduction of motor symptoms in a PD animal model. Neuronal cell replacement approaches will benefit from a system that allows the activity of transplanted neurons to be controlled remotely and enables modulation depending on the physiological needs of the recipient; therefore, we adapted a DREADD (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug) technology for remote and real-time control of grafted iDA neuronal activity in living animals. Remote DREADD-dependent iDA neuron activation markedly enhanced the beneficial effects in transplanted PD animals. These data suggest that iDA neurons have therapeutic potential as a cell replacement approach for PD and highlight the applicability of pharmacogenetics for enhancing cellular signaling in reprogrammed cell-based approaches.
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21
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Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity that adversely affect many aspects of life. Whereas the etiology of ADHD remains unknown, growing evidence indicates a genetic involvement in the development of this disorder. The brain circuits associated with ADHD are rich in monoamines, which are involved in the mechanism of action of psychostimulants and other medications used to treat this disorder. Dopamine (DA) is believed to play a major role in ADHD but other neurotransmitters are certainly also involved. Genetically modified mice have become an indispensable tool used to analyze the contribution of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of human disorders. Although rodent models cannot fully recapitulate complex human psychiatric disorders such as ADHD, transgenic mice offer an opportunity to directly investigate in vivo the specific roles of novel candidate genes identified in ADHD patients. Several knock-out and transgenic mouse models have been proposed as ADHD models, mostly based on targeting genes involved in DA transmission, including the gene encoding the dopamine transporter (DAT1). These mutant models provided an opportunity to evaluate the contribution of dopamine-related processes to brain pathology, to dissect the neuronal circuitry and molecular mechanisms involved in the antihyperkinetic action of psychostimulants and to evaluate novel treatments for ADHD. New transgenic models mouse models targeting other genes have recently been proposed for ADHD. Here, we discuss the recent advances and pitfalls in modeling ADHD endophenotypes in genetically altered animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Leo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genoa, Italy,
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22
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Theka I, Caiazzo M, Dvoretskova E, Leo D, Ungaro F, Curreli S, Managò F, Dell'Anno MT, Pezzoli G, Gainetdinov RR, Dityatev A, Broccoli V. Rapid generation of functional dopaminergic neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells through a single-step procedure using cell lineage transcription factors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:473-9. [PMID: 23658252 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Current protocols for in vitro differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to generate dopamine (DA) neurons are laborious and time-expensive. In order to accelerate the overall process, we have established a fast protocol by expressing the developmental transcription factors ASCL1, NURR1, and LMX1A. With this method, we were able to generate mature and functional dopaminergic neurons in as few as 21 days, skipping all the intermediate steps for inducting and selecting embryoid bodies and rosette-neural precursors. Strikingly, the resulting neuronal conversion process was very proficient, with an overall efficiency that was more than 93% of all the coinfected cells. hiPSC-derived DA neurons expressed all the critical molecular markers of the DA molecular machinery and exhibited sophisticated functional features including spontaneous electrical activity and dopamine release. This one-step protocol holds important implications for in vitro disease modeling and is particularly amenable for exploitation in high-throughput screening protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilda Theka
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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23
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Fasano C, Bourque MJ, Lapointe G, Leo D, Thibault D, Haber M, Kortleven C, Desgroseillers L, Murai KK, Trudeau LÉ. Dopamine facilitates dendritic spine formation by cultured striatal medium spiny neurons through both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Neuropharmacology 2012; 67:432-43. [PMID: 23231809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Variations of dopamine (DA) levels induced by drugs of abuse or in the context of Parkinson's disease modulate the number of dendritic spines in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum, showing that DA plays a major role in the structural plasticity of MSNs. However, little is presently known regarding early spine development in MSNs occurring before the arrival of cortical inputs and in particular about the role of DA and D1 (D1R) and D2 (D2R) DA receptors. A cell culture model reconstituting early cellular interactions between MSNs, intrinsic cholinergic interneurons and DA neurons was used to study the role of DA in spine formation. After 5 or 10 days in vitro, the presence of DA neurons increased the number of immature spine-like protrusions. In MSN monocultures, chronic activation of D1R or D2R also increased the number of spines and spinophilin expression in MSNs, suggesting a direct role for these receptors. In DA-MSN cocultures, chronic blockade of D1R or D2R reduced the number of dendritic spines. Interestingly, the combined activation or blockade of both D1R and D2R failed to elicit more extensive spine formation, suggesting that both receptors act through a mechanism that is not additive. Finally, we found increased ionotropic glutamate receptor responsiveness and miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) frequency in DA-MSN co-cultures, in parallel with a higher number of spines containing PSD-95, suggesting that the newly formed spines present functional post-synaptic machinery preparing the MSNs to receive additional glutamatergic contacts. These results represent a first step in the understanding of how dopamine neurons promote the structural plasticity of MSNs during the development of basal ganglia circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fasano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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24
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Fortin GM, Bourque MJ, Mendez JA, Leo D, Nordenankar K, Birgner C, Arvidsson E, Rymar VV, Bérubé-Carrière N, Claveau AM, Descarries L, Sadikot AF, Wallén-Mackenzie Å, Trudeau LÉ. Glutamate corelease promotes growth and survival of midbrain dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 2012; 32:17477-91. [PMID: 23197738 PMCID: PMC6621856 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1939-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that glutamate corelease by mesostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons regulates behavioral activation by psychostimulants. How and when glutamate release by DA neurons might play this role remains unclear. Considering evidence for early expression of the type 2 vesicular glutamate transporter in mesencephalic DA neurons, we hypothesized that this cophenotype is particularly important during development. Using a conditional gene knock-out approach to selectively disrupt the Vglut2 gene in mouse DA neurons, we obtained in vitro and in vivo evidence for reduced growth and survival of mesencephalic DA neurons, associated with a decrease in the density of DA innervation in the nucleus accumbens, reduced activity-dependent DA release, and impaired motor behavior. These findings provide strong evidence for a functional role of the glutamatergic cophenotype in the development of mesencephalic DA neurons, opening new perspectives into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders involving the mesostriatal DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume M Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology, and Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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25
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Espinoza S, Manago F, Leo D, D. Sotnikova T, R. Gainetdinov R. Role of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)-Dependent Processes in Parkinson’s Disease and L-DOPA Treatment. CNSNDDT 2012; 11:251-63. [DOI: 10.2174/187152712800672436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Cavaliere C, Cirillo G, Bianco MR, Adriani W, De Simone A, Leo D, Perrone-Capano C, Papa M. Methylphenidate administration determines enduring changes in neuroglial network in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22:53-63. [PMID: 21550213 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs induces complex molecular and structural modifications in discrete brain regions of the meso-cortico-limbic system. This structural remodeling is thought to underlie neurobehavioral adaptive responses. Administration to adolescent rats of methylphenidate (MPH), commonly used in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), triggers alterations of reward-based behavior paralleled by persistent and plastic synaptic changes of neuronal and glial markers within key areas of the reward circuits. By immunohistochemistry, we observe a marked increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression and a down-regulation of glial glutamate transporter GLAST in dorso-lateral and ventro-medial striatum. Using electron microscopy, we find in the prefrontal cortex a significant reduction of the synaptic active zone length, paralleled by an increase of dendritic spines. We demonstrate that in limbic areas the MPH-induced reactive astrocytosis affects the glial glutamatergic uptake system that in turn could determine glutamate receptor sensitization. These processes could be sustained by NO production and synaptic rearrangement and contribute to MPH neuroglial induced rewiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cavaliere
- Department of Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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27
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Fawaz CS, Martel P, Leo D, Trudeau LE. Presynaptic action of neurotensin on dopamine release through inhibition of D(2) receptor function. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:96. [PMID: 19682375 PMCID: PMC2745416 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurotensin (NT) is known to act on dopamine (DA) neurons at the somatodendritic level to regulate cell firing and secondarily enhance DA release. In addition, anatomical and indirect physiological data suggest the presence of NT receptors at the terminal level. However, a clear demonstration of the mechanism of action of NT on dopaminergic axon terminals is lacking. We hypothesize that NT acts to increase DA release by inhibiting the function of terminal D2 autoreceptors. To test this hypothesis, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FCV) to monitor in real time the axonal release of DA in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Results DA release was evoked by single electrical pulses and pulse trains (10 Hz, 30 pulses). Under these two stimulation conditions, we evaluated the characteristics of DA D2 autoreceptors and the presynaptic action of NT in the NAcc shell and shell/core border region. The selective agonist of D2 autoreceptors, quinpirole (1 μM), inhibited DA overflow evoked by both single and train pulses. In sharp contrast, the selective D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride (5 μM), strongly enhanced DA release triggered by pulse trains, without any effect on DA release elicited by single pulses, thus confirming previous observations. We then determined the effect of NT (8–13) (100 nM) and found that although it failed to increase DA release evoked by single pulses, it strongly enhanced DA release evoked by pulse trains that lead to prolonged DA release and engage D2 autoreceptors. In addition, initial blockade of D2 autoreceptors by sulpiride considerably inhibited further facilitation of DA release generated by NT (8–13). Conclusion Taken together, these data suggest that NT enhances DA release principally by inhibiting the function of terminal D2 autoreceptors and not by more direct mechanisms such as facilitation of terminal calcium influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel S Fawaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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28
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Leo D, Adriani W, Cavaliere C, Cirillo G, Marco EM, Romano E, di Porzio U, Papa M, Perrone-Capano C, Laviola G. Methylphenidate to adolescent rats drives enduring changes of accumbal Htr7 expression: implications for impulsive behavior and neuronal morphology. Genes, Brain and Behavior 2009; 8:356-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Greco D, Volpicelli F, Di Lieto A, Leo D, Perrone-Capano C, Auvinen P, di Porzio U. Comparison of gene expression profile in embryonic mesencephalon and neuronal primary cultures. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4977. [PMID: 19305503 PMCID: PMC2654915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) an important contingent of dopaminergic neurons are localized in the substantia nigra and in the ventral tegmental area of the ventral midbrain. They constitute an anatomically and functionally heterogeneous group of cells involved in a variety of regulatory mechanisms, from locomotion to emotional/motivational behavior. Midbrain dopaminergic neuron (mDA) primary cultures represent a useful tool to study molecular mechanisms involved in their development and maintenance. Considerable information has been gathered on the mDA neurons development and maturation in vivo, as well as on the molecular features of mDA primary cultures. Here we investigated in detail the gene expression differences between the tissue of origin and ventral midbrain primary cultures enriched in mDA neurons, using microarray technique. We integrated the results based on different re-annotations of the microarray probes. By using knowledge-based gene network techniques and promoter sequence analysis, we also uncovered mechanisms that might regulate the expression of CNS genes involved in the definition of the identity of specific cell types in the ventral midbrain. We integrate bioinformatics and functional genomics, together with developmental neurobiology. Moreover, we propose guidelines for the computational analysis of microarray gene expression data. Our findings help to clarify some molecular aspects of the development and differentiation of DA neurons within the midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Greco
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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30
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Dal Bo G, Bérubé-Carrière N, Mendez JA, Leo D, Riad M, Descarries L, Lévesque D, Trudeau LE. Enhanced glutamatergic phenotype of mesencephalic dopamine neurons after neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. Neuroscience 2008; 156:59-70. [PMID: 18706980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that a subset of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons uses glutamate as a co-transmitter and expresses vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) 2, one of the three vesicular glutamate transporters. In the present study, double in situ hybridization was used to examine tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and VGLUT2 mRNA expression during the embryonic development of these neurons, and postnatally, in normal rats and rats injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at P4 to destroy partially DA neurons. At embryonic days 15 and 16, there was a regional overlap in the labeling of TH and VGLUT2 mRNA in the ventral mesencephalon, which was no longer found at late embryonic stages (E18-E21) and postnatally. In normal pups from P5 to P15, only 1-2% of neurons containing TH mRNA in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra, pars compacta, also displayed VGLUT2 mRNA. In contrast, after the cerebroventricular administration of 6-OHDA at P4, 26% of surviving DA neurons in the VTA of P15 rats expressed VGLUT2. To search for a colocalization of TH and VGLUT2 protein in axon terminals of these neurons, the nucleus accumbens of normal and 6-OHDA-lesioned P15 rats was examined by electron microscopy after dual immunocytochemical labeling. In normal rats, VGLUT2 protein was found in 28% of TH positive axon terminals in the core of nucleus accumbens. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, the total number of TH positive terminals was considerably reduced, and yet the proportion also displaying VGLUT2 immunoreactivity was modestly but significantly increased (37%). These results lead to the suggestion that the glutamatergic phenotype of a VTA DA neurons is highly plastic, repressed toward the end of normal embryonic development, and derepressed postnatally following injury. They also support the hypothesis of co-release of glutamate and DA by mesencephalic neurons in vivo, at least in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dal Bo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
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31
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Greco D, Leo D, di Porzio U, Perrone Capano C, Auvinen P. Pre-filtering improves reliability of Affymetrix GeneChips results when used to analyze gene expression in complex tissues. Mol Cell Probes 2007; 22:115-21. [PMID: 18162367 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Affymetrix GeneChip represents a very reliable and standardized technology for genome-wide gene expression screening. However, in experiments carried out on complex biological samples (e.g. brain tissues composed of several diverse cell types), significant noise can arise due to important transcripts being expressed in a relatively small number of cells. This noise results in many observations coming from unreliable hybridization reactions. Here we propose a method for pre-filtering Affymetrix data according to measures of hybridization reliability. We used our pre-filtering method on a microarray dataset obtained from the brains of rats chronically treated with a psychostimulant drug. Our pre-filter protocol facilitates selection of biologically relevant candidate genes, which could be validated by real-time PCR with a rate of 98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Greco
- DNA-Microarray Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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32
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Di Lieto A, Leo D, Volpicelli F, di Porzio U, Colucci-D'Amato L. FLUOXETINE modifies the expression of serotonergic markers in a differentiation-dependent fashion in the mesencephalic neural cell line A1 mes c-myc. Brain Res 2007; 1143:1-10. [PMID: 17321503 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter involved in a variety of CNS functions during development and in adulthood. 5-HT neurons are also involved in the pathogenesis of a number of psychiatric disorders. FLUOXETINE (FLX), a prototypic antidepressant, is a selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor (SSRI) with a demonstrated clinical efficacy in these disorders. SSRI, in a short-term period, binds 5-HT transporter (SERT) raising 5-HT levels at the synapse. Nevertheless, clinical improvement is observed only after 3-4 weeks of treatment. Recently, it has been shown that antidepressants, besides interfering with neurotransmission, can also display an effect on neural cells' proliferation and differentiation. Therefore it has been proposed that antidepressant may exert their clinical effects also acting on cellular functions other then neurotransmission. Here we show that a mesencephalic neural cell line, mes-c-myc A1 (A1) produces 5-HT and expresses SERT and both peripheral (TPH1) and CNS-specific (TPH2) form of tryptophan hydroxylase, the limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis. Cyclic AMP-dependent neuronal differentiation of A1 cells modulates the expression of TPHs. FLX, as well as citalopram (CIT), another SSRI inhibitor, modulates expression of serotonergic markers depending on the differentiation status of the cells. Interestingly, long-term but not short-term FLX treatment selectively modulates mRNA levels of TPH2, only in differentiated A1 cells. Finally, FLX and citalopram selectively decrease the proliferation rate of undifferentiated A1 cells, whereas have no effects on NIH-3T3 fibroblasts proliferation. In conclusion, neuronal differentiation of A1 cells not only modulates the expression of serotonergic markers, but appears to affect the response to FLX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Lieto
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
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33
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Leo D, di Porzio U, Racagni G, Riva MA, Fumagalli F, Perrone-Capano C. Chronic cocaine administration modulates the expression of transcription factors involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron function. Exp Neurol 2006; 203:472-80. [PMID: 17070804 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cocaine use leads to pronounced alterations in neuronal functions in brain circuits associated with reward. In the present study, we examined in the rat midbrain the effects of acute, subchronic (5 days) and chronic cocaine treatments (14 days) on the gene expression of transcription factors involved in the development and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons. We show that chronic, but not acute or subchronic, cocaine administration downregulates Nurr1 and Pitx3 transcripts whereas En1 transcripts are upregulated. Conversely, Lmx1b and En2 transcripts are not affected by the drug treatment, indicating that the modulation of the midbrain transcription factors analyzed is highly selective. Interestingly, modification of the gene expression for these transcription factors persists in midbrain as long as two weeks after the last drug administration, suggesting that it may account for some of the enduring alterations in midbrain dopaminergic circuits associated with chronic cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati Traverso, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131-Naples, Italy
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Adriani W, Leo D, Greco D, Rea M, di Porzio U, Laviola G, Perrone-Capano C. Methylphenidate administration to adolescent rats determines plastic changes on reward-related behavior and striatal gene expression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:1946-56. [PMID: 16319916 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Administration of methylphenidate (MPH, Ritalin) to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an elective therapy, but raises concerns for public health, due to possible persistent neurobehavioral alterations. Wistar adolescent rats (30 to 46 day old) were administered MPH or saline (SAL) for 16 days, and tested for reward-related and motivational-choice behaviors. When tested in adulthood in a drug-free state, MPH-pretreated animals showed increased choice flexibility and economical efficiency, as well as a dissociation between dampened place conditioning and more marked locomotor sensitization induced by cocaine, compared to SAL-pretreated controls. The striatal complex, a core component of the natural reward system, was collected both at the end of the MPH treatment and in adulthood. Genome-wide expression profiling, followed by RT-PCR validation on independent samples, showed that three members of the postsynaptic-density family and five neurotransmitter receptors were upregulated in the adolescent striatum after subchronic MPH administration. Interestingly, only genes for the kainate 2 subunit of ionotropic glutamate receptor (Grik2, also known as KA2) and the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 7 (Htr7) (but not GABA(A) subunits and adrenergic receptor alpha1b) were still upregulated in adulthood. cAMP responsive element-binding protein and Homer 1a transcripts were modulated only as a long-term effect. In summary, our data indicate short-term changes in neural plasticity, suggested by modulation of expression of key genes, and functional changes in striatal circuits. These modifications might in turn trigger enduring changes responsible for the adult neurobehavioral profile, that is, altered processing of incentive values and a modified flexibility/habit balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Adriani
- Department of Cell Biology & Neurosciences, Behavioral Neuroscience Section, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Adriani W, Leo D, Guarino M, Natoli A, Di Consiglio E, De Angelis G, Traina E, Testai E, Perrone-Capano C, Laviola G. Short-Term Effects of Adolescent Methylphenidate Exposure on Brain Striatal Gene Expression and Sexual/Endocrine Parameters in Male Rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1074:52-73. [PMID: 17105903 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1369.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to methylphenidate (MPH) during adolescence is the elective therapy for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children, but raises major concerns for public health, due to possibly persistent neurobehavioral changes. Rats (30- to 44-days old) were administered MPH (2 mg/kg, i.p once daily) or saline (SAL). At the end of the treatment we collected plasma, testicular, liver, and brain (striatum) samples. The testes and liver were used to evaluate conventional reproductive and metabolic endpoints. Testes of MPH-exposed rats weighed more and contained an increased quantity of sperm, whereas testicular levels of testosterone (TST) were markedly decreased. The MPH treatment exerted an inductive effect on enzymatic activity of TST hydroxylases, resulting in increased hepatic TST catabolism. These findings suggest that subchronic MPH exposure in adolescent rats could have a trophic action on testis growth and a negative impact on TST metabolism. We have analyzed striatal gene expression profiles as a consequence of MPH exposure during adolescence, using microarray technology. More than 700 genes were upregulated in the striatum of MPH-treated rats (foldchange >1.5). A first group of genes were apparently involved in migration of immature neural/glial cells and/or growth of novel axons. These genes include matrix proteases (ADAM-1, MMP14), their inhibitors (TIMP-2, TIMP-3), the hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM), and growth factors (transforming growth factor-beta3 [TGF-beta3] and fibroblast growth factor 14 [FGF14]). A second group of genes were suggestive of active axonal myelination. These genes mediate survival of immature cells after contact with newly produced axonal matrix (laminin B1, collagens, integrin alpha 6) and stabilization of myelinating glia-axon contacts (RAB13, contactins 3 and 4). A third group indicated the appearance and/or upregulation of mature processes. The latter included genes for: K+ channels (TASK-1, TASK-5), intercellular junctions (connexin30), neurotransmitter receptors (adrenergic alpha 1B, kainate 2, serotonin 7, GABA-A), as well as major proteins responsible for their transport and/or anchoring (Homer 1, MAGUK MPP3, Shank2). All these genes were possibly involved in synaptic plasticity, namely the formation, maturation, and stabilization of new neural connections within the striatum. MPH treatment seems to potentiate synaptic plasticity, which is an age-dependent developmental phenomenon that adolescent rats are very likely to show, compared to adults. Our observations suggest that adolescent MPH exposure causes only transient changes in reproductive and hormonal parameters, and a more enduring enhancement of neurobehavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Adriani
- Department of Cell Biology & Neurosciences, Behavioural Neuroscience Section, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy.
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De Pascalis B, Bianchi A, Satta MA, Lupascu A, Mentella MC, Leo D, Fiore F, Fedeli P, Pontecorvi A, Pola P, Melina D, Gasbarrini A, De Marinis L, Armuzzi A. Growth hormone in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2006; 10:13-6. [PMID: 16494105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation and catabolism. Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis is important in inflammatory bowel disease, because of the effects on epithelial cell kinetics, collagen deposition and immunomodulation. The potential of growth hormone as a therapeutic option in inflammatory bowel disease has been proven in various clinical settings. Acquired growth hormone resistance in inflammatory bowel disease seems to be mediated by a combination of undernutrition and active inflammation. In particular, proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-a and interleukin-6, have been implicated as potential mediators of growth hormone resistance. The introduction of anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies has proven very efficacious in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. By reducing cytokines levels in inflammatory cells of intestinal mucosa, infliximab could interfere with cytokine-induced growth hormone resistance. Recent in vivo data have shown that acquired growth hormone resistance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease may be reversed after the administration of anti-TNF-alpha therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B De Pascalis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Franceschi F, Leo D, Fini L, Santoliquido A, Flore R, Tondi P, Roccarina D, Nista EC, Cazzato AI, Lupascu A, Pola P, Silveri NG, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Helicobacter pylori infection and ischaemic heart disease: an overview of the general literature. Dig Liver Dis 2005; 37:301-8. [PMID: 15843077 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2004] [Accepted: 10/31/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, a considerable number of studies have been performed on the correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and ischaemic heart disease. The reason is the supposed role of some chronic infections in the genesis and development of vessel wall injury and atheromatous plaque, as already reported for Chlamydia pneumoniae and herpes viruses. While this association may be theoretically conceivable, it still remains debated from a practical point of view. Epidemiological and animal studies as well as some eradicating trials gave conflicting results, while studies investigating the specific molecular mimicry mechanisms induced by H. pylori strongly support the association. Moreover, none of the studies performed so far did take into account the effect of the genetic susceptibility to develop ischaemic heart disease or to respond to H. pylori infection. In particular, while the exposure to some known risk factor for atherosclerosis should lead to develop ischaemic heart disease, no condition or exposure, either individual or in combination, completely explains the occurrence and the progression of the disease, as many patients develop ischaemic heart disease in the absence of any risk factor. Based on these concepts, can we state that H. pylori infection may cause the same effect in patients with ischaemic heart disease as in healthy subjects? Further studies are needed in order to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Franceschi
- Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Armuzzi A, De Pascalis B, Lupascu A, Fedeli P, Leo D, Mentella MC, Vincenti F, Melina D, Gasbarrini G, Pola P, Gasbarrini A. Infliximab in the treatment of steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2004; 8:231-3. [PMID: 15638236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Infliximab has proven efficacious in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Limited and contrasting data are available on effectiveness of anti-TNF alpha therapy in ulcerative colitis. We evaluated the efficacy of infliximab in the management of steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. METHODS We report preliminary data from a randomized, open-label, methylprednisolone-controlled trial of infliximab in the induction and maintenance of remission of patients with moderate to severe steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Twenty patients received either three infusion of infliximab (5 mg/kg) at 0, 2 and 6 weeks and thereafter every 8 weeks (group A) or methylprednisolone (0,7-1 mg/kg) daily for one week followed by a tapering regimen up to the minimal dose to maintain a symptom-free condition (group B). Clinical remission was defined as a DAI score less than 3. RESULTS Ten patients in group A (DAI: 8.9+/-1.4) achieved remission after the first infusion (DAI: 1.6+/-0,7; p = 0.005) and steroids were progressively discontinued. At present (mean follow-up: 9.8+/-1.1 months), 9 out of 10 patients maintain clinical remission, while one patient relapsed at 3 months. Ten patients in group B (DAI: 8.7+/-1.4) reached clinical remission at one week (DAI: 1.9+/-0.3; p = 0.005). Eight out of 10 patients were maintained at a minimal steroid dosage without any relapse at 9.7+/-1.0 months follow-up. Two patients relapsed at 6 and 8 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Infliximab seems to be as effective as steroids in the management of moderate to severe steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. These preliminary data suggest the potential efficacy of repeated treatment with infliximab for short-term maintenance of remission and steroid withdrawal in glucocorticoid-dependent ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Armuzzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Rome (Italy)
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Leo D, Sorrentino E, Volpicelli F, Eyman M, Greco D, Viggiano D, di Porzio U, Perrone-Capano C. Altered midbrain dopaminergic neurotransmission during development in an animal model of ADHD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 27:661-9. [PMID: 14624810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To understand the onset and the molecular mechanisms triggering dopaminergic (DA) dysregulation in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), we have used the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), the most widely studied animal model for this disease. We have studied the pattern of expression of specific genes involved in DA neuron differentiation, survival and function during postnatal (P) development of the ventral midbrain in SHR males. Our results show that tyrosine hydroxylase and DA transporter gene expression are significantly and transiently reduced in the SHR midbrain during the first month of postnatal development, although with a different kinetic. The other genes analyzed do not show significant variation between SHR and control rats. In addition, high-affinity DA uptake activity is significantly reduced in synaptosomes obtained from the striatum of 1-month-old SHR, when compared to controls. Our data suggest that down-regulation of DA neurotransmission occurs in the midbrain of SHR in a developmentally regulated temporal window during postnatal development, thus strengthening the hypodopaminergic hypothesis in the pathogenesis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Leo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'A Buzzati Traverso', CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples 80135, Italy
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Camera G, Ferraiolo G, Leo D, Spaziale A, Pozzolo S. Limb/pelvis-hypoplasia/aplasia syndrome (Al-Awadi/Raas-Rothschild syndrome): report of two Italian sibs and further confirmation of autosomal recessive inheritance. J Med Genet 1993; 30:65-9. [PMID: 8423611 PMCID: PMC1016238 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A third family with two Italian neonates affected with limb/pelvis-hypoplasia/aplasia syndrome is reported. The disorder shows autosomal recessive inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Camera
- Centro di Genetica Umana, Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
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Pilotti G, Pennacino G, Remogna M, Leo D, Bosco M, Suria G, Spada M, Bonelli N. [Chronic granulomatous disease: exudative pleuritis and granuloma of the thoracic wall]. Minerva Pediatr 1986; 38:349-52. [PMID: 3724722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Tomidei M, Somma M, Strani GF, Pilotti G, Bosco M, Leo D. [Kawasaki's disease. Description of a clinical case]. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 1985; 120:119-21. [PMID: 4007951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bosco M, Leo D, Remogna M, Ricci C, Mensa L, Pilotti G. [Kawasaki disease. Description of 2 cases]. Minerva Pediatr 1984; 36:1083-7. [PMID: 6531013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bosco M, Bacolla A, Castelli G, Godano A, Leo D, Merlin P, Pennacino G, Pilotti G. [Phototherapy in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and evaluation of T3, T4 and TSH]. Minerva Pediatr 1984; 36:611-5. [PMID: 6513896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Pilotti G, Bosco M, Leo D, Ricci C, Suria G. [Hepatoblastoma in an infant after Estroprogestational intake by the mother during pregnancy]. Pediatr Med Chir 1984; 6:323-5. [PMID: 6099553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course of a case of hepatoblastoma in an infant following the use of an oral contraceptive during the Ist month of pregnancy is reviewed. The following points are worthy of considerations: age of onset, clinical silence, rapid terminal course, AFP negativity.
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Pilotti G, Marvulli R, Ricci C, Pennacino G, Bosco M, Suria G, Bolgiani MP, Favetta S, Magrizos C, Leo D. [Arterial pressure in childhood. I: Relation to age. (collection of data relative to 3,737 pupils of elementary and high school between the ages of 6 to 14 years)]. Pediatr Med Chir 1984; 6:235-40. [PMID: 6531246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Research relating blood pressure levels of 6-14 years-old age schoolchildren has been carried into the whele school-population of Chivasso (Turin) town. Three kinds of armbands of different widths and lengths were used according to age. In conformity with Long's suggestions, the correction factors were used for the age-groups from 6 to 7 years and 8 to 11. On the grounds of the levels taken the quantiles were calculated. The graphs show the shape of the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles, related to the systolis and diastolic pressures and to the age of the child. The results showed a continous increase in the shape of the levels, which did not depend on the sex variant. A spike in the 9th year can be related to the fact that the correction factor can be less than it should be. The decrease in the 11th year can be put down to the fact that the correction for the armband has not been carried out from the 12th year onwards. 6.52% of schoolchildren have systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than 95 degrees C.
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Magrizos C, Remogna M, Leo D, Pilotti G. [Notes on a case of acrodynia. Mercury poisoning, hyperreninemia hyperaldosteronemia]. Minerva Pediatr 1982; 34:925-8. [PMID: 6759912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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