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Morais-Silva G, Lobo MK. Refining the circuits of drug addiction: The ventral pallidum. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 86:102883. [PMID: 38815544 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The ventral pallidum is a prominent structure within the basal ganglia, regulating reward and motivational processes. Positioned at the interface between motor and limbic structures, its function is crucial to the development and maintenance of substance use disorders. Chronic drug use induces neuroplastic events in this structure, leading to long-term changes in VP neuronal activity and synaptic communication. Moreover, different neuronal populations within the VP drive drug-seeking behavior in opposite directions. This review explores the role of the VP as a hub for reward, motivation, and aversion, establishing it as an important contributor to the pathophysiology of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessynger Morais-Silva
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. https://twitter.com/gessynger
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Soares-Cunha C, Heinsbroek JA. Ventral pallidal regulation of motivated behaviors and reinforcement. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1086053. [PMID: 36817646 PMCID: PMC9932340 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1086053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interconnected nuclei of the ventral basal ganglia have long been identified as key regulators of motivated behavior, and dysfunction of this circuit is strongly implicated in mood and substance use disorders. The ventral pallidum (VP) is a central node of the ventral basal ganglia, and recent studies have revealed complex VP cellular heterogeneity and cell- and circuit-specific regulation of reward, aversion, motivation, and drug-seeking behaviors. Although the VP is canonically considered a relay and output structure for this circuit, emerging data indicate that the VP is a central hub in an extensive network for reward processing and the regulation of motivation that extends beyond classically defined basal ganglia borders. VP neurons respond temporally faster and show more advanced reward coding and prediction error processing than neurons in the upstream nucleus accumbens, and regulate the activity of the ventral mesencephalon dopamine system. This review will summarize recent findings in the literature and provide an update on the complex cellular heterogeneity and cell- and circuit-specific regulation of motivated behaviors and reinforcement by the VP with a specific focus on mood and substance use disorders. In addition, we will discuss mechanisms by which stress and drug exposure alter the functioning of the VP and produce susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders. Lastly, we will outline unanswered questions and identify future directions for studies necessary to further clarify the central role of VP neurons in the regulation of motivated behaviors. Significance: Research in the last decade has revealed a complex cell- and circuit-specific role for the VP in reward processing and the regulation of motivated behaviors. Novel insights obtained using cell- and circuit-specific interrogation strategies have led to a major shift in our understanding of this region. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the VP in which we integrate novel findings with the existing literature and highlight the emerging role of the VP as a linchpin of the neural systems that regulate motivation, reward, and aversion. In addition, we discuss the dysfunction of the VP in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jasper A. Heinsbroek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Bai Y, Diao Y, Gan L, Zhuo Z, Yin Z, Hu T, Cheng D, Xie H, Wu D, Fan H, Zhang Q, Duan Y, Meng F, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Zhang J. Deep Brain Stimulation Modulates Multiple Abnormal Resting-State Network Connectivity in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:794987. [PMID: 35386115 PMCID: PMC8978802 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.794987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Researchers mainly investigated the motor networks to reveal DBS mechanisms, with few studies extending to other networks. This study aimed to investigate multi-network modulation patterns using DBS in patients with PD. Methods Twenty-four patients with PD underwent 1.5 T functional MRI (fMRI) scans in both DBS-on and DBS-off states, with twenty-seven age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Default mode, sensorimotor, salience, and left and right frontoparietal networks were identified by using the independent component analysis. Power spectra and functional connectivity of these networks were calculated. In addition, multiregional connectivity was established from 15 selected regions extracted from the abovementioned networks. Comparisons were made among groups. Finally, correlation analyses were performed between the connectivity changes and symptom improvements. Results Compared with HCs, PD-off showed abnormal power spectra and functional connectivity both within and among these networks. Some of the abovementioned abnormalities could be corrected by DBS, including increasing the power spectra in the sensorimotor network and modulating the parts of the ipsilateral functional connectivity in different regions centered in the frontoparietal network. Moreover, the DBS-induced functional connectivity changes were correlated with motor and depression improvements in patients with PD. Conclusion DBS modulated the abnormalities in multi-networks. The functional connectivity alterations were associated with motor and psychiatric improvements in PD. This study lays the foundation for large-scale brain network research on multi-network DBS modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Diao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizheng Zhuo
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiao Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hutao Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Delong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Houyou Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Duan
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaou Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yaou Liu,
| | - Yin Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
- Yin Jiang,
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China
- Jianguo Zhang,
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