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Suchat S, Boonrasri S. Advancement of an Environmentally Friendly and Innovative Sustainable Rubber Wrap Film with Superior Sealing Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1499. [PMID: 38891446 PMCID: PMC11174811 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Common kitchen wraps like plastic and aluminum foil create significant environmental burdens. Plastic wrap, typically made from non-renewable fossil fuels, often ends up in landfills for centuries, breaking down into harmful microplastics. Aluminum foil, while effective, requires a large amount of energy to produce, and recycling it at home can be impractical due to food residue. A promising new alternative, low-nitrosamine rubber wrap film, aims to reduce waste by offering a reusable option compared to traditional single-use plastic wrap. The film is environmentally friendly, durable, and effective in sealing containers and keeping food fresh or crispy. The raw materials used to make the product were studied, namely fresh and concentrated natural rubber latex. No nitrosamines were found in either the fresh or concentrated latex, which is important as nitrosamines are known to be carcinogenic. The absence of nitrosamines in the raw materials suggests that the universal rubber wrap film is safe for use. In this study, the rubber formulation and properties of rubber used to make rubber wrap film were studied. The content of additives affecting the rubber properties was varied to find the optimum rubber formulation for making rubber wrap films. The rubber formulation with the least amount of chemicals that met the following criteria was selected: tensile strength of at least 15 MPa, elongation at break of at least 600%, and nitrosamine content below 6 ppm. It was found experimentally that the optimum rubber formulation for making a translucent rubber film had 0.7 phr zinc oxide and 1.0 phr sulfur. Performance tests revealed the rubber wrap film's superior sealing capabilities. Its elasticity allows for a tighter fit on containers, effectively conforming to various shapes and creating an optimal seal compared to plastic wrap and aluminum foil. The results of this study provide valuable information for developing a universal rubber wrap film that is safe with low nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunisa Suchat
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University Surat Thani Campus, Surat Thani 84000, Thailand
| | - Siwarote Boonrasri
- Faculty of Engineering and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
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Chen Y, Renson S, Monbaliu JM. On Demand Flow Platform for the Generation of Anhydrous Dinitrogen Trioxide and Its Further Use in N-Nitrosative Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210146. [PMID: 35971898 PMCID: PMC9825874 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen trioxide (N2 O3 ) is a powerful and efficient nitrosating agent that comes with an unprecedented atom economy. However, the synthetic application of N2 O3 is still underdeveloped mostly due to its inherent instability and the lack of reliable protocols for its preparation. This paper presents an open-source setup and procedure for the on-demand generation of anhydrous N2 O3 solution (up to 1 M), which can be further used for reactions under batch and flow conditions. The accuracy and stability of N2 O3 concentration are guaranteed with the absence of head-space in the setup and with the synchronization of the gas flows. The reliability of this protocol is demonstrated by >30 worked examples in the nitrosative synthesis of heterocycles-a library of structurally diverse benzotriazoles and sydnones. Kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the N-nitrosative steps are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS)MolSys Research Unit, University of LiègeB6a, Room 3/19, Allée du Six Août 134000LiègeSart TilmanBelgium
| | - Sébastien Renson
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS)MolSys Research Unit, University of LiègeB6a, Room 3/19, Allée du Six Août 134000LiègeSart TilmanBelgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS)MolSys Research Unit, University of LiègeB6a, Room 3/19, Allée du Six Août 134000LiègeSart TilmanBelgium
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3
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Chen Y, Renson S, Monbaliu JCM. On Demand Flow Platform for the Generation of Anhydrous Dinitrogen Trioxide and Its Further Use in N‐Nitrosative Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- University of Liege: Universite de Liege Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis BELGIUM
| | - Sébastien Renson
- University of Liege: Universite de Liege Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis BELGIUM
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- University of Liège Chemistry Center for Integrated Technology and Organic SynthesisAllée du six Aout 13, Sart-Tilman 4000 Liège BELGIUM
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Yao J, Zhang H, Chen L, Liu W, Gao N, Liu S, Chen X, Rao F. The Roles of Sono-induced Nitrosation and Nitration in the Sono-degradation of Diphenylamine in Water: Mechanisms, Kinetics and Impact Factors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123720. [PMID: 33254758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The potential risks of sono-induced nitrosation and nitration side reactions and consequent toxic nitrogenous byproducts were first investigated via sono-degradation of diphenylamine (DPhA) in this study. The kinetic models for overall DPhA degradation and the formation of nitrosation byproduct (N-nitrosodiphenylamine, NDPhA) and nitration byproducts (2-nitro-DPhA and 4-nitro-DPhA) were well established and fitted (R2 > 0.98). Nitrosation contributed much more than nitration (namely, 43.3 - 47.3 times) to the sono-degradation of DPhA. The contribution of sono-induced nitrosation ranged from 0.4 to 56.6% at different conditions. The maximum NDPhA formation rate and the contribution of sono-induced nitrosation were obtained at 600 and 200 kHz, respectively, as ultrasonic frequencies at 200 to 800 kHz. Both NDPhA formation rate and the contribution of sono-induced nitrosation increased with increasing power density, while decreased with increasing initial pH and DPhA concentration. PO43-, HCO3-, NH4+ and Fe2+ presented negative impacts on sono-induced nitrosation in order of HCO3- >> Fe2+ > PO43- > NH4+, while Br- exhibited a promoting effect. The mechanism of NDPhA formation via sono-induced nitrosation was first proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Longfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Fanghui Rao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
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Finney B, Thanthiriwatte KS, Francisco JS, Dixon DA. Energetic Properties and Electronic Structure of [C,N,O,P] and [C,N,S,P] Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2180-2186. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Finney
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - K. Sahan Thanthiriwatte
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Office of the Dean, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0312, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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Liu YD, Selbes M, Zeng C, Zhong R, Karanfil T. Formation mechanism of NDMA from ranitidine, trimethylamine, and other tertiary amines during chloramination: a computational study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8653-63. [PMID: 24968236 PMCID: PMC4123930 DOI: 10.1021/es500997e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chloramination of drinking waters has been associated with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation as a disinfection byproduct. NDMA is classified as a probable carcinogen and thus its formation during chloramination has recently become the focus of considerable research interest. In this study, the formation mechanisms of NDMA from ranitidine and trimethylamine (TMA), as models of tertiary amines, during chloramination were investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). A new four-step formation pathway of NDMA was proposed involving nucleophilic substitution by chloramine, oxidation, and dehydration followed by nitrosation. The results suggested that nitrosation reaction is the rate-limiting step and determines the NDMA yield for tertiary amines. When 45 other tertiary amines were examined, the proposed mechanism was found to be more applicable to aromatic tertiary amines, and there may be still some additional factors or pathways that need to be considered for aliphatic tertiary amines. The heterolytic ONN(Me)2-R(+) bond dissociation energy to release NDMA and carbocation R(+) was found to be a criterion for evaluating the reactivity of aromatic tertiary amines. A structure-activity study indicates that tertiary amines with benzyl, aromatic heterocyclic ring, and diene-substituted methenyl adjacent to the DMA moiety are potentially significant NDMA precursors. The findings of this study are helpful for understanding NDMA formation mechanism and predicting NDMA yield of a precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dong Liu
- College
of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing
University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Meric Selbes
- Department
of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- College
of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing
University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- College
of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing
University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department
of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
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Sun Z, Liu YD, Zhong RG. Carbon Dioxide in the Nitrosation of Amine: Catalyst or Inhibitor? J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:7753-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jp202002m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Sun
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Gang Zhong
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
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Sun Z, Liu YD, Zhong R. Theoretical investigation of reactivities of amines in the N-nitrosation reactions by N2O3. J Mol Model 2010; 17:669-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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