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Waters PJ, Thuriot F, Clarke JT, Gravel S, Watkins D, Rosenblatt DS, Lévesque S. Methylmalonyl-coA epimerase deficiency: A new case, with an acute metabolic presentation and an intronic splicing mutation in the MCEE gene. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2016; 9:19-24. [PMID: 27699154 PMCID: PMC5037260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonyl-coA epimerase (MCE) follows propionyl-coA carboxylase and precedes methylmalonyl-coA mutase in the pathway converting propionyl-coA to succinyl-coA. MCE deficiency has previously been described in six patients, one presenting with metabolic acidosis, the others with nonspecific neurological symptoms or asymptomatic. The clinical significance and biochemical characteristics of this rare condition have been incompletely defined. We now describe a patient who presented acutely at 5 years of age with vomiting, dehydration, confusion, severe metabolic acidosis and mild hyperammonemia. At presentation, organic acid profiles were dominated by increased ketones and 3-hydroxypropionate, with moderately elevated methylcitrate and propionylglycine, and acylcarnitine profiles showed marked C3 (propionylcarnitine) elevation with normal C4DC (methylmalonylcarnitine + succinylcarnitine). Propionic acidemia was initially suspected, but it was subsequently noted that methylmalonic acid was mildly but persistently elevated in urine, and clearly elevated in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The overall biochemical profile prompted consideration of MCE deficiency. Studies on cultured fibroblasts showed moderately decreased propionate incorporation. Complementation analysis permitted assignment to the MCEE group. A heterozygous p.Arg47Ter (p.R47*) mutation in the MCEE gene was identified by sequencing of exons, and RNA studies identified a novel intronic splicing mutation, c.379-644A > G, confirming the diagnosis of MCE deficiency. Following the initial severe presentation, development has been normal and the clinical course over the subsequent six years has remained relatively uneventful on an essentially normal diet. This report contributes to the clinical and biochemical characterisation of this rare disorder, while highlighting potential causes of under-diagnosis or of diagnostic confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J. Waters
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) and University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fanny Thuriot
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) and University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joe T.R. Clarke
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) and University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serge Gravel
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) and University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Watkins
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sébastien Lévesque
- Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) and University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Hamed RB, Gomez-Castellanos JR, Sean Froese D, Krysztofinska E, Yue WW, Schofield CJ. Use of Methylmalonyl-CoA Epimerase in Enhancing Crotonase Stereoselectivity. Chembiochem 2016; 17:471-3. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Refaat B. Hamed
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Assiut University; Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - J. Ruben Gomez-Castellanos
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - D. Sean Froese
- Structural Genomics Consortium; University of Oxford; Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive Headington OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Ewelina Krysztofinska
- Structural Genomics Consortium; University of Oxford; Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive Headington OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Wyatt W. Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium; University of Oxford; Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive Headington OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Chemistry Research Laboratory; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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Han Y, Hawkins AS, Adams MWW, Kelly RM. Epimerase (Msed_0639) and mutase (Msed_0638 and Msed_2055) convert (S)-methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to succinyl-CoA in the Metallosphaera sedula 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6194-202. [PMID: 22752162 PMCID: PMC3416614 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01312-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crenarchaeotal genomes encode the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate (3-HP/4-HB) cycle for carbon dioxide fixation. Of the 13 enzymes putatively comprising the cycle, several of them, including methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) epimerase (MCE) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM), which convert (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, have not been confirmed and characterized biochemically. In the genome of Metallosphaera sedula (optimal temperature [T(opt)], 73°C), the gene encoding MCE (Msed_0639) is adjacent to that encoding the catalytic subunit of MCM-α (Msed_0638), while the gene for the coenzyme B(12)-binding subunit of MCM (MCM-β) is located remotely (Msed_2055). The expression of all three genes was significantly upregulated under autotrophic compared to heterotrophic growth conditions, implying a role in CO(2) fixation. Recombinant forms of MCE and MCM were produced in Escherichia coli; soluble, active MCM was produced only if MCM-α and MCM-β were coexpressed. MCE is a homodimer and MCM is a heterotetramer (α(2)β(2)) with specific activities of 218 and 2.2 μmol/min/mg, respectively, at 75°C. The heterotetrameric MCM differs from the homo- or heterodimeric orthologs in other organisms. MCE was activated by divalent cations (Ni(2+), Co(2+), and Mg(2+)), and the predicted metal binding/active sites were identified through sequence alignments with less-thermophilic MCEs. The conserved coenzyme B(12)-binding motif (DXHXXG-SXL-GG) was identified in M. sedula MCM-β. The two enzymes together catalyzed the two-step conversion of (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, consistent with their proposed role in the 3-HP/4-HB cycle. Based on the highly conserved occurrence of single copies of MCE and MCM in Sulfolobaceae genomes, the M. sedula enzymes are likely to be representatives of these enzymes in the 3-HP/4-HB cycle in crenarchaeal thermoacidophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejun Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron S. Hawkins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael W. W. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert M. Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Müller M, Mentel M, van Hellemond JJ, Henze K, Woehle C, Gould SB, Yu RY, van der Giezen M, Tielens AGM, Martin WF. Biochemistry and evolution of anaerobic energy metabolism in eukaryotes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2012; 76:444-95. [PMID: 22688819 PMCID: PMC3372258 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05024-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major insights into the phylogenetic distribution, biochemistry, and evolutionary significance of organelles involved in ATP synthesis (energy metabolism) in eukaryotes that thrive in anaerobic environments for all or part of their life cycles have accrued in recent years. All known eukaryotic groups possess an organelle of mitochondrial origin, mapping the origin of mitochondria to the eukaryotic common ancestor, and genome sequence data are rapidly accumulating for eukaryotes that possess anaerobic mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, or mitosomes. Here we review the available biochemical data on the enzymes and pathways that eukaryotes use in anaerobic energy metabolism and summarize the metabolic end products that they generate in their anaerobic habitats, focusing on the biochemical roles that their mitochondria play in anaerobic ATP synthesis. We present metabolic maps of compartmentalized energy metabolism for 16 well-studied species. There are currently no enzymes of core anaerobic energy metabolism that are specific to any of the six eukaryotic supergroup lineages; genes present in one supergroup are also found in at least one other supergroup. The gene distribution across lineages thus reflects the presence of anaerobic energy metabolism in the eukaryote common ancestor and differential loss during the specialization of some lineages to oxic niches, just as oxphos capabilities have been differentially lost in specialization to anoxic niches and the parasitic life-style. Some facultative anaerobes have retained both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Diversified eukaryotic lineages have retained the same enzymes of anaerobic ATP synthesis, in line with geochemical data indicating low environmental oxygen levels while eukaryotes arose and diversified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Mentel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaap J. van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katrin Henze
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Woehle
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B. Gould
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Re-Young Yu
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Aloysius G. M. Tielens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - William F. Martin
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Suttisansanee U, Lau K, Lagishetty S, Rao KN, Swaminathan S, Sauder JM, Burley SK, Honek JF. Structural variation in bacterial glyoxalase I enzymes: investigation of the metalloenzyme glyoxalase I from Clostridium acetobutylicum. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38367-38374. [PMID: 21914803 PMCID: PMC3207458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.251603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase system catalyzes the conversion of toxic, metabolically produced α-ketoaldehydes, such as methylglyoxal, into their corresponding nontoxic 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids, leading to detoxification of these cellular metabolites. Previous studies on the first enzyme in the glyoxalase system, glyoxalase I (GlxI), from yeast, protozoa, animals, humans, plants, and Gram-negative bacteria, have suggested two metal activation classes, Zn(2+) and non-Zn(2+) activation. Here, we report a biochemical and structural investigation of the GlxI from Clostridium acetobutylicum, which is the first GlxI enzyme from Gram-positive bacteria that has been fully characterized as to its three-dimensional structure and its detailed metal specificity. It is a Ni(2+)/Co(2+)-activated enzyme, in which the active site geometry forms an octahedral coordination with one metal atom, two water molecules, and four metal-binding ligands, although its inactive Zn(2+)-bound form possesses a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with only one water molecule liganded to the metal center. This enzyme also possesses a unique dimeric molecular structure. Unlike other small homodimeric GlxI where two active sites are located at the dimeric interface, the C. acetobutylicum dimeric GlxI enzyme also forms two active sites but each within single subunits. Interestingly, even though this enzyme possesses a different dimeric structure from previously studied GlxI, its metal activation characteristics are consistent with properties of other GlxI. These findings indicate that metal activation profiles in this class of enzyme hold true across diverse quaternary structure arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelvin Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John F Honek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Bikker H, Bakker HD, Abeling NGGM, Poll-The BT, Kleijer WJ, Rosenblatt DS, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA, Duran M. A homozygous nonsense mutation in the methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase gene (MCEE) results in mild methylmalonic aciduria. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:640-3. [PMID: 16752391 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic aciduria (MMA-uria) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of amino acid metabolism, involving valine, threonine, isoleucine, and methionine. This organic aciduria may present in the neonatal period with life-threatening metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, feeding difficulties, pancytopenia, and coma. Most affected patients have mutations in the methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (methylmalonyl-CoA) mutase gene. Mildly affected patients may present in childhood with failure to thrive and recurrent attacks of metabolic acidosis. Both a higher residual activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase as well as the vitamin B12-responsive defects (cblA and cblB) may form the basis of the mild disorder. A few patients with moderate MMA-uria are known in whom no defect could be identified. Here we present a 16-year-old female patient with persisting moderate MMA-uria (approximately 50 mmol/mol creatinine). She was born to consanguineous Caucasian parents. Her fibroblast mutase activity was normal and no effect of vitamin B12 supplementation could be established. Reduced incorporation of 14C-propionate into macromolecules suggested a defect in the propionate-to-succinate pathway. We found a homozygous nonsense mutation (c.139C>T) in the methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase gene (MCEE), resulting in an early terminating signal (p.R47X). Both parents were heterozygous for this mutation; they were found to excrete normal amounts of methylmalonic acid (MMA). This is the first report of methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase deficiency, thereby unequivocally demonstrating the biochemical role of this enzyme in human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bikker
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases and Department of Clinical Genetics/Pediatrics/Pediatric Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chandler R, Venditti CP. Genetic and genomic systems to study methylmalonic acidemia. Mol Genet Metab 2005; 86:34-43. [PMID: 16182581 PMCID: PMC2657357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia (MMAemia) is the biochemical hallmark of a group of genetic metabolic disorders that share a common defect in the ability to convert methylmalonyl-CoA into succinyl-CoA. This disorder is due to either a mutant methylmalonyl-CoA mutase apoenzyme or impaired synthesis of adenosylcobalamin, the cofactor for this enzyme. In this article, we will provide an overview of the pathways disrupted in these disorders, discuss the known metabolic blocks with a particular focus on molecular genetics, and review the use of selected model organisms to study features of methylmalonic acidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. P. Venditti
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 301 402 2170. Email address: (C. Venditti)
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Korotkova N, Lidstrom ME. MeaB is a component of the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase complex required for protection of the enzyme from inactivation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:13652-8. [PMID: 14734568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312852200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosylcobalamin-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase catalyzes the interconversion of methylmalonyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA. In humans, deficiencies in the mutase lead to methylmalonic aciduria, a rare disease that is fatal in the first year of life. Such inherited deficiencies can result from mutations in the mutase structural gene or from mutations that impair the acquisition of cobalamins. Recently, a human gene of unknown function, MMAA, has been implicated in methylmalonic aciduria (Dobson, C. M., Wai, T., Leclerc, D., Wilson, A., Wu, X., Dore, C., Hudson, T., Rosenblatt, D. S., and Gravel, R. A. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 15554-15559). MMAA orthologs are widespread in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. In Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, a mutant defective in the MMAA homolog meaB was unable to grow on C(1) and C(2) compounds because of the inability to convert methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA (Korotkova N., Chistoserdova, L., Kuksa, V., and Lidstrom, M. E. (2002) J. Bacteriol. 184, 1750-1758). Here we demonstrate that this defect is not due to the absence of adenosylcobalamin but due to an inactive form of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. The presence of active mutase in double mutants defective in MeaB and in the synthesis of either R-methylmalonyl-CoA or adenosylcobalamin indicates that MeaB is necessary for protection of mutase from inactivation during catalysis. MeaB and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from M. extorquens were cloned and purified in their active forms. We demonstrated that MeaB forms a complex with methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and stimulates in vitro mutase activity. These results support the hypothesis that MeaB functions to protect methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from irreversible inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Korotkova
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, USA
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