1
|
Hu PT, Su PH, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Song WW, Qiao LN, Tian CG, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev A, Cao ZG, Li YF. New equation to predict size-resolved gas-particle partitioning quotients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123245. [PMID: 32947688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas/particle (G/P) partition quotients of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for bulk air have been widely discussed in experimental and theoretical contexts, but research on size-resolved G/P partition quotients (KPi) are scarce and limited in scope. To investigate G/P partition behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for size-segregated particles in the atmosphere, 396 individual size-segregated particulate samples (36 batches × 11 size-ranges), and 108 pairs of concurrent gaseous and bulk particulate samples were collected in Harbin, China. A steady-state equation based on bulk particles is derived to determine G/P partition quotients of PBDEs for size-segregated particles, which depends on the organic matter contents of size-segregated particles (fOMi). This equation can well predict KPi with knowledge of bulk partition quotient (KPS), ambient temperature, and fOMi, the results of which match well with monitoring data in Harbin and other published data collected in Shanghai and Guangzhou of China and Thessaloniki of Greece, and remedies a defect of over-estimate KPi for high-brominated PBDEs by the previous equation. In particular, the new equation contributes to obtaining the PBDEs concentrations in all atmospheric phase from partial phase, then provides a credible path to evaluate healthy exposure dose from the airborne PBDEs, by co-utilization with exposure models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Peng-Hao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Chong-Guo Tian
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Zhi-Guo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su PH, Tomy GT, Hou CY, Yin F, Feng DL, Ding YS, Li YF. Gas/particle partitioning, particle-size distribution of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in southeast Shanghai rural area and size-resolved predicting model. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:251-261. [PMID: 29353675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A size-segregated gas/particle partitioning coefficient KPi was proposed and evaluated in the predicting models on the basis of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) field data comparing with the bulk coefficient KP. Results revealed that the characteristics of atmospheric PBDEs in southeast Shanghai rural area were generally consistent with previous investigations, suggesting that this investigation was representative to the present pollution status of atmospheric PBDEs. KPi was generally greater than bulk KP, indicating an overestimate of TSP (the mass concentration of total suspended particles) in the expression of bulk KP. In predicting models, KPi led to a significant shift in regression lines as compared to KP, thus it should be more cautious to investigate sorption mechanisms using the regression lines. The differences between the performances of KPi and KP were helpful to explain some phenomenon in predicting investigations, such as PL0 and KOA models overestimate the particle fractions of PBDEs and the models work better at high temperature than at low temperature. Our findings are important because they enabled an insight into the influence of particle size on predicting models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Hao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chun-Yan Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
| | - Fang Yin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Dao-Lun Feng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yong-Sheng Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Holt E, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Borůvková J, Harner T, Kalina J, Melymuk L, Klánová J. Using long-term air monitoring of semi-volatile organic compounds to evaluate the uncertainty in polyurethane-disk passive sampler-derived air concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:1100-1111. [PMID: 27865659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Much effort has been made to standardise sampling procedures, laboratory analysis, data analysis, etc. for semi volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs). Yet there are some unresolved issues in regards to comparing measurements from one of the most commonly used passive samplers (PAS), the polyurethane foam (PUF) disk PAS (PUF-PAS), between monitoring networks or different studies. One such issue is that there is no universal means to derive a sampling rate (Rs) or to calculate air concentrations (Cair) from PUF-PAS measurements for SVOCs. Cair was calculated from PUF-PAS measurements from a long-term monitoring program at a site in central Europe applying current understanding of passive sampling theory coupled with a consideration for the sampling of particle associated compounds. Cair were assessed against concurrent active air sampler (AAS) measurements. Use of "site-based/sampler-specific" variables: Rs, calculated using a site calibration, provided similar results for most gas-phase SVOCs to air concentrations derived using "default" values (commonly accepted Rs). Individual monthly PUF-PAS-derived air concentrations for the majority of the target compounds were significantly different (Wilcoxon signed-rank (WSR) test; p < 0.05) to AAS regardless of the input values (site/sampler based or default) used to calculate them. However, annual average PUF-PAS-derived air concentrations were within the same order of magnitude as AAS measurements except for the particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Underestimation of PUF-derived air concentrations for particle-phase PAHs was attributed to a potential overestimation of the particle infiltration into the PUF-PAS chamber and underestimation of the particle bound fraction of PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Holt
- RECETOX -Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia.
| | - Pernilla Bohlin-Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Instituttveien 18, PO Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Jana Borůvková
- RECETOX -Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX -Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX -Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX -Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Su PH, Hou CY, Sun D, Feng DL, Halldorson T, Ding YS, Li YF, Tomy GT. Laboratory study of the particle-size distribution of Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in ambient air. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:241-248. [PMID: 26363326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory measurements for particle-size distribution of Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) were performed in a 0.5 m(3) sealed room at 25 °C. BDE-209 was manually bounded to ambient particles. An electrostatic field-sampler was employed to collect particles. The number of collected particles (n(i,j), i and j was the class of particle diameter and applied voltage on electrostatic field-sampler sampler, respectively) and the corresponding mass of BDE-209 in collected particles (m(∑i,j)) were determined in a series of 6 experiments. The particle-size distribution coefficient (ki) was calculated through equations related to n(i,j) and m(∑i,j), and the particle-size distribution of BDE-209 was determined by ki·n(i,j). Results revealed that BDE-209 distributed in particles of all size and were not affiliated with fine particles as in field measurements. The particle size-fraction should be taken into account when discussing the particle-size distribution of BDE-209 in ambient air due to the normalized coefficients (normalized to k1) and were approximately in the same order of magnitude for each diameter class. The method described in the present study was deemed feasible in determining the particle-size distribution of BDE-209 from vaporization sources and helpful to understanding the instinct rule of particle-size distribution of BDE-209, and potentially feasible for other SVOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-hao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
| | - Chun-yan Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Dao-lun Feng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Thor Halldorson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yong-sheng Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yi-fan Li
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Villanueva F, Tapia A, Cabañas B, Martínez E, Albaladejo J. Characterization of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban atmosphere of central-southern Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:18814-18823. [PMID: 26201660 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over 1-year period, 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with particulate matter PM10 have been monitored for the first time in the atmosphere of Ciudad Real, situated at the central-southern Spain. PM10-bound PAHs were collected using a high-volume sampler from autumn 2012 to summer 2013 and were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detector. The most abundant PAHs were pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene. The ∑PAH concentrations in Ciudad Real were 888, 368, 259 and 382 pg m(-3) for winter, spring, summer and autumn seasons, respectively. The diurnal variation of PAH was also investigated presenting the highest concentrations during the evening (19:00-23:00). Benzo[a]pyrene concentrations ranged from 2.4 to 110 pg m(-3), these values are lower than the target value proposed by the European legislation, 1 ng m(-3). Diagnostic ratios were used to identify potential sources of PAHs. Results suggest that vehicle emissions are the major source of identified PAHs, with a higher contribution of diesel engines although other anthropogenic sources could also have an impact on the PAH levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Contaminación Atmosférica, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla La Mancha, Paseo de la Innovación 1, 02006, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Araceli Tapia
- Laboratorio de Contaminación Atmosférica, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Cabañas
- Laboratorio de Contaminación Atmosférica, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Martínez
- Laboratorio de Contaminación Atmosférica, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José Albaladejo
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de la Gala Morales M, Holgado FR, Marín MRP, Blázquez LC, Gil EP. Ambient air levels and health risk assessment of benzo(a)pyrene in atmospheric particulate matter samples from low-polluted areas: application of an optimized microwave extraction and HPLC-FL methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5340-5349. [PMID: 25345924 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new methodology involving a simple and fast pretreatment of the samples by microwave-assisted extraction and concentration by N2 stream, followed by HPLC with fluorescence detection, was used for determining the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in atmospheric particulate matter (PM10 fraction). Obtained LOD, 1.0 × 10(-3) ng/m(3), was adequate for the analysis of benzo(a)pyrene in the samples, and BaP recovery from PAH in Fine Dust (PM10-like) certified reference material was nearly quantitative (86%). The validated procedure was applied for analyzing 115 PM10 samples collected at different sampling locations in the low-polluted area of Extremadura (Southwest Spain) during a monitoring campaign carried out in 2011-2012. BaP spatial variations and seasonal variability were investigated as well as the influence of meteorological conditions and different air pollutants concentrations. A normalized protocol for health risk assessment was applied to estimate lifetime cancer risk due to BaP inhalation in the sampling areas, finding that around eight inhabitants per million people may develop lung cancer due to the exposition to BaP in atmospheric particulates emitted by the investigated sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María de la Gala Morales
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Av. de Elvas, s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Watanabe T, Hasei T, Kokunai O, Coulibaly S, Nishimura S, Fukasawa M, Takahashi R, Mori Y, Fujita K, Yoshihara Y, Miyake Y, Kishi A, Matsui M, Ikemori F, Funasaka K, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Arashidani KI, Inaba Y, Sera N, Deguchi Y, Seiyama T, Yamaguchi T, Watanabe M, Honda N, Wakabayashi K, Totsuka Y. Air Pollution with Particulate Matter and Mutagens: Relevance of Asian Dust to Mutagenicity of Airborne Particles in Japan. Genes Environ 2014. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2014.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
8
|
Guimaraes EDF, Rodrigues JM, Cruz MHCDL, Sartori AV, de Souza V, Figueroa-Villar JD. Determination of PAHs: A Practical Example of Validation and Uncertainty Assessment. J Chromatogr Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
9
|
Development of a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled with on-line reduction as a new efficient analytical method of 3-nitrobenzanthrone, a potential human carcinogen. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1253:52-7. [PMID: 22840818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) is an extremely strong mutagen and carcinogen in rats inducing squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. We developed a new sensitive analytical method, a two-dimensional HPLC system coupled with on-line reduction, to quantify non-fluorescent 3-NBA as fluorescent 3-aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA). The two-dimensional HPLC system consisted of reversed-phase HPLC and normal-phase HPLC, which were connected with a switch valve. 3-NBA was purified by reversed-phase HPLC and reduced to 3-ABA with a catalyst column, packed with alumina coated with platinum, in ethanol. An alcoholic solvent is necessary for reduction of 3-NBA, but 3-ABA is not fluorescent in the alcoholic solvent. Therefore, 3-ABA was separated from alcohol and impurities by normal-phase HPLC and detected with a fluorescence detector. Extracts from surface soil, airborne particles, classified airborne particles, and incinerator dust were applied to the two-dimensional HPLC system after clean-up with a silica gel column. 3-NBA, detected as 3-ABA, in the extracts was found as a single peak on the chromatograms without any interfering peaks. 3-NBA was detected in 4 incinerator dust samples (n=5). When classified airborne particles, that is, those <1.1, 1.1-2.0, 2.0-3.3, 3.3-7.0, and >7.0 μm in size, were applied to the two-dimensional HPLC system after purified using a silica gel column, 3-NBA was detected in those particles with particle sizes <1.1 and 1.1-2.0 μm and the particle-size distribution ratios were 84% and 16%, respectively. This is the first report on the particle-size distribution of 3-NBA in airborne particles and the detection of 3-NBA in incinerator dust.
Collapse
|
10
|
Thavamani P, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Multivariate analysis of mixed contaminants (PAHs and heavy metals) at manufactured gas plant site soils. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:3875-3885. [PMID: 21789533 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to provide an overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals in former manufactured gas plant (MGP) site soils. PCA is the powerful multivariate method to identify the patterns in data and expressing their similarities and differences. Ten PAHs (naphthalene, acenapthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene) and four toxic heavy metals - lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) - were detected in the site soils. PAH contamination was contributed equally by both low and high molecular weight PAHs. PCA was performed using the varimax rotation method in SPSS, 17.0. Two principal components accounting for 91.7% of the total variance was retained using scree test. Principle component 1 (PC1) substantially explained the dominance of PAH contamination in the MGP site soils. All PAHs, except anthracene, were positively correlated in PC1. There was a common thread in high molecular weight PAHs loadings, where the loadings were inversely proportional to the hydrophobicity and molecular weight of individual PAHs. Anthracene, which was less correlated with other individual PAHs, deviated well from the origin which can be ascribed to its lower toxicity and different origin than its isomer phenanthrene. Among the four major heavy metals studied in MGP sites, Pb, Cd and Cr were negatively correlated in PC1 but showed strong positive correlation in principle component 2 (PC2). Although metals may not have originated directly from gaswork processes, the correlation between PAHs and metals suggests that the materials used in these sites may have contributed to high concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn. Thus, multivariate analysis helped to identify the sources of PAHs, heavy metals and their association in MGP site, and thereby better characterise the site risk, which would not be possible if one uses chemical analysis alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palanisami Thavamani
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, Building 'X', University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Menezes HC, de Lourdes Cardeal Z. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from ambient air particulate matter using a cold fiber solid phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3300-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Jeng HA. Chemical composition of ambient particulate matter and redox activity. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 169:597-606. [PMID: 19902370 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) has been associated with a number of adverse health effects. Increasing studies have suggested that such adverse health effects may derive from oxidative stress, initiated by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within affected cells. The study aimed to assess physical characteristics and chemical compositions of PM and to correlate the results to their redox activity. PM(2.5) (mass aerodynamic diameter < or =2.5 microm) and ultrafine particles (UFPs, mass media aerodynamic diameter <0.1 microm) were collected in an urban area, which had heavy traffic and represented ambient air pollution associated with vehicle exhaust. Background samples were collected in a rural area, with low traffic flow. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals were analyzed. The dithiothreitol activity assay was used to measure the redox activity of PM. Results showed that UFPs have higher concentrations of OC, EC, and PAHs than those of PM(2.5). Several metals, including Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti, Pb, and Mn, were detected. Among them, Cu had the highest concentrations, followed by Fe and Zn. Organic carbon constituted 22.8% to 59.7% of the content on the surface of PM(2.5) and UFPs. Our results showed higher redox activity on a per PM mass basis for UFPs as compared to PM(2.5). Linear multivariable regression analyses showed that redox activity highly correlated with PAH concentrations and organic compounds, and insignificantly correlated with EC and metals, except soluble Fe, which increased redox activity in particle suspension due to the presence of ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hueiwang Anna Jeng
- School of Community and Environmental Health, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Health Science Building, Room 3140, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ciecierska M, Obiedziński M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in infant formulae, follow-on formulae and baby foods available in the Polish market. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Microstructures and nanostructures for environmental carbon nanotubes and nanoparticulate soots. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 5:321-36. [PMID: 19151426 PMCID: PMC3699991 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph5050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the microstructures and nanostructures for natural (mined) chrysotile asbestos nanotubes (Mg3 Si2O5 (OH)4) in comparison with commercial multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), utilizing scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Black carbon (BC) and a variety of specific soot particulate (aggregate) microstructures and nanostructures are also examined comparatively by SEM and TEM. A range of MWCNTs collected in the environment (both indoor and outdoor) are also examined and shown to be similar to some commercial MWCNTs but to exhibit a diversity of microstructures and nanostructures, including aggregation with other multiconcentric fullerenic nanoparticles. MWCNTs formed in the environment nucleate from special hemispherical graphene “caps” and there is evidence for preferential or energetically favorable chiralities, tube growth, and closing. The multiconcentric graphene tubes (∼5 to 50 nm diameter) differentiate themselves from multiconcentric fullerenic nanoparticles and especially turbostratic BC and carbonaceous soot nanospherules (∼8 to 80 nm diameter) because the latter are composed of curved graphene fragments intermixed or intercalated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) isomers of varying molecular weights and mass concentrations; depending upon combustion conditions and sources. The functionalizing of these nanostructures and photoxidation and related photothermal phenomena, as these may influence the cytotoxicities of these nanoparticulate aggregates, will also be discussed in the context of nanostructures and nanostructure phenomena, and implications for respiratory health.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hasei T, Watanabe T, Endo O, Sugita K, Asanoma M, Goto S, Hirayama T. Determination of 3,6-dinitrobenzo[e]pyrene in Surface Soil and Airborne Particles, and Its Possible Sources, Diesel Particles and Incinerator Dusts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hasei
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Osamu Endo
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | | | | | - Sumio Goto
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dejean S, Raynaud C, Meybeck M, Della Massa JP, Simon V. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric urban area: monitoring on various types of sites. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 148:27-37. [PMID: 18210206 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-0136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The air quality over the Toulouse urban area (France) is recorded daily by the regional "Midi-Pyrénées" atmospheric pollution measurements network (ORAMIP). Relevant data is collected from about 100 analysers spread over more than thirty stations. The regulations covering major indicators of atmospheric pollution (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide) have been updated in recent years to include additional compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The ORAMIP, in partnership with the ENSIACET has undertaken background PAH average concentration measurements over the urban agglomeration of Toulouse during spring 2006 for various types of sites (traffic, urban, industrial). The sampling was performed using a low volume air sampler equipped with quartz fiber filters and polyurethane foams For the two urban sites, total atmospheric concentrations between 12 and 20 ng/m(3) have been obtained, whereas for the industrial site the values averaged 22 ng/m(3). In addition, and regardless of site, the average concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene, at present the only regulated PAH, were always less than the 1 ng/m(3) limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solène Dejean
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle, UMR 1010INRA/INP, Ecole Nationale Supérieure en Arts Chimiques et Technologiques-118, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tollbäck J, Bigatá MB, Crescenzi C, Ström J. Feasibility of Analyzing Fine Particulate Matter in Air Using Solid-Phase Extraction Membranes and Dynamic Subcritical Water Extraction. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3159-67. [DOI: 10.1021/ac7021458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tollbäck
- Departments of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - María Blasco Bigatá
- Departments of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Carlo Crescenzi
- Departments of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Johan Ström
- Departments of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Blasco M, Domeño C, Nerín C. Lichens biomonitoring as feasible methodology to assess air pollution in natural ecosystems: Combined study of quantitative PAHs analyses and lichen biodiversity in the Pyrenees Mountains. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:759-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Chirico R, Spezzano P, Cataldi D. GAS-PARTICLE PARTITIONING OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS DURING THE SPRING AND SUMMER IN A SUBURBAN SITE NEAR MAJOR TRAFFIC ARTERIES. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630701624366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Iavicoli I, Chiarotti M, Bergamaschi A, Marsili R, Carelli G. Determination of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an airport by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and evaluation of occupational exposure. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1150:226-35. [PMID: 16938305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and biphenyl at an airport by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and to evaluate occupational exposure by environmental monitoring. A total of 12 samplings were carried out in three areas: (1) a handling area where baggage was unloaded manually from vehicles onto conveyor belts (n=5); (2) the runway with plane and motor vehicle traffic (n=5) and (3) a departure lounge (n=2). PAHs levels were in most cases low. The higher levels found refer to naphthalene (130-13,050 ng/m3) and to its methyl-substitutes 2-methylnaphthalene (64-28,500 ng/m3) and 1-methylnaphthalene (24-35,300 ng/m3), and biphenyl (24-1610 ng/m3). A method was used to quantify twenty-four airborne PAHs, and biphenyl, and to detect a variety of other chemical compounds by means of the deconvolution program AMDIS. After sampling air on quartz filter and PUF and XAD-2 sorbents; extraction with dichloromethane, and concentration and purification on silica cartridges, analyses were carried out by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. We used 20 deuterated PAHs to quantify both the 24 native PAHs and biphenyl. The native substances had been subdivided into small groups and in this way, their volatility was adequately reflected by the D-PAH present in each group. The limit of detection was 0.1 ng/m3 for all the PAHs, and a linear range of at least about three-fold the maximum level studied (naphthalene) was obtained both for D-PAHs and the native PAHs. A good recovery pattern was obtained for D-PAHs on quartz filters, PUF and XAD-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Iavicoli
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|