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Strieth D, Kollmen J, Stiefelmaier J, Mehring A, Ulber R. Co-cultures from Plants and Cyanobacteria: A New Way for Production Systems in Agriculture and Bioprocess Engineering. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 188:83-117. [PMID: 38286901 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Due to the global increase in the world population, it is not possible to ensure a sufficient food supply without additional nitrogen input into the soil. About 30-50% of agricultural yields are due to the use of chemical fertilizers in modern times. However, overfertilization threatens biodiversity, such as nitrogen-loving, fast-growing species overgrow others. The production of artificial fertilizers produces nitrogen oxides, which act as greenhouse gases. In addition, overfertilization of fields also releases ammonia, which damages surface waters through acidification and eutrophication. Diazotrophic cyanobacteria, which usually form a natural, stable biofilm, can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and release it into the environment. Thus, they could provide an alternative to artificial fertilizers. In addition to this, biofilms stabilize soils and thus protect against soil erosion and desiccation. This chapter deals with the potential of cyanobacteria as the use of natural fertilizer is described. Possible partners such as plants and callus cells and the advantages of artificial co-cultivation will be discussed later. In addition, different cultivation systems for studying artificial co-cultures will be presented. Finally, the potential of artificial co-cultures in the agar industry will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Strieth
- Bioprocess Engineering (BioVT), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - J Kollmen
- Bioprocess Engineering (BioVT), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - J Stiefelmaier
- Bioprocess Engineering (BioVT), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - A Mehring
- Bioprocess Engineering (BioVT), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - R Ulber
- Bioprocess Engineering (BioVT), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Márquez-Villa JM, Rodríguez-Sierra JC, Amtanus Chequer N, Cob-Calan NN, García-Maldonado JQ, Cadena S, Hernández-Núñez E. Phenanthrene Degradation by Photosynthetic Bacterial Consortium Dominated by Fischerella sp. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051108. [PMID: 37240753 DOI: 10.3390/life13051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons is an emerging technology, and it is well recognized for its economic methods, efficiency, and safety; however, its exploration is still scarce and greater emphasis on cyanobacteria-bacterial mutualistic interactions is needed. We evaluated and characterized the phenanthrene biodegradation capacity of consortium dominated by Fischerella sp. under holoxenic conditions with aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and their molecular identification through 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing. Results indicated that our microbial consortium can degrade up to 92% of phenanthrene in five days. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that consortium was dominated by Fischerella sp., however different members of Nostocaceae and Weeksellaceae, as well as several other bacteria, such as Chryseobacterium, and Porphyrobacter, were found to be putatively involved in the biological degradation of phenanthrene. This work contributes to a better understanding of biodegradation of phenanthrene by cyanobacteria and identify the microbial diversity related.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nayem Amtanus Chequer
- Department of Marine Resources, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Merida 97310, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Nubia Noemí Cob-Calan
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní en el Estado de Campeche, Calkiní 24900, Campeche, Mexico
| | | | - Santiago Cadena
- Department of Marine Resources, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Merida 97310, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Emanuel Hernández-Núñez
- Department of Marine Resources, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Merida 97310, Yucatan, Mexico
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Guo W, Zeng M, Zhu S, Li S, Qian Y, Wu H. Phycocyanin Ameliorates Mouse Colitis via Phycocyanobilin-Dependent Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Protection of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier. Food Funct 2022; 13:3294-3307. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02970c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phycocyanin is a typical microalgal active compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy, and the pigment moiety phycocyanobilin has been recently proposed as its active structural component. Here, to explore the...
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Moroz TN, Edwards HGM, Zhmodik SM. Detection of carbonate, phosphate minerals and cyanobacteria in rock from the Tomtor deposit, Russia, by Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119372. [PMID: 33422877 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Samples of rock from the Tomtor Nb - REE (rare-earth elements) deposit (Russia) have been investigated by Raman micro-spectroscopy using visible 532 nm wavelength excitation. Raman spectra of different samples of this rock confirm their composition as calcites and other carbonates such as rhodochrosite, and mixed solid solution phases (Ca, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ba, Sr, REE)(CO3). An association between cyanobacteria and the apatite crystals has been noted Cyanobacteria exhibited Raman modes at 1520-1517 cm-1 located in the double bonds of the central part of the polyene chain of carotenoids. A slight shift of this mode in the apatite-containing samples are dependent upon the compositions of carotenoids, the ratio of the rare earth elements adsorbed by cyanobacteria as well as their interaction with the environment. Laser-induced photoluminescence of REE and Mn+2, obtained as an analytical artifact in the Raman spectra, has been observed in most cases with significant spectral intensity. The luminescence emission of Mn 2+, Sm3+, Eu 3+, Pr3+, Ho3+, Er 3+ in the spectra of the apatite-containing samples obtained with 532 nm excitation can be attributed both to apatite and to other mineral phases with a low concentration which contain these elemental ions. The results obtained in this study allowed us to confirm that the biogenic presence of the cyanobacterial mat had a significant impact on the formation of the unique Nb-REE Tomtor deposit.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Moroz
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - H G M Edwards
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
| | - S M Zhmodik
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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A review of high value-added molecules production by microalgae in light of the classification. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107545. [PMID: 32272160 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This work reviews applications of high added value molecules produced from microalgae. Older forms of valorization - health food and quality feed, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, carbohydrates - are currently penetrating their markets. They are driven by desirable properties: texturer and dye for food industry, antioxidant for cosmetics and the appetite of the general public for biosourced compounds. Most recent developments, such as peptides, vitamins, polyphenols, phytosterols and phytohormones, are struggling to meet their market and reach economical competitiveness. Still they are pushed forward by the very powerful driver that is pharmaceutical industry. In addition this work also proposes to link microalgae phyla and related potential applications. This is done through highlighting of which bioactive compounds can be found in which phyla. While some seem to be restricted to aquaculture, Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta show great promises.
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Cordara A, Re A, Pagliano C, Van Alphen P, Pirone R, Saracco G, Branco Dos Santos F, Hellingwerf K, Vasile N. Analysis of the light intensity dependence of the growth of Synechocystis and of the light distribution in a photobioreactor energized by 635 nm light. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5256. [PMID: 30065870 PMCID: PMC6065478 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Synechocystis gathered momentum in modelling studies and biotechnological applications owing to multiple factors like fast growth, ability to fix carbon dioxide into valuable products, and the relative ease of genetic manipulation. Synechocystis physiology and metabolism, and consequently, the productivity of Synechocystis-based photobioreactors (PBRs), are heavily light modulated. Here, we set up a turbidostat-controlled lab-scale cultivation system in order to study the influence of varying orange–red light intensities on Synechocystis growth characteristics and photosynthetic activity. Synechocystis growth and photosynthetic activity were found to raise as supplied light intensity increased up to 500 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and to enter the photoinhibition state only at 800 μmol photons m−2 s−1. Interestingly, reverting the light to a non-photo-inhibiting intensity unveiled Synechocystis to be able to promptly recover. Furthermore, our characterization displayed a clear correlation between variations in growth rate and cell size, extending a phenomenon previously observed in other cyanobacteria. Further, we applied a modelling approach to simulate the effects produced by varying the incident light intensity on its local distribution within the PBR vessel. Our model simulations suggested that the photosynthetic activity of Synechocystis could be enhanced by finely regulating the intensity of the light incident on the PBR in order to prevent cells from experiencing light-induced stress and induce their exploitation of areas of different local light intensity formed in the vessel. In the latter case, the heterogeneous distribution of the local light intensity would allow Synechocystis for an optimized usage of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cordara
- Applied Science and Technology Department-Biosolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
| | - Angela Re
- Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagliano
- Applied Science and Technology Department-Biosolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Pascal Van Alphen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raffaele Pirone
- Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Saracco
- Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Klaas Hellingwerf
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicolò Vasile
- Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
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Dörnhöfer K, Klinger P, Heege T, Oppelt N. Multi-sensor satellite and in situ monitoring of phytoplankton development in a eutrophic-mesotrophic lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1200-1214. [PMID: 28892864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton indicated by its photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll-a is an important pointer on lake ecology and a regularly monitored parameter within the European Water Framework Directive. Along with eutrophication and global warming cyanobacteria gain increasing importance concerning human health aspects. Optical remote sensing may support both the monitoring of horizontal distribution of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria at the lake surface and the reduction of spatial uncertainties associated with limited water sample analyses. Temporal and spatial resolution of using only one satellite sensor, however, may constrain its information value. To discuss the advantages of a multi-sensor approach the sensor-independent, physically based model MIP (Modular Inversion and Processing System) was applied at Lake Kummerow, Germany, and lake surface chlorophyll-a was derived from 33 images of five different sensors (MODIS-Terra, MODIS-Aqua, Landsat 8, Landsat 7 and Sentinel-2A). Remotely sensed lake average chlorophyll-a concentration showed a reasonable development and varied between 2.3±0.4 and 35.8±2.0mg·m-3 from July to October 2015. Match-ups between in situ and satellite chlorophyll-a revealed varying performances of Landsat 8 (RMSE: 3.6 and 19.7mg·m-3), Landsat 7 (RMSE: 6.2mg·m-3), Sentinel-2A (RMSE: 5.1mg·m-3) and MODIS (RMSE: 12.8mg·m-3), whereas an in situ data uncertainty of 48% needs to be respected. The temporal development of an index on harmful algal blooms corresponded well with the cyanobacteria biomass development during summer months. Satellite chlorophyll-a maps allowed to follow spatial patterns of chlorophyll-a distribution during a phytoplankton bloom event. Wind conditions mainly explained spatial patterns. Integrating satellite chlorophyll-a into trophic state assessment resulted in different trophic classes. Our study endorsed a combined use of satellite and in situ chlorophyll-a data to alleviate weaknesses of both approaches and to better characterise and understand phytoplankton development in lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Dörnhöfer
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Department of Geography, Earth Observation and Modelling, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Philip Klinger
- EOMAP GmbH & Co.KG, Castle Seefeld, Schlosshof 4a, 82229 Seefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Heege
- EOMAP GmbH & Co.KG, Castle Seefeld, Schlosshof 4a, 82229 Seefeld, Germany
| | - Natascha Oppelt
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Department of Geography, Earth Observation and Modelling, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Lichtenberg M, Brodersen KE, Kühl M. Radiative Energy Budgets of Phototrophic Surface-Associated Microbial Communities and their Photosynthetic Efficiency Under Diffuse and Collimated Light. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:452. [PMID: 28400749 PMCID: PMC5368174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the radiative energy budgets of a heterogeneous photosynthetic coral reef sediment and a compact uniform cyanobacterial biofilm on top of coastal sediment. By combining electrochemical, thermocouple and fiber-optic microsensor measurements of O2, temperature and light, we could calculate the proportion of the absorbed light energy that was either dissipated as heat or conserved by photosynthesis. We show, across a range of different incident light regimes, that such radiative energy budgets are highly dominated by heat dissipation constituting up to 99.5% of the absorbed light energy. Highest photosynthetic energy conservation efficiency was found in the coral sediment under low light conditions and amounted to 18.1% of the absorbed light energy. Additionally, the effect of light directionality, i.e., diffuse or collimated light, on energy conversion efficiency was tested on the two surface-associated systems. The effects of light directionality on the radiative energy budgets of these phototrophic communities were not unanimous but, resulted in local spatial differences in heat-transfer, gross photosynthesis, and light distribution. The light acclimation index, Ek, i.e., the irradiance at the onset of saturation of photosynthesis, was >2 times higher in the coral sediment compared to the biofilm and changed the pattern of photosynthetic energy conservation under light-limiting conditions. At moderate to high incident irradiances, the photosynthetic conservation of absorbed energy was highest in collimated light; a tendency that changed in the biofilm under sub-saturating incident irradiances, where higher photosynthetic efficiencies were observed under diffuse light. The aim was to investigate how the physical structure and light propagation affected energy budgets and light utilization efficiencies in loosely organized vs. compact phototrophic sediment under diffuse and collimated light. Our results suggest that the optical properties and the structural organization of phytoelements are important traits affecting the photosynthetic efficiency of biofilms and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Lichtenberg
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Kasper E Brodersen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Michael Kühl
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenHelsingør, Denmark; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology SydneyUltimo, NSW, Australia
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Rahman DY, Sarian FD, van Wijk A, Martinez-Garcia M, van der Maarel MJEC. Thermostable phycocyanin from the red microalga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, a new natural blue food colorant. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2017; 29:1233-1239. [PMID: 28572707 PMCID: PMC5429892 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-016-1007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The demand for natural food colorants is growing as consumers question the use of artificial colorants more and more. The phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin of Arthospira platensis is used as a natural blue colorant in certain food products. The thermoacidophilic red microalga Cyanidioschyzon merolae might provide an alternative source of phycocyanin. Cyanidioschyzon merolae belongs to the order Cyanidiophyceae of the phylum Rhodophyta. Its natural habitat are sulfuric hot springs and geysers found near volcanic areas in, e.g., Yellowstone National Park in the USA and in Java, Indonesia. It grows optimally at a pH between 0.5 and 3.0 and at temperatures up to 56 °C. The low pH at which C. merolae grows minimizes the risk of microbial contamination and could limit production loss. As C. merolae lacks a cell wall, phycocyanin with a high purity number of 9.9 could be extracted by an osmotic shock using a simple ultrapure water extraction followed by centrifugation. The denaturation midpoint at pH 5 was 83 °C, being considerably higher than the A. platensis phycocyanin (65 °C). The C. merolae phycocyanin was relatively stable at pH 4 and 5 up to 80 °C. The high thermostability at slightly acidic pH makes the C. merolae phycocyanin an interesting alternative to A. platensis phycocyanin as a natural blue food colorant.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Y. Rahman
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering Department, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46, 16911 Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - F. D. Sarian
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering Department, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. van Wijk
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering Department, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Martinez-Garcia
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering Department, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. J. E. C. van der Maarel
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering Department, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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de Oliveira VE, Neves Miranda MAC, Soares MCS, Edwards HGM, de Oliveira LFC. Study of carotenoids in cyanobacteria by Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:373-380. [PMID: 26057091 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have established dominant aquatic populations around the world, generally in aggressive environments and under severe stress conditions, e.g., intense solar radiation. Several marine strains make use of compounds such as the polyenic molecules for their damage protection justifying the range of colours observed for these species. The peridinin/chlorophyll-a/protein complex is an excellent example of essential structures used for self-prevention; their systems allow to them surviving under aggressive environments. In our simulations, few protective dyes are required to the initial specimen defense; this is an important data concern the synthetic priority in order to supply adequate damage protection. Raman measurements obtained with 1064 and 514.5 nm excitations for Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Microcystis aeruginosa strains shows bands assignable to the carotenoid peridinin. It was characterized by bands at 1940, 1650, 1515, 1449, 1185, 1155 and 1000 cm(-1) assigned to ν(C=C=C) (allenic vibration), ν(C=C/CO), ν(C=C), δ(C-H, C-18/19), δ(C-H), ν(C-C), and ρ(C-CH3), respectively. Recognition by Raman spectroscopy proved to be an important tool for preliminaries detections and characterization of polyene molecules in several algae, besides initiate an interesting discussion about their synthetic priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa End de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus de Rio das Ostras, RJ 28890-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Carolina Silva Soares
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz Fernando Cappa de Oliveira
- NEEM - Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
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11
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Separation of native allophycocyanin and R-phycocyanin from marine red macroalga Polysiphonia urceolata by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis performed in novel buffer systems. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106369. [PMID: 25166028 PMCID: PMC4148431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three buffer systems of Imidazole-Acetic acid, HEPES-Imidazole/Bis-tris and Bis-tris-HEPES-MES were designed based on the principle of discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for the native PAGE which could be performed in pH 7.0 and 6.5 in order to analyze and prepare the minor components of allophycocyanin (AP) and R-phycocyanin (R-PC) from marine red macroalga Polysiphonia urceolata. These AP and R-PC phycobiliproteins are easily denatured in alkaline environments. The obtained results demonstrated that the PAGE modes performed in the buffer systems of HEPES-Imidazole/Bis-tris and Bis-tris-HEPES-MES gave the satisfactory resolution and separation of AP and R-PC proteins. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the AP and R-PC proteins which were prepared by the established PAGE modes proved that they maintained natural spectroscopic characteristics. The established PAGE modes may also provide useful references and selections for some other proteins that are sensitive to alkaline environments or are not effectively separated by the classical PAGE modes performed normally in alkaline buffer systems.
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12
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Overkamp KE, Gasper R, Kock K, Herrmann C, Hofmann E, Frankenberg-Dinkel N. Insights into the biosynthesis and assembly of cryptophycean phycobiliproteins. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26691-26707. [PMID: 25096577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins are employed by cyanobacteria, red algae, glaucophytes, and cryptophytes for light-harvesting and consist of apoproteins covalently associated with open-chain tetrapyrrole chromophores. Although the majority of organisms assemble the individual phycobiliproteins into larger aggregates called phycobilisomes, members of the cryptophytes use a single type of phycobiliprotein that is localized in the thylakoid lumen. The cryptophyte Guillardia theta (Gt) uses phycoerythrin PE545 utilizing the uncommon chromophore 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin (DHBV) in addition to phycoerythrobilin (PEB). Both the biosynthesis and the attachment of chromophores to the apophycobiliprotein have not yet been investigated for cryptophytes. In this study, we identified and characterized enzymes involved in PEB biosynthesis. In addition, we present the first in-depth biochemical characterization of a eukaryotic phycobiliprotein lyase (GtCPES). Plastid-encoded HO (GtHo) was shown to convert heme into biliverdin IXα providing the substrate with a putative nucleus-encoded DHBV:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (GtPEBA). A PEB:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (GtPEBB) was found to convert DHBV to PEB, which is the substrate for the phycobiliprotein lyase GtCPES. The x-ray structure of GtCPES was solved at 2.0 Å revealing a 10-stranded β-barrel with a modified lipocalin fold. GtCPES is an S-type lyase specific for binding of phycobilins with reduced C15=C16 double bonds (DHBV and PEB). Site-directed mutagenesis identified residues Glu-136 and Arg-146 involved in phycobilin binding. Based on the crystal structure, a model for the interaction of GtCPES with the apophycobiliprotein CpeB is proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Overkamp
- Physiology of Microorganisms, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Raphael Gasper
- Protein Crystallography, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, and Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Kock
- Physical Chemistry I, Protein Interactions, Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Herrmann
- Physical Chemistry I, Protein Interactions, Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Eckhard Hofmann
- Protein Crystallography, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, and Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicole Frankenberg-Dinkel
- Physiology of Microorganisms, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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13
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GC constituents and relative codon expressed amino acid composition in cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins. Gene 2014; 546:162-71. [PMID: 24933001 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The genomic as well as structural relationship of phycobiliproteins (PBPs) in different cyanobacterial species are determined by nucleotides as well as amino acid composition. The genomic GC constituents influence the amino acid variability and codon usage of particular subunit of PBPs. We have analyzed 11 cyanobacterial species to explore the variation of amino acids and causal relationship between GC constituents and codon usage. The study at the first, second and third levels of GC content showed relatively more amino acid variability on the levels of G3+C3 position in comparison to the first and second positions. The amino acid encoded GC rich level including G rich and C rich or both correlate the codon variability and amino acid availability. The fluctuation in amino acids such as Arg, Ala, His, Asp, Gly, Leu and Glu in α and β subunits was observed at G1C1 position; however, fluctuation in other amino acids such as Ser, Thr, Cys and Trp was observed at G2C2 position. The coding selection pressure of amino acids such as Ala, Thr, Tyr, Asp, Gly, Ile, Leu, Asn, and Ser in α and β subunits of PBPs was more elaborated at G3C3 position. In this study, we observed that each subunit of PBPs is codon specific for particular amino acid. These results suggest that genomic constraint linked with GC constituents selects the codon for particular amino acids and furthermore, the codon level study may be a novel approach to explore many problems associated with genomics and proteomics of cyanobacteria.
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Chakdar H, Saha S, Pabbi S. Chromatographic and spectroscopic characterization of phycocyanin and its subunits purified from Anabaena variabilis CCC421. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Parsiegla G, Shrestha B, Carrière F, Vertes A. Direct Analysis of Phycobilisomal Antenna Proteins and Metabolites in Small Cyanobacterial Populations by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 84:34-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202831w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Goetz Parsiegla
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie
de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025, Marseille, France
| | - Bindesh Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, W. M.
Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052,
United States
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie
de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025, Marseille, France
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, W. M.
Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052,
United States
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16
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Sun L, Wang S. PHYCOBILIPROTEIN COMPONENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHYCOBILISOME FROM A THERMOPHILIC CYANOBACTERIUM MYXOSARCINA CONCINNA(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:1304-1315. [PMID: 27020354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A phycocyanin (PC) and three allophycocyanin (AP) components (designated PC, AP1, AP2, and AP3) were prepared from Myxosarcina concinna Printz phycobilisomes by the native gradient PAGE performed in a neutral buffer system combined with the ion exchange column chromatography on DEAE-DE52 cellulose. PC contained one β subunit () and two α ones ( and ), and it carried two rod linkers ( and ) and one rod-core linker (). AP1 and AP3 were characterized as peripheral core APs, whereas AP2 was an inner-core one. AP2 and AP3 were demonstrated to function as the terminal emitters. Each of the three APs contained two β subunits ( and ), two α subunits ( and ) and an inner-core linker (). AP2 and AP3 had another subunit of the allophycocyanin B (AP-B) type () belonging to the β subunit group, and AP1 and AP3 carried their individual specific core linkers ( and ), respectively. No AP component was shown to associate with the core-membrane linker LCM . The functions of the linker polypeptides in the phycobilisome (PBS) construction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, ChinaCollege of Photo-electronic Information Science and Technology, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, ChinaCollege of Photo-electronic Information Science and Technology, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes capable of using sunlight as their energy, water as an electron donor, and air as a source of carbon and, for some nitrogen-fixing strains, nitrogen. Compared to algae and plants, cyanobacteria are much easier to genetically engineer, and many of the standard biological parts available for Synthetic Biology applications in Escherichia coli can also be used in cyanobacteria. However, characterization of such parts in cyanobacteria reveals differences in performance when compared to E. coli, emphasizing the importance of detailed characterization in the cellular context of a biological chassis. Furthermore, cyanobacteria possess special characteristics (e.g., multiple copies of their chromosomes, high content of photosynthetically active proteins in the thylakoids, the presence of exopolysaccharides and extracellular glycolipids, and the existence of a circadian rhythm) that have to be taken into account when genetically engineering them. With this chapter, the synthetic biologist is given an overview of existing biological parts, tools and protocols for the genetic engineering, and molecular analysis of cyanobacteria for Synthetic Biology applications.
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Agervald Å, Zhang X, Stensjö K, Devine E, Lindblad P. CalA, a cyanobacterial AbrB protein, interacts with the upstream region of hypC and acts as a repressor of its transcription in the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:880-90. [PMID: 20023111 PMCID: PMC2813017 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02521-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous, heterocystous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 may contain, depending on growth conditions, up to two hydrogenases directly involved in hydrogen metabolism. HypC is one out of at least seven auxiliary gene products required for synthesis of a functional hydrogenase, specifically involved in the maturation of the large subunit. In this study we present a protein, CalA (Alr0946 in the genome), belonging to the transcription regulator family AbrB, which in protein-DNA assays was found to interact with the upstream region of hypC. Transcriptional investigations showed that calA is cotranscribed with the downstream gene alr0947, which encodes a putative protease from the abortive infection superfamily, Abi. CalA was shown to interact specifically not only with the upstream region of hypC but also with its own upstream region, acting as a repressor on hypC. The bidirectional hydrogenase activity was significantly downregulated when CalA was overexpressed, demonstrating a correlation with the transcription factor, either direct or indirect. In silico studies showed that homologues to both CalA and Alr0947 are highly conserved proteins within cyanobacteria with very similar physical organizations of the corresponding structural genes. Possible functions of the cotranscribed downstream protein Alr0947 are presented. In addition, we present a three-dimensional (3D) model of the DNA binding domain of CalA and putative DNA binding mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Agervald
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Karin Stensjö
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Ellenor Devine
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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19
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Johari N, Keng C, Rathinam X, Sinniah U, Subramania S. Cryopreservation of Brassia rex Orchid Shoots Using PVS2 Technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/rjb.2009.74.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Devesa-Rey R, Moldes AB, Díaz-Fierros F, Barral MT. Study of phytopigments in river bed sediments: effects of the organic matter, nutrients and metal composition. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 153:147-159. [PMID: 18597180 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytopigment estimation has a considerable interest in the evaluation of freshwater bodies' quality, because it takes into account the synergistic effect of nutrients like phosphorus or nitrogen on algal growth producing eutrophication. Furthermore, their increasing concentration constitutes the first step in the formation of biofilms on the surface sediments, adding a new and very important element to the dynamic nature of the surface sediments. In this study the distribution of phytoplankton--in terms of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, phaeophytin-a, phaeophytin-b, total carotenoids, total chlorophyll, and total phaeophytin--was evaluated in river bed sediments. Samples collected at sites with low levels of nutrients (P,N) and metal concentrations showed lower phytopigment concentrations than those collected at the sampling sites affected by sources of pollution. Phytoplankton concentrations were directly and highly related to the organic matter concentrations--in particular to the humic fraction--as well as to the total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P(T)) and available phosphorus (P(A)) concentrations in sediments. In addition, phytoplankton also correlates positively with Cu, Zn, Fe and Al extracted in oxalate, being Cu the variable that most influences the phytopigment growth. These are essential metals for the metabolism of the phytoplankton, so therefore the increase in metal concentrations can increase algal growth, unless they reach toxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Devesa-Rey
- Dpto. Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia, USC, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Liu LN, Aartsma TJ, Thomas JC, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ. FRAP analysis on red alga reveals the fluorescence recovery is ascribed to intrinsic photoprocesses of phycobilisomes than large-scale diffusion. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5295. [PMID: 19381335 PMCID: PMC2667670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phycobilisomes (PBsomes) are the extrinsic antenna complexes upon the photosynthetic membranes in red algae and most cyanobacteria. The PBsomes in the cyanobacteria has been proposed to present high lateral mobility on the thylakoid membrane surface. In contrast, direct measurement of PBsome motility in red algae has been lacking so far. Methodology/Principal Findings In this work, we investigated the dynamics of PBsomes in the unicellular red alga Porphyridium cruentum in vivo and in vitro, using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). We found that part of the fluorescence recovery could be detected in both partially- and wholly-bleached wild-type and mutant F11 (UTEX 637) cells. Such partial fluorescence recovery was also observed in glutaraldehyde-treated and betaine-treated cells in which PBsome diffusion should be restricted by cross-linking effect, as well as in isolated PBsomes immobilized on the glass slide. Conclusions/Significance On the basis of our previous structural results showing the PBsome crowding on the native photosynthetic membrane as well as the present FRAP data, we concluded that the fluorescence recovery observed during FRAP experiment in red algae is mainly ascribed to the intrinsic photoprocesses of the bleached PBsomes in situ, rather than the rapid diffusion of PBsomes on thylakoid membranes in vivo. Furthermore, direct observations of the fluorescence dynamics of phycoerythrins using FRAP demonstrated the energetic decoupling of phycoerythrins in PBsomes against strong excitation light in vivo, which is proposed as a photoprotective mechanism in red algae attributed by the PBsomes in response to excess light energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ning Liu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biophysics, Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs J. Aartsma
- Department of Biophysics, Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Claude Thomas
- UMR 8186 CNRS & Ecole Normale Supérieure, Biologie Moléculaire des Organismes Photosynthétiques, Paris, France
| | - Bai-Cheng Zhou
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Karseno, Harada K, Bamba T, Dwi S, Mahakhant A, Yoshikawa T, Hirata K. Extracellular phycoerythrin-like protein released by freshwater cyanobacteria Oscillatoria and Scytonema sp. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:999-1003. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-9964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Matsumoto T, Nakahara T, Matsumoto J, Shiragami T, Yasuda M. Quantitative Analysis for Water-soluble Porphyrin Derivatives Adsorbed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Absorption Spectrophotometry Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2009. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.58.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Matsumoto
- Technical Center, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki
| | - Takuro Nakahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki
| | - Jin Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tsutomu Shiragami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki
| | - Masahide Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki
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Sun L, Wang S, Gong X, Zhao M, Fu X, Wang L. Isolation, purification and characteristics of R-phycoerythrin from a marine macroalga Heterosiphonia japonica. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 64:146-54. [PMID: 18852052 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
R-phycoerythrin is one of the three phycobiliproteins which are extensively employed as fluorescent probes, and it is prepared from red macroalgae. Phycobiliproteins in the marine red macroalga Heterosiphonia japonica were extracted in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and precipitated by salting-out. The R-phycoerythrin was isolated by gel filtration with Sepharose CL-4B and Sephadex G-200. Then it was purified by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow which was developed by linear ionic strength gradients. The purified R-phycoerythrin gave a ratio of A(565) to A(280) of 4.89. It showed a single band and a pI of 4.8 on the examination by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and isoelectric focusing. The polypeptide analysis of the purified R-phycoerythrin by SDS-PAGE demonstrated that it contains four chromophore-carrying subunits and no colorless polypeptide and has two hexameric aggregates. The preparative procedures of the R-phycoerythrin purification established based on the experiments exhibit advantages and can offer a reference for R-phycoerythrin preparation from other marine red macroalga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- College of Chemistry Engineering and Biology Sciences, Yantai University, No. 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, PR China
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25
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Oliveira P, Lindblad P. An AbrB-Like protein regulates the expression of the bidirectional hydrogenase in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:1011-9. [PMID: 18039761 PMCID: PMC2223582 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01605-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, the pentameric bidirectional Ni-Fe hydrogenase (HoxEFUYH) is the sole enzyme involved in hydrogen metabolism. Recent investigations implicated the transcription factor LexA in the regulation of the hox genes in this cyanobacterium, suggesting the factor to work as an activator. In this work, we show evidence that LexA cannot account exclusively for the regulation of the hox genes in this cyanobacterium. Therefore, we investigated which additional transcription factors interact in and may regulate the expression of the hox genes in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. By using DNA affinity assays, a transcription factor with similarity to the transition state regulator AbrB from Bacillus subtilis was isolated. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the AbrB-like protein specifically interacts with the promoter region of the hox genes as well as with its own promoter region. In addition, results obtained with two genetically modified strains of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, one with a not fully segregated inactivation mutation of the abrB-like gene and the other overexpressing the same abrB-like gene, suggest that this transcription factor functions as a regulator of hox gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Oliveira
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Angström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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