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Dolatmoradi M, Ellis J, Austin C, Arora M, Vertes A. Detection and Imaging of Exposure-Related Metabolites and Xenobiotics in Hard Tissues by Laser Sampling and Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7022-7029. [PMID: 38669590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The utility of two novel laser-based methods, laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) and laser desorption ionization (LDI) from silicon nanopost array (NAPA), is explored via local analysis and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of hard tissues (tooth and hair) for the detection and mapping of organic components. Complex mass spectra are recorded in local analysis mode from tooth dentin and scalp hair samples. Nicotine and its metabolites (cotinine, hydroxycotinine, norcotinine, and nicotine) are detected by LAESI-MS in the teeth of rats exposed to tobacco smoke. The intensities of the detected metabolite peaks are proportional to the degree of exposure. Incorporating ion mobility separation in the LAESI-MS analysis of scalp hair enables the detection of cotinine in smoker hair along with other common molecular species, including endogenous steroid hormones and some lipids. Single hair strands are imaged by MALDI-MSI and NAPA-LDI-MSI to explore longitudinal variations in the level of small molecules. Comparing spectra integrated from NAPA-LDI-MSI and MALDI-MSI images reveals that the two techniques provide complementary information. There were 105 and 82 sample-related peaks for MALDI and NAPA, respectively, with an overlap of only 16 peaks, indicating a high degree of complementarity. Enhanced molecular coverage and spatial resolution offered by LAESI-MS and NAPA-LDI-MSI can reveal the distributions of known and potential biomarkers in hard tissues, facilitating exposome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Dolatmoradi
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Joanna Ellis
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Linus Biotechnology, North Brunswick, New Jersey 08902, United States
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Linus Biotechnology, North Brunswick, New Jersey 08902, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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2
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Dolatmoradi M, Sándor Z, Vágó I, Lowy DA, Vertes A, Kincses I. Nutrient supplementation-induced metabolic profile changes and early appearance of free N-glycans in nutrient deficient tomato plants revealed by mass spectrometry. Analyst 2024; 149:2709-2718. [PMID: 38525956 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic fertilizers are routinely used in large scale crop production for the supplementation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in nutrient poor soil. To explore metabolic changes in tomato plants grown on humic sand under different nutritional conditions, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry was utilized for the analysis of xylem sap. Variations in the abundances of metabolites and oligosaccharides, including free N-glycans (FNGs), were determined. Statistical analysis of the sample-related peaks revealed significant differences in the abundance ratios of multiple metabolites, including oligosaccharides, between the control plants, grown with no fertilizers, and plants raised under "ideal" and "nitrogen deficient" nutritional conditions, i.e., under the three treatment types. Among the 36 spectral features tentatively identified as oligosaccharides, the potential molecular structures for 18 species were predicted based on their accurate masses and isotope distribution patterns. To find the spectral features that account for most of the differences between the spectra corresponding to the three different treatments, multivariate statistical analysis was carried out by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). They included both FNGs and non-FNG compounds that can be considered as early indicators of nutrient deficiency. Our results reveal that the potential nutrient deficiency indicators can be expanded to other metabolites beyond FNGs. The m/z values for 20 spectral features with the highest variable influence on projection (VIP) scores were ranked in the order of their influence on the statistical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Dolatmoradi
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Zsolt Sándor
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Imre Vágó
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | | | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Ida Kincses
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
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3
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Dolatmoradi M, Stopka SA, Corning C, Stacey G, Vertes A. High-Throughput f-LAESI-IMS-MS for Mapping Biological Nitrogen Fixation One Cell at a Time. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17741-17749. [PMID: 37989253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
For the characterization of the metabolic heterogeneity of cell populations, high-throughput single-cell analysis platforms are needed. In this study, we utilized mass spectrometry (MS) enhanced with ion mobility separation (IMS) and coupled with an automated sampling platform, fiber-based laser ablation electrospray ionization (f-LAESI), for in situ high-throughput single-cell metabolomics in soybean (Glycine max) root nodules. By fully automating the in situ sampling platform, an overall sampling rate of 804 cells/h was achieved for high numbers (>500) of tissue-embedded plant cells. This is an improvement by a factor of 13 compared to the previous f-LAESI-MS configuration. By introducing IMS, the molecular coverage improved, and structural isomers were separated on a millisecond time scale. The enhanced f-LAESI-IMS-MS platform produced 259 sample-related peaks/cell, almost twice as much as the 131 sample-related peaks/cell produced by f-LAESI-MS without IMS. Using the upgraded system, two types of metabolic heterogeneity characterization methods became possible. For unimodal metabolite abundance distributions, the metabolic noise reported on the metabolite level variations within the cell population. For bimodal distributions, the presence of metabolically distinct subpopulations was established. Discovering these latent cellular phenotypes could be linked to the presence of different cell states, e.g., proliferating bacteria in partially occupied plant cells and quiescent bacteroids in fully occupied cells in biological nitrogen fixation, or spatial heterogeneity due to altered local environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Dolatmoradi
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chloe Corning
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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4
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Samarah LZ, Vertes A, Anderton CR. Single-Cell Metabolomics with Rapid Determination of Chemical Formulas from Isotopic Fine Structures. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2437:61-75. [PMID: 34902140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2030-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomic measurements can provide functional readouts of cellular states and phenotypes. Here, we present a protocol for single-cell metabolomics that permits direct untargeted detection of a broad number of metabolites under ambient conditions, without the need for sample processing, and with high confidence in the discovery and identification of the molecular formulas for detected metabolites. This protocol describes combining fiber-based laser ablation electrospray ionization (f-LAESI) with a 21 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (21T-FTICR-MS) to obtain high confidence molecular formula information about detected metabolites. The f-LAESI source utilizes mid-infrared laser ablation through a sharp optical fiber tip, affording direct ambient analysis of cells without the need for sample processing. Using the 21T-FTICR-MS as a mass analyzer enabled measurement of the isotopic fine structure (IFS) for numerous metabolites simultaneously from single cells, and the IFSs were in turn computationally processed to rapidly determine the corresponding elemental compositions. This metabolomics technique complements other single cell omics measurement methods, helping to resolve complex molecular interactions that take place within cells unattainable from single cell transcriptomic and proteomics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z Samarah
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) plays an expanding role in the label-free spatial mapping of hundreds of molecules simultaneously. Currently, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is among the most widely adopted MSI techniques. However, matrix application can impact the fidelity of spatial distributions, and matrix selection and related spectral interferences in the low mass range can lead to biased molecular coverage. Nanophotonic ionization from silicon nanopost arrays (NAPA) is an emerging matrix-free MSI platform with enhanced sensitivity for several molecular classes, for example, neutral lipids and biooligomers. Here, we describe a protocol with minimal sample preparation for NAPA-MSI of metabolites, lipids, and biooligomers from biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z Samarah
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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6
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Taylor MJ, Liyu A, Vertes A, Anderton CR. Ambient Single-Cell Analysis and Native Tissue Imaging Using Laser-Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry with Increased Spatial Resolution. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2021; 32:2490-2494. [PMID: 34374553 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Laser-ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS) is an emerging method that has the potential to transform the field of metabolomics. This is in part due to LAESI-MS being an ambient ionization method that requires minimal sample preparation and uses (endogenous) water for in situ analysis. This application note details the employment of the "LAESI microscope" source to perform spatially resolved MS analysis of cells and MS imaging (MSI) of tissues at high spatial resolution. This source configuration utilizes a long-working-distance reflective objective that permits both visualization of the sample and a smaller LAESI laser beam profile than conventional LAESI setups. Here, we analyzed 200 single cells of Allium cepa (red onion) and imaged Fittonia argyroneura (nerve plant) in high spatial resolution using this source coupled to a Fourier transform mass spectrometer for high-mass-resolution and high-mass-accuracy metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Taylor
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Andrey Liyu
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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7
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Stopka SA, Wood EA, Khattar R, Agtuca BJ, Abdelmoula WM, Agar NYR, Stacey G, Vertes A. High-Throughput Analysis of Tissue-Embedded Single Cells by Mass Spectrometry with Bimodal Imaging and Object Recognition. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9677-9687. [PMID: 34236164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In biological tissues, cell-to-cell variations stem from the stochastic and modulated expression of genes and the varying abundances of corresponding proteins. These variations are then propagated to downstream metabolite products and result in cellular heterogeneity. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a promising tool to simultaneously provide spatial distributions for hundreds of biomolecules without the need for labels or stains. Technological advances in MSI instrumentation for the direct analysis of tissue-embedded single cells are dominated by improvements in sensitivity, sample pretreatment, and increased spatial resolution but are limited by low throughput. Herein, we introduce a bimodal microscopy imaging system combined with fiber-based laser ablation electrospray ionization (f-LAESI) MSI with improved throughput ambient analysis of tissue-embedded single cells (n > 1000) to provide insight into cellular heterogeneity. Based on automated image analysis, accurate single-cell sampling is achieved by f-LAESI leading to the discovery of cellular phenotypes characterized by differing metabolite levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ellen A Wood
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Rikkita Khattar
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Beverly J Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Walid M Abdelmoula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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8
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Wood EA, Stopka SA, Zhang L, Mattson S, Maasz G, Pirger Z, Vertes A. Neuropeptide Localization in Lymnaea stagnalis: From the Central Nervous System to Subcellular Compartments. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:670303. [PMID: 34093125 PMCID: PMC8172996 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.670303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the relatively small number of neurons (few tens of thousands), the well-established multipurpose model organism Lymnaea stagnalis, great pond snail, has been extensively used to study the functioning of the nervous system. Unlike the more complex brains of higher organisms, L. stagnalis has a relatively simple central nervous system (CNS) with well-defined circuits (e.g., feeding, locomotion, learning, and memory) and identified individual neurons (e.g., cerebral giant cell, CGC), which generate behavioral patterns. Accumulating information from electrophysiological experiments maps the network of neuronal connections and the neuronal circuits responsible for basic life functions. Chemical signaling between synaptic-coupled neurons is underpinned by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. This review looks at the rapidly expanding contributions of mass spectrometry (MS) to neuropeptide discovery and identification at different granularity of CNS organization. Abundances and distributions of neuropeptides in the whole CNS, eleven interconnected ganglia, neuronal clusters, single neurons, and subcellular compartments are captured by MS imaging and single cell analysis techniques. Combining neuropeptide expression and electrophysiological data, and aided by genomic and transcriptomic information, the molecular basis of CNS-controlled biological functions is increasingly revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sylwia A. Stopka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Linwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sara Mattson
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Gabor Maasz
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Tihany, Hungary
- Soós Ernő Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Tihany, Hungary
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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9
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Samarah LZ, Tran TH, Stacey G, Vertes A. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Bio‐oligomer Polydispersity in Plant Tissues by Laser Desorption Ionization from Silicon Nanopost Arrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z. Samarah
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Tina H. Tran
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
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10
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Samarah LZ, Tran TH, Stacey G, Vertes A. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Bio-oligomer Polydispersity in Plant Tissues by Laser Desorption Ionization from Silicon Nanopost Arrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9071-9077. [PMID: 33529427 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) enables simultaneous spatial mapping for diverse molecules in biological tissues. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) has been a mainstream MSI method for a wide range of biomolecules. However, MALDI-MSI of biological homopolymers used for energy storage and molecular feedstock is limited by, e.g., preferential ionization for certain molecular classes. Matrix-free nanophotonic ionization from silicon nanopost arrays (NAPAs) is an emerging laser desorption ionization (LDI) platform with ultra-trace sensitivity and molecular imaging capabilities. Here, we show complementary analysis and MSI of polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB), polyglutamic acid (PGA), and polysaccharide oligomers in soybean root nodule sections by NAPA-LDI and MALDI. For PHB, number and weight average molar mass, polydispersity, and oligomer size distributions across the tissue section and in regions of interest were characterized by NAPA-LDI-MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z Samarah
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Tina H Tran
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z. Samarah
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University Washington DC USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University Washington DC USA
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12
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Agtuca BJ, Stopka SA, Evans S, Samarah L, Liu Y, Xu D, Stacey MG, Koppenaal DW, Paša-Tolić L, Anderton CR, Vertes A, Stacey G. Metabolomic profiling of wild-type and mutant soybean root nodules using laser-ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry reveals altered metabolism. Plant J 2020; 103:1937-1958. [PMID: 32410239 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between soybean and Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a complex process. To document the changes in plant metabolism as a result of symbiosis, we utilized laser ablation electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS) for in situ metabolic profiling of wild-type nodules, nodules infected with a B. japonicum nifH mutant unable to fix nitrogen, nodules doubly infected by both strains, and nodules formed on plants mutated in the stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (sacpd-c) gene, which were previously shown to have an altered nodule ultrastructure. The results showed that the relative abundance of fatty acids, purines, and lipids was significantly changed in response to the symbiosis. The nifH mutant nodules had elevated levels of jasmonic acid, correlating with signs of nitrogen deprivation. Nodules resulting from the mixed inoculant displayed similar, overlapping metabolic distributions within the sectors of effective (fix+ ) and ineffective (nifH mutant, fix- ) endosymbionts. These data are inconsistent with the notion that plant sanctioning is cell autonomous. Nodules lacking sacpd-c displayed an elevation of soyasaponins and organic acids in the central necrotic regions. The present study demonstrates the utility of LAESI-MS for high-throughput screening of plant phenotypes. Overall, nodules disrupted in the symbiosis were elevated in metabolites related to plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly J Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Sterling Evans
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Laith Samarah
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Informatics Institute and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Informatics Institute and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Minviluz G Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - David W Koppenaal
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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13
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Samarah LZ, Tran TH, Stacey G, Vertes A. In Vivo Chemical Analysis of Plant Sap from the Xylem and Single Parenchymal Cells by Capillary Microsampling Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7299-7306. [PMID: 32343130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In plants, long-distance transport of chemicals from source to sink takes place through the transfer of sap inside complex trafficking systems. Access to this information provides insight into the physiological responses that result from the interactions between the organism and its environment. In vivo analysis offers minimal perturbation to the physiology of the organism, thus providing information that represents the native physiological state more accurately. Here we describe capillary microsampling with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for the in vivo analysis of xylem sap directly from plants. Initially, fast MS profiling was performed by ESI from the whole sap exuding from wounds of living plants in their native environment. This sap, however, originated from the xylem and phloem and included the cytosol of damaged cells. Combining capillary microsampling with ESI-MS enabled targeted sampling of the xylem sap and single parenchymal cells in the pith, thereby differentiating their chemical compositions. With this method we analyzed soybean plants infected by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and uninfected plants to investigate the effects of symbiosis on chemical transport through the sap. Infected plants exhibited higher abundances for certain nitrogen-containing metabolites in their sap, namely allantoin, allantoic acid, hydroxymethylglutamate, and methylene glutamate, compared to uninfected plants. Using capillary microsampling, we localized these compounds to the xylem, which indicated their transport from the roots to the upper parts of the plant. Differences between metabolite levels in sap from the infected and uninfected plants indicated that the transport of nitrogen-containing and other metabolites is regulated depending on the source of nitrogen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z Samarah
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Tina H Tran
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
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14
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Samarah LZ, Khattar R, Tran TH, Stopka SA, Brantner CA, Parlanti P, Veličković D, Shaw JB, Agtuca BJ, Stacey G, Paša-Tolić L, Tolić N, Anderton CR, Vertes A. Single-Cell Metabolic Profiling: Metabolite Formulas from Isotopic Fine Structures in Heterogeneous Plant Cell Populations. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7289-7298. [PMID: 32314907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the metabolic heterogeneity in cell populations requires the analysis of single cells. Most current methods in single-cell analysis rely on cell manipulation, potentially altering the abundance of metabolites in individual cells. A small sample volume and the chemical diversity of metabolites are additional challenges in single-cell metabolomics. Here, we describe the combination of fiber-based laser ablation electrospray ionization (f-LAESI) with 21 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (21TFTICR-MS) for in situ single-cell metabolic profiling in plant tissue. Single plant cells infected by bacteria were selected and sampled directly from the tissue without cell manipulation through mid-infrared ablation with a fine optical fiber tip for ionization by f-LAESI. Ultrahigh performance 21T-FTICR-MS enabled the simultaneous capture of isotopic fine structures (IFSs) for 47 known and 11 unknown compounds, thus elucidating their elemental compositions from single cells and providing information on metabolic heterogeneity in the cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z Samarah
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Rikkita Khattar
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Tina H Tran
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Christine A Brantner
- Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, George Washington University, Washington D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Paola Parlanti
- Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, George Washington University, Washington D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Dušan Veličković
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jared B Shaw
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Beverly J Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nikola Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington D.C. 20052, United States
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15
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Fincher JA, Korte AR, Dyer JE, Yadavilli S, Morris NJ, Jones DR, Shanmugam VK, Pirlo RK, Vertes A. Mass spectrometry imaging of triglycerides in biological tissues by laser desorption ionization from silicon nanopost arrays. J Mass Spectrom 2020; 55:e4443. [PMID: 31524963 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is used increasingly to simultaneously detect a broad range of biomolecules while mapping their spatial distributions within biological tissue sections. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is recognized as the method-of-choice for MSI applications due in part to its broad molecular coverage. In spite of the remarkable advantages offered by MALDI, imaging of neutral lipids, such as triglycerides (TGs), from tissue has remained a significant challenge due to ion suppression of TGs by phospholipids, e.g. phosphatidylcholines (PCs). To help overcome this limitation, silicon nanopost array (NAPA) substrates were introduced to selectively ionize TGs from biological tissue sections. This matrix-free laser desorption ionization (LDI) platform was previously shown to provide enhanced ionization of certain lipid classes, such as hexosylceramides (HexCers) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) from mouse brain tissue. In this work, we present NAPA as an MSI platform offering enhanced ionization efficiency for TGs from biological tissues relative to MALDI, allowing it to serve as a complement to MALDI-MSI. Analysis of a standard lipid mixture containing PC(18:1/18:1) and TG(16:0/16:0/16:0) by LDI from NAPA provided an ~49 and ~227-fold higher signal for TG(16:0/16:0/16:0) relative to MALDI, when analyzed without and with the addition of a sodium acetate, respectively. In contrast, MALDI provided an ~757 and ~295-fold higher signal for PC(18:1/18:1) compared with NAPA, without and with additional Na+ . Averaged signal intensities for TGs from MSI of mouse lung and human skin tissues exhibited an ~105 and ~49-fold increase, respectively, with LDI from NAPA compared with MALDI. With respect to PCs, MALDI provided an ~2 and ~19-fold increase in signal intensity for mouse lung and human skin tissues, respectively, when compared with NAPA. The complementary coverage obtained by the two platforms demonstrates the utility of using both techniques to maximize the information obtained from lipid MS or MSI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarod A Fincher
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Andrew R Korte
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Sridevi Yadavilli
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | | | - Derek R Jones
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Victoria K Shanmugam
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Russel K Pirlo
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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16
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Agtuca BJ, Stopka SA, Tuleski TR, do Amaral FP, Evans S, Liu Y, Xu D, Monteiro RA, Koppenaal DW, Paša-Tolić L, Anderton CR, Vertes A, Stacey G. In-Situ Metabolomic Analysis of Setaria viridis Roots Colonized by Beneficial Endophytic Bacteria. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2020; 33:272-283. [PMID: 31544655 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-19-0174-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, crop yields have risen in parallel with increasing use of fossil fuel-derived nitrogen (N) fertilizers but with concomitant negative impacts on climate and water resources. There is a need for more sustainable agricultural practices, and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) could be part of the solution. A variety of nitrogen-fixing, epiphytic, and endophytic plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are known to stimulate plant growth. However, compared with the rhizobium-legume symbiosis, little mechanistic information is available as to how PGPB affect plant metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the metabolic changes in roots of the model grass species Setaria viridis upon endophytic colonization by Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1 (fix+) or a fix- mutant strain (SmR54) compared with uninoculated roots. Endophytic colonization of the root is highly localized and, hence, analysis of whole-root segments dilutes the metabolic signature of those few cells impacted by the bacteria. Therefore, we utilized in-situ laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to sample only those root segments at or adjacent to the sites of bacterial colonization. Metabolites involved in purine, zeatin, and riboflavin pathways were significantly more abundant in inoculated plants, while metabolites indicative of nitrogen, starch, and sucrose metabolism were reduced in roots inoculated with the fix- strain or uninoculated, presumably due to N limitation. Interestingly, compounds, involved in indole-alkaloid biosynthesis were more abundant in the roots colonized by the fix- strain, perhaps reflecting a plant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly J Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, U.S.A
| | - Thalita R Tuleski
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CP 19046, 81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P do Amaral
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Sterling Evans
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Informatics Institute and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Informatics Institute and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia
| | - Rose Adele Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CP 19046, 81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - David W Koppenaal
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99354, U.S.A
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99354, U.S.A
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99354, U.S.A
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, U.S.A
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle S. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University 800 22nd St, NW, Suite 4000 Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Andrew R. Korte
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University 800 22nd St, NW, Suite 4000 Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University 800 22nd St, NW, Suite 4000 Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - J. Houston Miller
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University 800 22nd St, NW, Suite 4000 Washington DC 20052 USA
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18
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Fincher JA, Korte AR, Yadavilli S, Morris NJ, Vertes A. Multimodal imaging of biological tissues using combined MALDI and NAPA-LDI mass spectrometry for enhanced molecular coverage. Analyst 2020; 145:6910-6918. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00836b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sequential imaging of a tissue section by MALDI and NAPA-LDI mass spectrometry provides enhanced molecular coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarod A. Fincher
- Department of Chemistry
- The George Washington University
- Washington
- USA
| | - Andrew R. Korte
- Department of Chemistry
- The George Washington University
- Washington
- USA
| | - Sridevi Yadavilli
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine
- Children's National Medical Center
- Washington
- USA
| | | | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry
- The George Washington University
- Washington
- USA
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19
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Abstract
In recent years, innovations in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) have enabled simultaneous detection and mapping of biomolecules and xenobiotics directly from biological tissues and single cells. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) has been the most widely embraced MSI technique. However, this technique can exhibit ion suppression effects hindering metabolite coverage and possesses a narrow dynamic range. Nanophotonic platforms, e.g., silicon nanopost array (NAPA) structures, can be used as an alternative for matrix-free imaging of biological tissues. Here, we present a protocol for MSI of large and small adherent cell clusters by laser desorption ionization from NAPA with minimal sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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20
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Abstract
Non-targeted metabolic analysis of single cells by mass spectrometry (MS) is important for understanding individual cell functions and characterizing cell-to-cell heterogeneity. However, identifying biomolecules in single cells presents significant challenges due to the low picoliter volume samples and the structural diversity of metabolites. Capillary microsampling electrospray ionization (ESI) MS with ion mobility separation (IMS) enables the analysis of single cells under ambient conditions with minimum sample pretreatment and improved specificity. Here, we describe a protocol for the analysis of the metabolic makeup, and the identification of ions produced from single cells by capillary microsampling ESI-IMS-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwen Zhang
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MB, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MB, USA
| | - Linda L Allworth
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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21
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Dolatmoradi M, Fincher JA, Korte AR, Morris NJ, Vertes A. Remote ablation chamber for high efficiency particle transfer in laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2020; 145:5861-5869. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Improved remote ablation chamber for particle transfer in LAESI mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry
- The George Washington University
- USA
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22
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Stopka SA, Samarah LZ, Shaw JB, Liyu AV, Veličković D, Agtuca BJ, Kukolj C, Koppenaal DW, Stacey G, Paša-Tolić L, Anderton CR, Vertes A. Ambient Metabolic Profiling and Imaging of Biological Samples with Ultrahigh Molecular Resolution Using Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization 21 Tesla FTICR Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5028-5035. [PMID: 30821434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an indispensable analytical tool to capture the array of metabolites within complex biological systems. However, conventional MS-based metabolomic workflows require extensive sample processing and separation resulting in limited throughput and potential alteration of the native molecular states in these systems. Ambient ionization methods, capable of sampling directly from tissues, circumvent some of these issues but require high-performance MS to resolve the molecular complexity within these samples. Here, we demonstrate a unique combination of laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) coupled with a 21 tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (21T-FTICR) for direct MS analysis and imaging applications. This analytical platform provides isotopic fine structure information directly from biological tissues, enabling the rapid assignment of molecular formulas and delivering a higher degree of confidence for molecular identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry , The George Washington University , Washington , D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Laith Z Samarah
- Department of Chemistry , The George Washington University , Washington , D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Jared B Shaw
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Andrey V Liyu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Dušan Veličković
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Beverly J Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Caroline Kukolj
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - David W Koppenaal
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry , The George Washington University , Washington , D.C. 20052 , United States
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23
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Korte AR, Morris NJ, Vertes A. High Throughput Complementary Analysis and Quantitation of Metabolites by MALDI- and Silicon Nanopost Array-Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3951-3958. [PMID: 30786207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Silicon nanopost array (NAPA) structures have been shown to be effective substrates for laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) and have been used to analyze a variety of samples including peptides, metabolites, drugs, explosives, and intact cells, as well as to image lipids and metabolites in tissue sections. However, no direct comparison has yet been conducted between NAPA-MS and the most commonly used LDI-MS technique, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS. In this work, we compare the utility of NAPA-MS to that of MALDI-MS using two common matrices for the analysis of metabolites in cellular extracts and human urine. Considerable complementarity of molecular coverage was observed between the two techniques. Of 178 total metabolites assigned from cellular extracts, 68 were uniquely detected by NAPA-MS and 62 were uniquely detected by MALDI-MS. NAPA-MS was found to provide enhanced coverage of low-molecular weight compounds such as amino acids, whereas MALDI afforded better detection of larger, labile compounds including nucleotides. In the case of urine, a sample largely devoid of higher-mass labile compounds, 88 compounds were uniquely detected by NAPA-MS and 13 by MALDI-MS. NAPA-MS also favored more extensive alkali metal cation adduction relative to MALDI-MS, with the [M + 2Na/K - H]+ species accounting for as much as 97% of the total metabolite ion signal in positive mode. The capability of NAPA-MS for targeted quantitation of endogenous metabolites in urine via addition of isotopically labeled standards was also examined. Both NAPA-MS and MALDI-MS provided quantitative results in good agreement with one another and the concentrations reported in the literature, as well as good sample-to-sample reproducibility (RSD < 10%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Korte
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington , D.C. 20052 , United States
| | | | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington , D.C. 20052 , United States
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24
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Fincher JA, Korte AR, Reschke B, Morris NJ, Powell MJ, Vertes A. Enhanced sensitivity and metabolite coverage with remote laser ablation electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry aided by coaxial plume and gas dynamics. Analyst 2018; 142:3157-3164. [PMID: 28678241 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00805h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Laser ablation electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS) allows for direct analysis of biological tissues at atmospheric pressure with minimal to no sample preparation. In LAESI, a mid-IR laser beam (λ = 2.94 μm) is focused onto the sample to produce an ablation plume that is intercepted and ionized by an electrospray at the inlet of the mass spectrometer. In the remote LAESI platform, the ablation process is removed from the mass spectrometer inlet and takes place in an ablation chamber, allowing for incorporation of additional optics for microscopic imaging and targeting of specific features of the sample for laser ablation sampling. The ablated material is transported by a carrier gas through a length of tubing, delivering it to the MS inlet where it is intercepted and ionized by an electrospray. Previous proof-of-principle studies used a prolate spheroid ablation chamber with the carrier gas flow perpendicular to the ablation plume. This design resulted in significant losses of MS signal in comparison to conventional LAESI. Here we present a newly designed conical inner volume ablation chamber that radially confines the ablation plume produced in transmission geometry. The carrier gas flow and the expanding ablation plume are aligned in a coaxial configuration to improve the transfer of ablated particles. This new design not only recovered the losses observed with the prolate spheroid chamber design, but was found to provide an ∼12-15% increase in the number of metabolite peaks detected from plant leaves and tissue sections relative to conventional LAESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarod A Fincher
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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25
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Fincher JA, Dyer JE, Korte AR, Yadavilli S, Morris NJ, Vertes A. Matrix‐free mass spectrometry imaging of mouse brain tissue sections on silicon nanopost arrays. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:2101-2121. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarod A. Fincher
- George Washington University Washington District of Columbia 20052
| | | | - Andrew R. Korte
- George Washington University Washington District of Columbia 20052
| | - Sridevi Yadavilli
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine Children's National Medical Center Washington District of Columbia 20010
| | | | - Akos Vertes
- George Washington University Washington District of Columbia 20052
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26
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Veličković D, Agtuca BJ, Stopka SA, Vertes A, Koppenaal DW, Paša-Tolić L, Stacey G, Anderton CR. Observed metabolic asymmetry within soybean root nodules reflects unexpected complexity in rhizobacteria-legume metabolite exchange. ISME J 2018. [PMID: 29899508 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0188-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the three-dimensional spatial distributions of a number of metabolites involved in regulating symbiosis and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) within soybean root nodules were revealed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). While many metabolites exhibited distinct spatial compartmentalization, some metabolites were asymmetrically distributed throughout the nodule (e.g., S-adenosylmethionine). These results establish a more complex metabolic view of plant-bacteria symbiosis (and BNF) within soybean nodules than previously hypothesized. Collectively these findings suggest that spatial perspectives in metabolic regulation should be considered to unravel the overall complexity of interacting organisms, like those relating to associations of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Veličković
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Beverly J Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - David W Koppenaal
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
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27
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Veličković D, Agtuca BJ, Stopka SA, Vertes A, Koppenaal DW, Paša-Tolić L, Stacey G, Anderton CR. Observed metabolic asymmetry within soybean root nodules reflects unexpected complexity in rhizobacteria-legume metabolite exchange. ISME J 2018; 12:2335-2338. [PMID: 29899508 PMCID: PMC6092352 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the three-dimensional spatial distributions of a number of metabolites involved in regulating symbiosis and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) within soybean root nodules were revealed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). While many metabolites exhibited distinct spatial compartmentalization, some metabolites were asymmetrically distributed throughout the nodule (e.g., S-adenosylmethionine). These results establish a more complex metabolic view of plant-bacteria symbiosis (and BNF) within soybean nodules than previously hypothesized. Collectively these findings suggest that spatial perspectives in metabolic regulation should be considered to unravel the overall complexity of interacting organisms, like those relating to associations of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Veličković
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Beverly J Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - David W Koppenaal
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
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28
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Zhang L, Khattar N, Kemenes I, Kemenes G, Zrinyi Z, Pirger Z, Vertes A. Subcellular Peptide Localization in Single Identified Neurons by Capillary Microsampling Mass Spectrometry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12227. [PMID: 30111831 PMCID: PMC6093924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell mass spectrometry (MS) is uniquely positioned for the sequencing and identification of peptides in rare cells. Small peptides can take on different roles in subcellular compartments. Whereas some peptides serve as neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm, they can also function as transcription factors in the nucleus. Thus, there is a need to analyze the subcellular peptide compositions in identified single cells. Here, we apply capillary microsampling MS with ion mobility separation for the sequencing of peptides in single neurons of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis, and the analysis of peptide distributions between the cytoplasm and nucleus of identified single neurons that are known to express cardioactive Phe-Met-Arg-Phe amide-like (FMRFamide-like) neuropeptides. Nuclei and cytoplasm of Type 1 and Type 2 F group (Fgp) neurons were analyzed for neuropeptides cleaved from the protein precursors encoded by alternative splicing products of the FMRFamide gene. Relative abundances of nine neuropeptides were determined in the cytoplasm. The nuclei contained six of these peptides at different abundances. Enabled by its relative enrichment in Fgp neurons, a new 28-residue neuropeptide was sequenced by tandem MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Nikkita Khattar
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ildiko Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Gyorgy Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Zita Zrinyi
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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Abstract
Most electrospray based ambient ionization techniques, e.g., laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), utilize a fixed spray solution composition. Complex samples often contain compounds of different polarity that exhibit a wide range of solubilities in the electrospray solvent. Thus, the fixed spray solution composition limits the molecular coverage of these approaches. Two-barrel theta glass capillaries have been used for the rapid mixing of two solutions for manipulating fast reactions including protein folding, unfolding, and charge state distributions. Here, we present a new variant of LAESI mass spectrometry (MS) by scanning the high voltages applied to the two barrels of a theta glass capillary containing two different solvents. In the resulting gradient LAESI (g-LAESI), the composition of the spray solution is ramped between the two solvents in the barrels to facilitate the detection of compounds of diverse polarity and solubility. Dynamic ranges and limits of detection achieved for g-LAESI-MS were comparable to conventional LAESI-MS. We have demonstrated simultaneous detection of different types of chemical standards, and polar and less polar compounds from Escherichia coli cell pellets using g-LAESI-MS. Varying the spray solution composition in a gradient electrospray can benefit from the enhanced solubilities of different analytes in polar and less polar solvents, ultimately improving the molecular coverage in the direct analysis of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry The George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry The George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
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31
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Zhang L, Vertes A. Single‐Cell Mass Spectrometry Approaches to Explore Cellular Heterogeneity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4466-4477. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry The George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry The George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | | | - Brian M. Davis
- GE Global Research, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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33
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Stopka SA, Khattar R, Agtuca BJ, Anderton CR, Paša-Tolić L, Stacey G, Vertes A. Metabolic Noise and Distinct Subpopulations Observed by Single Cell LAESI Mass Spectrometry of Plant Cells in situ. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1646. [PMID: 30498504 PMCID: PMC6250120 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic variations and stochastic expression of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites in biological tissues lead to cellular heterogeneity. As a result, distinct cellular subpopulations emerge. They are characterized by different metabolite expression levels and by associated metabolic noise distributions. To capture these biological variations unperturbed, highly sensitive in situ analytical techniques are needed that can sample tissue embedded single cells with minimum sample preparation. Optical fiber-based laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (f-LAESI-MS) is a promising tool for metabolic profiling of single cells under ambient conditions. Integration of this MS-based platform with fluorescence and brightfield microscopy provides the ability to target single cells of specific type and allows for the selection of rare cells, e.g., excretory idioblasts. Analysis of individual Egeria densa leaf blade cells (n = 103) by f-LAESI-MS revealed significant differences between the prespecified subpopulations of epidermal cells (n = 97) and excretory idioblasts (n = 6) that otherwise would have been masked by the population average. Primary metabolites, e.g., malate, aspartate, and ascorbate, as well as several glucosides were detected in higher abundance in the epidermal cells. The idioblasts contained lipids, e.g., PG(16:0/18:2), and triterpene saponins, e.g., medicoside I and azukisaponin I, and their isomers. Metabolic noise for the epidermal cells were compared to results for soybean (Glycine max) root nodule cells (n = 60) infected by rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum). Whereas some primary metabolites showed lower noise in the latter, both cell types exhibited higher noise for secondary metabolites. Post hoc grouping of epidermal and root nodule cells, based on the abundance distributions for certain metabolites (e.g., malate), enabled the discovery of cellular subpopulations characterized by different mean abundance values, and the magnitudes of the corresponding metabolic noise. Comparison of prespecified populations from epidermal cells of the closely related E. densa (n = 20) and Elodea canadensis (n = 20) revealed significant differences, e.g., higher sugar content in the former and higher levels of ascorbate in the latter, and the presence of species-specific metabolites. These results demonstrate that the f-LAESI-MS single cell analysis platform has the potential to explore cellular heterogeneity and metabolic noise for hundreds of tissue-embedded cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A. Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Sylwia A. Stopka, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-3761-6899 Akos Vertes, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-5352
| | - Rikkita Khattar
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Beverly J. Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Christopher R. Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Sylwia A. Stopka, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-3761-6899 Akos Vertes, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-5352
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Zrinyi Z, Maasz G, Zhang L, Vertes A, Lovas S, Kiss T, Elekes K, Pirger Z. Effect of progesterone and its synthetic analogs on reproduction and embryonic development of a freshwater invertebrate model. Aquat Toxicol 2017; 190:94-103. [PMID: 28697460 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a mixture of progestogens at ng/L concentration levels in surface waters is a worldwide problem. Only a few studies explore the effect of progestogen treatment in a mixture as opposed to individual chemicals to shed light on how non-target species respond to these contaminants. In the present study, we used an invertebrate model species, Lymnaea stagnalis, exposed to a mixture of four progestogens (progesterone, levonorgestrel, drospirenone, and gestodene) in 10ng/L concentration for 3 weeks. Data at both physiological and cellular/molecular level were analyzed using the ELISA technique, stereomicroscopy combined with time lapse software, and capillary microsampling combined with mass spectrometry. The treatment of adult Lymnaeas caused reduced egg production, and low quality egg mass on the first week, compared to the control. Starting from the second week, the egg production, and the quality of egg mass were similar in both groups. At the end of the third week, the egg production and the vitellogenin-like protein content of the hepatopancreas were significantly elevated in the treated group. At the cellular level, accelerated cell proliferation was observed during early embryogenesis in the treated group. The investigation of metabolomic changes resulted significantly elevated hexose utilization in the single-cell zygote cytoplasm, and elevated adenylate energy charge in the egg albumen. These changes suggested that treated snails provided more hexose in the eggs in order to improve offspring viability. Our study contributes to the knowledge of physiological effect of equi-concentration progestogen mixture at environmentally relevant dose on non-target aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zrinyi
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Gabor Maasz
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Linwen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, WA, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, WA, District of Columbia 20052, USA
| | - Sandor Lovas
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kiss
- MTA-ÖK BLI, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Karoly Elekes
- MTA-ÖK BLI, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- MTA-ÖK BLI NAP_B Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Center for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary.
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35
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Stopka SA, Agtuca BJ, Koppenaal DW, Paša-Tolić L, Stacey G, Vertes A, Anderton CR. Laser-ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation reveals metabolites in the symbiotic interactions of soybean roots and rhizobia. Plant J 2017; 91:340-354. [PMID: 28394446 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Technologies enabling in situ metabolic profiling of living plant systems are invaluable for understanding physiological processes and could be used for rapid phenotypic screening (e.g., to produce plants with superior biological nitrogen-fixing ability). The symbiotic interaction between legumes and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria results in a specialized plant organ (i.e., root nodule) where the exchange of nutrients between host and endosymbiont occurs. Laser-ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS) is a method that can be performed under ambient conditions requiring minimal sample preparation. Here, we employed LAESI-MS to explore the well characterized symbiosis between soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and its compatible symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The utilization of ion mobility separation (IMS) improved the molecular coverage, selectivity, and identification of the detected biomolecules. Specifically, incorporation of IMS resulted in an increase of 153 differentially abundant spectral features in the nodule samples. The data presented demonstrate the advantages of using LAESI-IMS-MS for the rapid analysis of intact root nodules, uninfected root segments, and free-living rhizobia. Untargeted pathway analysis revealed several metabolic processes within the nodule (e.g., zeatin, riboflavin, and purine synthesis). Compounds specific to the uninfected root and bacteria were also detected. Lastly, we performed depth profiling of intact nodules to reveal the location of metabolites to the cortex and inside the infected region, and lateral profiling of sectioned nodules confirmed these molecular distributions. Our results established the feasibility of LAESI-IMS-MS for the analysis and spatial mapping of plant tissues, with its specific demonstration to improve our understanding of the soybean-rhizobial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Beverly J Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - David W Koppenaal
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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36
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Li H, Balan P, Vertes A. Innenrücktitelbild: Molecular Imaging of Growth, Metabolism, and Antibiotic Inhibition in Bacterial Colonies by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Angew. Chem. 48/2016). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Pranav Balan
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology; Alexandria VA 22312 USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
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37
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Li H, Balan P, Vertes A. Inside Back Cover: Molecular Imaging of Growth, Metabolism, and Antibiotic Inhibition in Bacterial Colonies by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48/2016). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Pranav Balan
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology; Alexandria VA 22312 USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
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38
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Li H, Balan P, Vertes A. Molecular Imaging of Growth, Metabolism, and Antibiotic Inhibition in Bacterial Colonies by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15035-15039. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Pranav Balan
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology; Alexandria VA 22312 USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
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39
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Li H, Balan P, Vertes A. Molecular Imaging of Growth, Metabolism, and Antibiotic Inhibition in Bacterial Colonies by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Pranav Balan
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology; Alexandria VA 22312 USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
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40
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Korte AR, Stopka SA, Morris N, Razunguzwa T, Vertes A. Large-Scale Metabolite Analysis of Standards and Human Serum by Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry from Silicon Nanopost Arrays. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8989-96. [PMID: 27399036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unique challenges presented by metabolomics have driven the development of new mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques for small molecule analysis. We have previously demonstrated silicon nanopost arrays (NAPA) to be an effective substrate for laser desorption ionization (LDI) of small molecules for MS. However, the utility of NAPA-LDI-MS for a wide range of metabolite classes has not been investigated. Here we apply NAPA-LDI-MS to the large-scale acquisition of high-resolution mass spectra and tandem mass spectra from a collection of metabolite standards covering a range of compound classes including amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, xenobiotics, lipids, and other classes. In untargeted analysis of metabolite standard mixtures, detection was achieved for 374 compounds and useful MS/MS spectra were obtained for 287 compounds, without individual optimization of ionization or fragmentation conditions. Metabolite detection was evaluated in the context of 31 metabolic pathways, and NAPA-LDI-MS was found to provide detection for 63% of investigated pathway metabolites. Individual, targeted analysis of the 20 common amino acids provided detection of 100% of the investigated compounds, demonstrating that improved coverage is possible through optimization and targeting of individual analytes or analyte classes. In direct analysis of aqueous and organic extracts from human serum samples, spectral features were assigned to a total of 108 small metabolites and lipids. Glucose and amino acids were quantitated within their physiological concentration ranges. The broad coverage demonstrated by this large-scale screening experiment opens the door for use of NAPA-LDI-MS in numerous metabolite analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Korte
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University , 800 22nd Street, North West, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University , 800 22nd Street, North West, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Nicholas Morris
- Protea Biosciences, Inc. , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Trust Razunguzwa
- Protea Biosciences, Inc. , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University , 800 22nd Street, North West, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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41
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Li H, Ha E, Donaldson RP, Jeremic AM, Vertes A. Rapid assessment of human amylin aggregation and its inhibition by copper(II) ions by laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation. Anal Chem 2016; 87:9829-9837. [PMID: 26352401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Native electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) is often used to monitor noncovalent complex formation between peptides and ligands. The relatively low throughput of this technique, however, is not compatible with extensive screening. Laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) MS combined with ion mobility separation (IMS) can analyze complex formation and provide conformation information within a matter of seconds. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) or amylin, a 37-amino acid residue peptide, is produced in pancreatic beta-cells through proteolytic cleavage of its prohormone. Both amylin and its precursor can aggregate and produce toxic oligomers and fibrils leading to cell death in the pancreas that can eventually contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The inhibitory effect of the copper(II) ion on amylin aggregation has been recently discovered, but details of the interaction remain unknown. Finding other more physiologically tolerated approaches requires large scale screening of potential inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that LAESI-IMS-MS can reveal the binding stoichiometry, copper oxidation state, and the dissociation constant of human amylin-copper(II) complex. The conformations of hIAPP in the presence of copper(II) ions were also analyzed by IMS, and preferential association between the β-hairpin amylin monomer and the metal ion was found. The copper(II) ion exhibited strong association with the -HSSNN- residues of the amylin. In the absence of copper(II), amylin dimers were detected with collision cross sections consistent with monomers of β-hairpin conformation. When copper(II) was present in the solution, no dimers were detected. Thus, the copper(II) ions disrupt the association pathway to the formation of β-sheet rich amylin fibrils. Using LAESI-IMS-MS for the assessment of amylin-copper(II) interactions demonstrates the utility of this technique for the high-throughput screening of potential inhibitors of amylin oligomerization and fibril formation. More generally, this rapid technique opens the door for high-throughput screening of potential inhibitors of amyloid protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Emmeline Ha
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Robert P Donaldson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Aleksandar M Jeremic
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
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42
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Stopka SA, Rong C, Korte AR, Yadavilli S, Nazarian J, Razunguzwa TT, Morris NJ, Vertes A. Titelbild: Molecular Imaging of Biological Samples on Nanophotonic Laser Desorption Ionization Platforms (Angew. Chem. 14/2016). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A. Stopka
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Charles Rong
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Andrew R. Korte
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Sridevi Yadavilli
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC 2001 USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC 2001 USA
| | | | | | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
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43
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Stopka SA, Rong C, Korte AR, Yadavilli S, Nazarian J, Razunguzwa TT, Morris NJ, Vertes A. Cover Picture: Molecular Imaging of Biological Samples on Nanophotonic Laser Desorption Ionization Platforms (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14/2016). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A. Stopka
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Charles Rong
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Andrew R. Korte
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Sridevi Yadavilli
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC 2001 USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC 2001 USA
| | | | | | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
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Stopka SA, Rong C, Korte AR, Yadavilli S, Nazarian J, Razunguzwa TT, Morris NJ, Vertes A. Molecular Imaging of Biological Samples on Nanophotonic Laser Desorption Ionization Platforms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4482-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A. Stopka
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Charles Rong
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Andrew R. Korte
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Sridevi Yadavilli
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC 2001 USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC 2001 USA
| | | | | | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
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45
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Stopka SA, Rong C, Korte AR, Yadavilli S, Nazarian J, Razunguzwa TT, Morris NJ, Vertes A. Molecular Imaging of Biological Samples on Nanophotonic Laser Desorption Ionization Platforms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A. Stopka
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Charles Rong
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Andrew R. Korte
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Sridevi Yadavilli
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC 2001 USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine; Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC 2001 USA
| | | | | | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 USA
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46
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Jacobson RS, Thurston RL, Shrestha B, Vertes A. In Situ Analysis of Small Populations of Adherent Mammalian Cells Using Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry in Transmission Geometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:12130-6. [PMID: 26558336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Most cultured cells used for biomedical research are cultured adherently, and the requisite detachment prior to biochemical analysis might induce chemical changes. This is especially crucial if accurate metabolic measurements are desired, given the rapid turnover of metabolites in living organisms. There are only a few methods available for the nontargeted in situ analysis of small adherent cell populations. Here we show that laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) mass spectrometry (MS) can be used to analyze adherent cells directly, while still attached to the culture surface. To reduce the size of the analyzed cell population, the spot size constraints of conventional focusing in reflection geometry (rg) LAESI had to be eliminated. By introducing transmission geometry (tg) LAESI and incorporating an objective with a high numerical aperture, spot sizes of 10-20 μm were readily achieved. As few as five adherent cells could be specifically selected for analysis in their culturing environment. The importance of in situ analysis was highlighted by comparing the metabolite composition of adherent versus suspended cells. For example, we observed that cells analyzed adherently yielded higher values for the adenylate energy charge (0.90 ± 0.09 for adherent cells vs 0.09 ± 0.03 for suspended cells). Additionally, due to the smaller focal spot size, tg-LAESI enabled the analysis of ∼20 times smaller cell populations compared to rg-LAESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle S Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University , Washington DC, 20052, United States
| | - Richard L Thurston
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University , Washington DC, 20052, United States
| | - Bindesh Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University , Washington DC, 20052, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University , Washington DC, 20052, United States
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Zhang L, Vertes A. Energy Charge, Redox State, and Metabolite Turnover in Single Human Hepatocytes Revealed by Capillary Microsampling Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10397-405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linwen Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry,
W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department
of Chemistry,
W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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Stopka SA, Shrestha B, Maréchal É, Falconet D, Vertes A. Metabolic transformation of microalgae due to light acclimation and genetic modifications followed by laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation. Analyst 2015; 139:5945-53. [PMID: 25254963 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling of various microalga species and their genetic variants, grown under varied environmental conditions, has become critical to accelerate the exploration of phytoplankton biodiversity and biology. The accumulation of valuable metabolites, such as glycerolipids, is also sought in microalgae for biotechnological applications ranging from food, feed, medicine, cosmetics to bioenergy and green chemistry. In this report we describe the direct analysis of metabolites and lipids in small cell populations of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, using laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with ion mobility separation (IMS). These microorganisms are capable of redirecting energy storage pathways from starch to neutral lipids depending on environmental conditions and nutrient availability. Metabolite and lipid productions were monitored in wild type (WT), and genetically modified C. reinhardtii strains with an impaired starch pathway. Lipids, such as triacylglycerols (TAG) and diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), were monitored over time under altered light conditions. More than 200 ions related to metabolites, e.g., arginine, cysteine, serine, palmitate, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, etc., were detected. The lipid profiles at different light intensities for strains with impaired starch pathway (Sta1 and Sta6) contained 26 glycerolipids, such as DGTS, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), as well as 33 TAG species. Results were obtained over a 72 hour time period under high and low light conditions for the WT species and the two mutants. Our results indicate that LAESI-IMS-MS can be utilized for the rapid analysis of increased TAG production at elevated light intensities. Compared to WT, the Sta6 strain showed 2.5 times higher lipid production at 72 hours under high light conditions. The results demonstrate our ability to rapidly observe numerous changes in metabolite and lipid levels in microalgal population. These capabilities are expected to facilitate the exploration of genetically altered microalgal strains for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Shroff R, Schramm K, Jeschke V, Nemes P, Vertes A, Gershenzon J, Svatoš A. Quantification of plant surface metabolites by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry imaging: glucosinolates on Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant J 2015; 81:961-72. [PMID: 25600688 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The localization of metabolites on plant surfaces has been problematic because of the limitations of current methodologies. Attempts to localize glucosinolates, the sulfur-rich defense compounds of the order Brassicales, on leaf surfaces have given many contradictory results depending on the method employed. Here we developed a matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry protocol to detect surface glucosinolates on Arabidopsis thaliana leaves by applying the MALDI matrix through sublimation. Quantification was accomplished by spotting glucosinolate standards directly on the leaf surface. The A. thaliana leaf surface was found to contain approximately 15 nmol of total glucosinolate per leaf with about 50 pmol mm(-2) on abaxial (bottom) surfaces and 15-30 times less on adaxial (top) surfaces. Of the major compounds detected, 4-methylsulfinylbutylglucosinolate, indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, and 8-methylsulfinyloctylglucosinolate were also major components of the leaf interior, but the second most abundant glucosinolate on the surface, 4-methylthiobutylglucosinolate, was only a trace component of the interior. Distribution on the surface was relatively uniform in contrast to the interior, where glucosinolates were distributed more abundantly in the midrib and periphery than the rest of the leaf. These results were confirmed by two other mass spectrometry-based techniques, laser ablation electrospray ionization and liquid extraction surface analysis. The concentrations of glucosinolates on A. thaliana leaf surfaces were found to be sufficient to attract the specialist feeding lepidopterans Plutella xylostella and Pieris rapae for oviposition. The methods employed here should be easily applied to other plant species and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shroff
- Research Group on Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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Compton LR, Reschke B, Friend J, Powell M, Vertes A. Remote laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for non-proximate analysis of biological tissues. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2015; 29:67-73. [PMID: 25462365 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We introduce remote laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), a novel, non-proximate ambient sampling technique. Remote LAESI allows additional analytical instrumentation to be incorporated during sample analysis. This work demonstrates the utility of remote LAESI and, when combined with optical microscopy, allows for the microscopy-guided sampling of biological tissues. METHODS Rapid prototyping using a 3D printer was applied to produce various ablation chamber geometries. A focused 5 ns, 2.94 µm laser pulse kept at 10 Hz ablated the sample within the chamber, remote to the mass spectrometer inlet. Ablated particulates were carried through a transfer tube by N2 gas, delivered to the electrospray plume and ionized. A long-distance microscope was used to capture images of tissues before, during and after ablation. RESULTS Optimized remote LAESI was found to have a 27% transport efficiency compared with conventional LAESI, sufficient for many applications. A comparable molecular coverage was obtained with remote LAESI for the analysis of plant tissue. Proof-of-principle experiments using a pansy flower and a maple leaf indicated the functionality of this approach for selecting domains of interest for analysis by optical microscopy and obtaining chemical information from those selected regions by remote LAESI-MS. CONCLUSIONS Remote LAESI is an ambient non-proximate sampling technique, proven to detect metabolites in biological tissues. When combined with optical microscopy, remote LAESI allows for the simultaneous acquisition of morphological and chemical information. This technique has important implications for histology, where chemical information for specific locations within a tissue is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laine R Compton
- Department of Chemistry, W.M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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