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Leshansky AM, Rubinstein BY, Fouxon I, Johannsmann D, Sadowska M, Adamczyk Z. Quartz Crystal Microbalance Frequency Response to Discrete Adsorbates in Liquids. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10559-10568. [PMID: 38905705 PMCID: PMC11223097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has become a major tool enabling accurate investigation of the adsorption kinetics of nanometric objects such as DNA fragments, polypeptides, proteins, viruses, liposomes, polymer, and metal nanoparticles. However, in liquids, a quantitative analysis of the experimental results is often intricate because of the complex interplay of hydrodynamic and adhesion forces varying with the physicochemical properties of adsorbates and functionalized QCM-D sensors. In the present paper, we dissect the role of hydrodynamics for the analytically tractable case of stiff contact, whereas the adsorbed rigid particles oscillate with the resonator without rotation. Under the assumption of the low surface coverage, we theoretically study the excess shear force exerted on the resonator, which has two contributions: (i) the fluid-mediated force due to flow disturbance created by the particle and (ii) the force exerted on the particle by the fluid and transmitted to the sensor via contact. The theoretical analysis enables an accurate interpretation of the QCM-D impedance measurements. It is demonstrated inter alia that for particles of the size comparable with protein molecules, the hydrodynamic force dominates over the inertial force and that the apparent mass derived from QCM independently of the overtone is about 10 times the Sauerbrey (inertial) mass. The theoretical results show excellent agreement with the results of experiments and advanced numerical simulations for a wide range of particle sizes and oscillation frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Y. Rubinstein
- Stowers
Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas
City, Missouri 64110, United States
| | - Itzhak Fouxon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University
of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße
4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Marta Sadowska
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy
of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamczyk
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy
of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
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2
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Skládal P. Piezoelectric biosensors: shedding light on principles and applications. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:184. [PMID: 38451295 PMCID: PMC10920441 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The three decades of experience with piezoelectric devices applied in the field of bioanalytical chemistry are shared. After introduction to principles and suitable measuring approaches, active and passive methods based on oscillators and impedance analysis, respectively, the focus is directed towards biosensing approaches. Immunosensing examples are provided, followed by other affinity sensing approaches based on hybridization of nucleic acids, aptamers, monitoring of enzyme activities, and detection of pathogenic microbes. The combination of piezosensors with cell lines and testing of drugs is highlighted, including mechanically active cells. The combination of piezosensors with other measuring techniques providing original hybrid devices is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Malhotra JS, Kubus M, Pedersen KS, Andersen SI, Sundberg J. Room-Temperature Monitoring of CH 4 and CO 2 Using a Metal-Organic Framework-Based QCM Sensor Showing Inherent Analyte Discrimination. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3478-3486. [PMID: 37669038 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The detection of methane and carbon dioxide is of growing importance due to their negative impact on global warming. This is true for both environmental monitoring and leak detection in industrial processes. Although solid-state sensors are technologically mature, they have limitations that prohibit their use in certain situations, e.g., explosive atmospheres. Thus, there is a need to develop new types of sensor materials. Herein, we demonstrate a simple, low-cost, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based gas leak detection sensor. The system is based on gravimetric sensing by using a quartz crystal microbalance. The quartz crystal is functionalized by layer-by-layer growth of a thin metal-organic framework film. This film shows selective uptake of methane or carbon dioxide under atmospheric conditions. The hardware has low cost, simple operation, and theoretically high sensitivity. Overall, the sensor is characterized by simplicity and high robustness. Furthermore, by exploiting the different adsorption kinetics as measured by multiple harmonic analyses, it is possible to discriminate whether the response is due to methane or carbon dioxide. In summary, we demonstrate data relevant toward new applications of metal-organic frameworks and microporous hybrid materials in sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz Kubus
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simon I Andersen
- DTU Offshore, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 375, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Sundberg
- DTU Offshore, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 375, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Hu J, Yesilbas G, Li Y, Geng X, Chen J, Wu X, Knoll A, Ren TL. Overtone Mass Sensitivity of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor with Asymmetric N-M Type Electrode Configuration. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4043-4049. [PMID: 36800209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Sensing sensitivity is one of the crucial parameters for quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors. Herein, we study the overtone mass sensitivity of a QCM sensor with an asymmetric N-M type electrode configuration. In order to overcome the deficiency that the sensitivity of the QCM sensor with an asymmetric electrode cannot be calculated by Sauerbrey's equation, we design the electrochemical electrodeposition experiments to measure it. The measurement results of overtone mass sensitivities of three 3.1-5.1 and three 4.1-5.1 QCMs are 5.418, 5.629, and 5.572 Hz/ng and 4.155, 4.456, and 3.982 Hz/ng in the third overtone mode and 9.208, 9.474, and 9.243 Hz/ng and 6.811, 7.604, and 6.588 Hz/ng in the fifth overtone mode, respectively. The overtone mass sensitivities of three 5.1-5.1 QCMs are 3.210, 3.439, and 3.540 Hz/ng in the third overtone mode and 5.396, 5.010, and 5.707 Hz/ng in the fifth overtone mode, respectively. These results show that the overtone mass sensitivity of the N-M type QCM is larger than that of QCMs with symmetric electrodes, and the fifth overtone mass sensitivity is higher than the third overtone mass sensitivity for the same type of QCM. The above results strongly confirm that the overtone mass sensitivity of a QCM sensor with an asymmetric N-M electrode structure significantly enhances its sensing performance, and it will greatly meet the demands for high precision measurement of QCM sensors in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Hu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Institut für Informatik VI, Technische Universität München, München 85748, Germany
| | - Göktug Yesilbas
- Institut für Informatik VI, Technische Universität München, München 85748, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiangshun Geng
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Alois Knoll
- Institut für Informatik VI, Technische Universität München, München 85748, Germany
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Johannsmann D, Langhoff A, Leppin C, Reviakine I, Maan AMC. Effect of Noise on Determining Ultrathin-Film Parameters from QCM-D Data with the Viscoelastic Model. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1348. [PMID: 36772387 PMCID: PMC9919223 DOI: 10.3390/s23031348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) is a well-established technique for studying soft films. It can provide gravimetric as well as nongravimetric information about a film, such as its thickness and mechanical properties. The interpretation of sets of overtone-normalized frequency shifts, ∆f/n, and overtone-normalized shifts in half-bandwidth, ΔΓ/n, provided by QCM-D relies on a model that, in general, contains five independent parameters that are needed to describe film thickness and frequency-dependent viscoelastic properties. Here, we examine how noise inherent in experimental data affects the determination of these parameters. There are certain conditions where noise prevents the reliable determination of film thickness and the loss tangent. On the other hand, we show that there are conditions where it is possible to determine all five parameters. We relate these conditions to the mathematical properties of the model in terms of simple conceptual diagrams that can help users understand the model's behavior. Finally, we present new open source software for QCM-D data analysis written in Python, PyQTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Christian Leppin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Ilya Reviakine
- Advanced Wave Sensors S.L., Táctica Business Park, Algepsers Street, 24-1, 46988 Paterna Valencia, Spain
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5061, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anna M. C. Maan
- Polymer Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Yerrapragada R M, Mampallil D. Interferon-γ detection in point of care diagnostics: Short review. Talanta 2022; 245:123428. [PMID: 35427946 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-γ is a cytokine secreted by immune cells. The elevated levels of IFN-γ are an early indicator of multiple diseases such as tuberculosis and autoimmune diseases. This short review focuses on different sensing methods based on optical, electrochemical, and mechanical principles. We explain how specific biorecognition molecules such as antibodies and aptamers are employed in the sensing methods. We also compare different surface functionalization methods and their details. Although the review gives an overview of only IFN-γ sensing, the same strategies can be applied to sensing other analytes with appropriate modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjoosha Yerrapragada R
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Mangalam P O, Tirupati, 517507, India.
| | - Dileep Mampallil
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Mangalam P O, Tirupati, 517507, India.
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7
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Hu J, Yesilbas G, Li Y, Geng X, Li P, Chen J, Wu X, Knoll A, Ren TL. Exploration of the Mass Sensitivity of Quartz Crystal Microbalance under Overtone Modes Using Electrodeposition Method. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5760-5768. [PMID: 35377148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the in-depth application of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors in the fields of science and engineering, there is an urgent need for QCM sensors with high mass sensitivity. The mass sensitivity of a QCM is closely related to its resonance frequency, and the high resonance frequency leads to improve its mass sensitivity. However, the resonance frequency of a QCM resonator cannot be increased all the time due to the fragility of quartz wafer and the limits of energy trapping effect. Few studies are associated with mass sensitivity of a QCM resonator under overtone modes. Herein, we propose to make a QCM resonator work in its n-th overtone (n = 3, 5, 7, 9 in this study) mode to increase its resonance frequency during operating. Thereby, the purpose of improving QCM mass sensitivity is achieved, and the mass sensitivity of a QCM working in the n-th overtone mode can be called as n-th overtone mass sensitivity. Then, the n-th overtone mass sensitivity of a QCM sensor is measured by an electrodeposition method. The experimental results show that the n-th overtone mass sensitivity of a QCM is a bit more than n times that of the fundamental mass sensitivity, and it is consistent with the theoretical calculation results. The application of overtone mass sensitivity will greatly improve the sensitivity of QCM sensors, which is very attractive for the research fields that require QCM sensors with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Hu
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Institut für Informatik VI, Technische Universität München, München 85748, Germany
| | - Göktug Yesilbas
- Institut für Informatik VI, Technische Universität München, München 85748, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiangshun Geng
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Alois Knoll
- Institut für Informatik VI, Technische Universität München, München 85748, Germany
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Chen XF, Zhao X, Yang Z. Aptasensors for the detection of infectious pathogens: design strategies and point-of-care testing. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:443. [PMID: 36350388 PMCID: PMC9643942 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05533-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The epidemic of infectious diseases caused by contagious pathogens is a life-threatening hazard to the entire human population worldwide. A timely and accurate diagnosis is the critical link in the fight against infectious diseases. Aptamer-based biosensors, the so-called aptasensors, employ nucleic acid aptamers as bio-receptors for the recognition of target pathogens of interest. This review focuses on the design strategies as well as state-of-the-art technologies of aptasensor-based diagnostics for infectious pathogens (mainly bacteria and viruses), covering the utilization of three major signal transducers, the employment of aptamers as recognition moieties, the construction of versatile biosensing platforms (mostly micro and nanomaterial-based), innovated reporting mechanisms, and signal enhancement approaches. Advanced point-of-care testing (POCT) for infectious disease diagnostics are also discussed highlighting some representative ready-to-use devices to address the urgent needs of currently prevalent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pressing issues in aptamer-based technology and some future perspectives of aptasensors are provided for the implementation of aptasensor-based diagnostics into practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, People's Republic of China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, 510005, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Johannsmann D, Langhoff A, Leppin C. Studying Soft Interfaces with Shear Waves: Principles and Applications of the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3490. [PMID: 34067761 PMCID: PMC8157064 DOI: 10.3390/s21103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The response of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM, also: QCM-D for "QCM with Dissipation monitoring") to loading with a diverse set of samples is reviewed in a consistent frame. After a brief introduction to the advanced QCMs, the governing equation (the small-load approximation) is derived. Planar films and adsorbates are modeled based on the acoustic multilayer formalism. In liquid environments, viscoelastic spectroscopy and high-frequency rheology are possible, even on layers with a thickness in the monolayer range. For particulate samples, the contact stiffness can be derived. Because the stress at the contact is large, the force is not always proportional to the displacement. Nonlinear effects are observed, leading to a dependence of the resonance frequency and the resonance bandwidth on the amplitude of oscillation. Partial slip, in particular, can be studied in detail. Advanced topics include structured samples and the extension of the small-load approximation to its tensorial version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Christian Leppin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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10
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Development of a quartz crystal sensor system to monitor local soil removal during cleaning in closed food processing lines. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Kartanas T, Levin A, Toprakcioglu Z, Scheidt T, Hakala TA, Charmet J, Knowles TPJ. Label-Free Protein Analysis Using Liquid Chromatography with Gravimetric Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2848-2853. [PMID: 33507064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The detection and analysis of proteins in a label-free manner under native solution conditions is an increasingly important objective in analytical bioscience platform development. Common approaches to detect native proteins in solution often require specific labels to enhance sensitivity. Dry mass sensing approaches, by contrast, using mechanical resonators, can operate in a label-free manner and offer attractive sensitivity. However, such approaches typically suffer from a lack of analyte selectivity as the interface between standard protein separation techniques and micro-resonator platforms is often constrained by qualitative mechanical sensor performance in the liquid phase. Here, we describe a strategy that overcomes this limitation by coupling liquid chromatography with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) platform by using a microfluidic spray dryer. We explore a strategy which allows first to separate a protein mixture in a physiological buffer solution using size exclusion chromatography, permitting specific protein fractions to be selected, desalted, and subsequently spray-dried onto the QCM for absolute mass analysis. By establishing a continuous flow interface between the chromatography column and the spray device via a flow splitter, simultaneous protein mass detection and sample fractionation is achieved, with sensitivity down to a 100 μg/mL limit of detection. This approach for quantitative label-free protein mixture analysis offers the potential for detection of protein species under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadas Kartanas
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Aviad Levin
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Zenon Toprakcioglu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Tom Scheidt
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Tuuli A Hakala
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jerome Charmet
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FE, U.K
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12
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Topology Challenge for the Assessment of Living Cell Deposits with Shear Bulk Acoustic Biosensor. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102079. [PMID: 33096764 PMCID: PMC7589984 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Shear bulk acoustic type of resonant biosensors, such as the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), give access to label-free in-liquid analysis of surface interactions. The general understanding of the sensing principles was inherited from past developments in biofilms measurements and applied to cells while keeping the same basic assumptions. Thus, the biosensor readouts are still quite often described using 'mass' related terminology. This contribution aims to show that assessment of cell deposits with acoustic biosensors requires a deep understanding of the sensor transduction mechanism. More specifically, the cell deposits should be considered as a structured viscoelastic load and the sensor response depends on both material and topological parameters of the deposits. This shifts the paradigm of acoustic biosensor away from the classical mass loading perspective. As a proof of the concept, we recorded QCM frequency shifts caused by blood platelet deposits on a collagen surface under different rheological conditions and observed the final deposit shape with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results vividly demonstrate that the frequency shift is highly impacted by the platelet topology on the bio-interface. We support our findings with numerical simulations of viscoelastic unstructured and structured loads in liquid. Both experimental and theoretical studies underline the complexity behind the frequency shift interpretation when acoustic biosensing is used with cell deposits.
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13
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Leppin C, Hampel S, Meyer FS, Langhoff A, Fittschen UEA, Johannsmann D. A Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Which Tracks Four Overtones in Parallel with a Time Resolution of 10 Milliseconds: Application to Inkjet Printing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5915. [PMID: 33092072 PMCID: PMC7589769 DOI: 10.3390/s20205915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is described, which simultaneously determines resonance frequency and bandwidth on four different overtones. The time resolution is 10 milliseconds. This fast, multi-overtone QCM is based on multi-frequency lockin amplification. Synchronous interrogation of overtones is needed, when the sample changes quickly and when information on the sample is to be extracted from the comparison between overtones. The application example is thermal inkjet-printing. At impact, the resonance frequencies change over a time shorter than 10 milliseconds. There is a further increase in the contact area, evidenced by an increasing common prefactor to the shifts in frequency, Δf, and half-bandwidth, ΔΓ. The ratio ΔΓ/(-Δf), which quantifies the energy dissipated per time and unit area, decreases with time. Often, there is a fast initial decrease, lasting for about 100 milliseconds, followed by a slower decrease, persisting over the entire drying time (a few seconds). Fitting the overtone dependence of Δf(n) and ΔΓ(n) with power laws, one finds power-law exponents of about 1/2, characteristic of semi-infinite Newtonian liquids. The power-law exponents corresponding to Δf(n) slightly increase with time. The decrease of ΔΓ/(-Δf) and the increase of the exponents are explained by evaporation and formation of a solid film at the resonator surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leppin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (C.L.); (F.S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Sven Hampel
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (S.H.); (U.E.A.F.)
| | - Frederick Sebastian Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (C.L.); (F.S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (C.L.); (F.S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Ursula Elisabeth Adriane Fittschen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (S.H.); (U.E.A.F.)
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (C.L.); (F.S.M.); (A.L.)
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Oseev A, Lecompte T, Remy-Martin F, Mourey G, Chollet F, de Boiseaumarie BLR, Rouleau A, Bourgeois O, de Maistre E, Elie-Caille C, Manceau JF, Boireau W, Leblois T. Assessment of Shear-Dependent Kinetics of Primary Haemostasis With a Microfluidic Acoustic Biosensor. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:2329-2338. [PMID: 33055022 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3031542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Primary haemostasis is a complex dynamic process, which involves in-flow interactions between platelets and sub-endothelial matrix at the area of the damaged vessel wall. It results in a first haemostatic plug, which stops bleeding, before coagulation ensues and consolidates it. The diagnosis of primary haemostasis defect would benefit from evaluation of the whole sequence of mechanisms involved in platelet plug formation in flow. This work proposes a new approach that is based on characterization of the shear-dependent kinetics that enables the evaluation of the early stages of primary haemostasis. We used a label-free method with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor to measure the platelet deposits over time onto covalently immobilized type I fibrillar collagen. We defined three metrics: total frequency shift, lag time, and growth rate. The measurement was completed at four predefined shear rates prevailing in small vessels (500, 770, 1000 and 1500 s-1) during five minutes of perfusion with anticoagulated normal whole blood. The rate of the frequency shift over the first five minutes was strongly influenced by shear rate conditions, presenting a maximum around 770 s-1, and varying by a factor larger than three in the studied shear rate range. To validate the biosensor signal, the total frequency shift was compared to results obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) on final platelet deposits. The results show that shear-dependent kinetic assays are promising as an advanced method for screening of primary haemostasis.
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Meyer F, Langhoff A, Arnau A, Johannsmann D, Reviakine I. An ultrafast quartz crystal microbalance based on a frequency comb approach delivers sub-millisecond time resolution. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:115108. [PMID: 31779439 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCMD) is a simple and versatile sensing technique with applications in a wide variety of academic and industrial fields, most notably electrochemistry, biophysics, quality control, and environmental monitoring. QCMD is limited by a relatively poor time resolution, which is of the order of seconds with conventional instrument designs at the noise level usually required. In this work, we present a design of an ultrafast QCMD with submillisecond time resolution. It is based on a frequency comb approach applied to a high-fundamental-frequency (HFF) resonator through a multifrequency lock-in amplifier. The combination allows us to reach data acquisition rates >10 kHz. We illustrate the method using a toy model of a glass sphere dropped on the resonator surfaces, bare or coated with liposomes, in liquid. We discuss some interesting features of the results obtained with the dropped spheres, such as bending of the HFF resonators due to the impact, sphere bouncing (or the absence of it), and contact aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Antonio Arnau
- Advanced Wave Sensors S.L., Calle Algepsers 24-1, 46988 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Ilya Reviakine
- Advanced Wave Sensors S.L., Calle Algepsers 24-1, 46988 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Gas sensors based on mass-sensitive transducers part 1: transducers and receptors-basic understanding. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1761-1787. [PMID: 30868191 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The scientific interest in gas sensors is continuously increasing because of their environmental, medical, industrial, and domestic applications. This has resulted in an increasing number of investigations being reported in the literature and communicated at conferences. The present review, organized in two parts, addresses the peculiarities of gas sensors based on mass-sensitive transducers, starting with their structure and functionality and progressing to implementation and specific use. In this first part of the review, we discuss the constructional peculiarities and operation regions and the physical and chemical processes governing the reception and transduction functions and the way in which they influence the sensor sensing parameters/features. Scientific outcomes and trends in research into gas sensors based on mass sensitive transducers are also considered.
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Sievers P, Moß C, Schröder U, Johannsmann D. Use of torsional resonators to monitor electroactive biofilms. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 110:225-232. [PMID: 29625330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Whereas the study of interfaces and thin films with the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is well established, biofilms have proven to be a difficult subject for the QCM. The main problem is that the shear wave emanating from the resonator surface does not usually reach to the top of the sample. This problem can be solved with torsional resonators. These have a resonance frequency in the range of tens of kHz, which is much below the frequency of the thickness-shear QCMs. The depth of penetration of the shear wave is correspondingly larger. Data acquisition and data analysis can proceed in analogy to the conventional thickness-shear QCM. Torsional resonators may also be operated as electrochemical QCMs (EQCMs), meaning that a DC electrical potential may be applied to the active electrode and that shifts of frequency and bandwidth may be acquired in parallel to the electrical current. Here we report on the formation of mixed-culture biofilms dominated by the microorganism Geobacter anodireducens. The viscoelastic analysis evidences an increase in rigidity as the films grows. Potential sweeps on electroactive biofilms reveal a softening under negative potentials, that is, under conditions, where the layer's metabolism was slowed down by insufficient oxidative activity of the substrate. For comparison, biofilms were monitored in parallel with a conventional thickness-shear QCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Sievers
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Christopher Moß
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Sakti S, Khusnah N, Santjojo D, Masruroh, Sabarudin A. Surface Modification of Polystyrene Coating on QCM Sensor using Ambient Air Plasma at Low Pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kartanas T, Ostanin V, Challa PK, Daly R, Charmet J, Knowles TP. Enhanced Quality Factor Label-free Biosensing with Micro-Cantilevers Integrated into Microfluidic Systems. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11929-11936. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadas Kartanas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department
of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Ostanin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Pavan Kumar Challa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan Daly
- Department
of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Charmet
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Digital Healthcare, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P.J. Knowles
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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Microfluidics Integrated Biosensors: A Leading Technology towards Lab-on-a-Chip and Sensing Applications. SENSORS 2015; 15:30011-31. [PMID: 26633409 PMCID: PMC4721704 DOI: 10.3390/s151229783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor can be defined as a compact analytical device or unit incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensitive recognition element immobilized on a physicochemical transducer to measure one or more analytes. Microfluidic systems, on the other hand, provide throughput processing, enhance transport for controlling the flow conditions, increase the mixing rate of different reagents, reduce sample and reagents volume (down to nanoliter), increase sensitivity of detection, and utilize the same platform for both sample preparation and detection. In view of these advantages, the integration of microfluidic and biosensor technologies provides the ability to merge chemical and biological components into a single platform and offers new opportunities for future biosensing applications including portability, disposability, real-time detection, unprecedented accuracies, and simultaneous analysis of different analytes in a single device. This review aims at representing advances and achievements in the field of microfluidic-based biosensing. The review also presents examples extracted from the literature to demonstrate the advantages of merging microfluidic and biosensing technologies and illustrate the versatility that such integration promises in the future biosensing for emerging areas of biological engineering, biomedical studies, point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and precision agriculture.
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Johannsmann D, Brenner G. Frequency Shifts of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Calculated with the Frequency-Domain Lattice–Boltzmann Method: Application to Coupled Liquid Mass. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7476-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Gunther Brenner
- Institute
of Applied Mechanics, Clausthal University of Technology, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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22
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Whitcombe MJ, Kirsch N, Nicholls IA. Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:297-401. [PMID: 24700625 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, reviews, edited volumes and monographs from this period are included, along with recently identified uncited materials from prior to 2004, which were omitted in the first instalment of this series covering the years 1930-2003. In the presentation of the assembled references, a section presenting reviews and monographs covering the area is followed by sections describing fundamental aspects of molecular imprinting including the development of novel polymer formats. Thereafter, literature describing efforts to apply these polymeric materials to a range of application areas is presented. Current trends and areas of rapid development are discussed.
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Fuchiwaki Y, Tanaka M, Makita Y, Ooie T. New approach to a practical quartz crystal microbalance sensor utilizing an inkjet printing system. SENSORS 2014; 14:20468-79. [PMID: 25360577 PMCID: PMC4279494 DOI: 10.3390/s141120468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates a valuable approach to developing quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor units inexpensively for reliable determination of analytes. This QCM sensor unit is constructed by inkjet printing equipment utilizing background noise removal techniques. Inkjet printing equipment was chosen as an alternative to an injection pump in conventional flow-mode systems to facilitate the commercial applicability of these practical devices. The results demonstrate minimization of fluctuations from external influences, determination of antigen-antibody interactions in an inkjet deposition, and quantification of C-reactive protein in the range of 50–1000 ng(x000B7)mL−1. We thus demonstrate a marketable application of an inexpensive and easily available QCM sensor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Fuchiwaki
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14, Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14, Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
| | - Yoji Makita
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14, Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Ooie
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14, Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
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24
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Jüschke M, Koch C, Dreyer T. An erosion sensor based on a quartz crystal microbalance for quantitative determination of the cleaning efficiency in an ultrasonic vessel. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:1900-1906. [PMID: 24838113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of ultrasonic cleaning vessels cannot be measured directly in an easy way. In the presented work, a sensor is developed which quantitatively measures the ablation of a test layer. The sensor element is a quartz crystal which is coated with a sacrificial layer. Small changes in mass of this layer can be measured by a frequency shift of the crystal oscillation. For measurements, a 10 MHz AT-cut quartz crystal was used in a cleaning vessel working at 44.9 kHz. To determine the frequency shift by the ablation of the test layer, the quartz crystal was driven by a frequency generator sweeping the frequency in the range of the resonance frequency and a characteristic frequency was determined. The test layer which was applied to the quartz crystal consisted of silica microparticles suspended in varnish. In a preliminary experiment using a commercial cleaner it could be shown that significant changes in resonance frequency by cavitation effect could be detected. The initial frequency shift of the sacrificial layer is reproducible within 10%. The test layer can be adapted to the conditions of the cleaning vessel. By changing the electrical input power of the vessel, a threshold in the cavitation erosion was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jüschke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - C Koch
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T Dreyer
- Weber Ultrasonics GmbH, Im Hinteracker 7, 76307 Karlsbad-Ittersbach, Germany
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25
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Wei XL, Zhang J, Zhao N. Acoustic sensing of the initial adhesion of chemokine-stimulated cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 111:688-92. [PMID: 23911626 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines together with their receptors play important roles in tumor metastasis. Intracellular signals stimulated by chemokines regulate the initial adhesion of cancer cells, which controls the subsequent cell spreading and migration. Until now, the nature of initial cell adhesion has been understood very poorly, since conventional assays are static and could not provide dynamic information. In order to address this issue, we adopt an acoustic sensor, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), to monitor the attachment of chemokine-stimulated cancer cells in real-time. As a model, the chemokine CXCL12 was used to stimulate three human breast cancer cell lines expressing different levels of its receptor CXCR4, which triggers intracellular signaling pathways that activate integrins across cell membrane. Interaction between cellular integrins and adhesion molecules (CAMs) pre-coated on sensor surfaces were in situ monitored by QCM of which the frequency was sensitive to the mechanical connection of cells to the sensor surface. The ratio of frequency shift under stimulation to that without stimulation indicated the number and strength of integrin-CAM binding stimulated by the chemokine. The cell-surface binding was found to be enhanced by CXCL12, which depends on the CAM type and levels of chemokine and receptor, and was significantly inhibited by a blocker of the chemokine pathway. The binding of integrin with intercellular adhesion molecule was also found to be strong and in good correlated with the chemotactic indexes obtained by the classical Boyden chamber assay. This research suggests that acoustic sensing of initial cell adhesion could provide a dynamic insight into cell interfacial phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Wei
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Research Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Research Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Na Zhao
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Research Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
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26
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Länge K, Gruhl FJ, Rapp M. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) biosensors: coupling of sensing layers and measurement. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 949:491-505. [PMID: 23329462 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-134-9_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices based on horizontally polarized surface shear waves enable direct and label-free detection of proteins in real time. Signal response changes result mainly from mass increase and viscoelasticity changes on the device surface. With an appropriate sensor configuration all types of binding reactions can be detected by determining resonant frequency changes of an oscillator. To create a biosensor, SAW devices have to be coated with a sensing layer binding specifically to the analyte. Intermediate hydrogel layers used within the coating have been proven to be very suitable to easily immobilize capture molecules or ligands corresponding to the analyte. However, aside from mass increase due to analyte binding, the SAW signal response in a subsequent binding experiment strongly depends on the morphology of the sensing layer, as this may lead to different relative changes of viscoelasticity. Bearing these points in mind, we present two basic biosensor coating procedures, one with immobilized capture molecule and a second with immobilized ligand, allowing reliable SAW biosensor signal responses in subsequent binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Länge
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Microstructure Technology (IMT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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27
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Tymchenko N, Nilebäck E, Voinova MV, Gold J, Kasemo B, Svedhem S. Reversible Changes in Cell Morphology due to Cytoskeletal Rearrangements Measured in Real-Time by QCM-D. Biointerphases 2012; 7:43. [DOI: 10.1007/s13758-012-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Nirschl M, Reuter F, Vörös J. Review of transducer principles for label-free biomolecular interaction analysis. BIOSENSORS 2011; 1:70-92. [PMID: 25586921 PMCID: PMC4264362 DOI: 10.3390/bios1030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Label-free biomolecular interaction analysis is an important technique to study the chemical binding between e.g., protein and protein or protein and small molecule in real-time. The parameters obtained with this technique, such as the affinity, are important for drug development. While the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) instruments are most widely used, new types of sensors are emerging. These developments are generally driven by the need for higher throughput, lower sample consumption or by the need of complimentary information to the SPR data. This review aims to give an overview about a wide range of sensor transducers, the working principles and the peculiarities of each technology, e.g., concerning the set-up, sensitivity, sensor size or required sample volume. Starting from optical technologies like the SPR and waveguide based sensors, acoustic sensors like the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and the film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR), calorimetric and electrochemical sensors are covered. Technologies long established in the market are presented together with those newly commercially available and with technologies in the early development stage. Finally, the commercially available instruments are summarized together with their sensitivity and the number of sensors usable in parallel and an outlook for potential future developments is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Nirschl
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Reuter
- Siemens Technology Accelerator GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munich, Germany.
| | - Janos Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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29
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Potipitak T, Ngrenngarmlert W, Promptmas C, Chomean S, Ittarat W. Diagnosis and genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum by a DNA biosensor based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1367-1373. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMalaria infection withA label-free DNA biosensor based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to diagnose and genotypeThe newly developed QCM was tested for its diagnosis ability using both malaria laboratory strains and clinical isolates. The biosensor was sensitive at the sub-nanogram level, specific for onlyThe dual function QCM was successfully developed with high sensitivity and specificity, and was cost-effective, stable and field adaptable.
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Gruhl FJ, Rapp BE, Länge K. Biosensors for diagnostic applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 133:115-48. [PMID: 22223139 DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors combine a transducer with a biorecognition element and thus are able to transform a biochemical event on the transducer surface directly into a measurable signal. By this they have the potential to provide rapid, real-time, and accurate results in a comparatively easy way, which makes them promising analytical devices. Since the first biosensor was introduced in 1962 as an "enzyme electrode" for monitoring glucose in blood, medical applications have been the main driving force for further biosensor development. In this chapter we outline potential biosensor setups, focusing on transduction principles, biorecognition layers, and biosensor test formats, with regard to potential applications. A summary of relevant aspects concerning biosensor integration in efficient analytical setups is included. We describe the latest applications of biosensors in diagnostic applications focusing on detection of molecular biomarkers in real samples. An overview of the current state and future trends of biosensors in this field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike J Gruhl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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31
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Fujimaki M, Nomura KI, Sato K, Kato T, Gopinath SCB, Wang X, Awazu K, Ohki Y. Detection of colored nanomaterials using evanescent field-based waveguide sensors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:15732-40. [PMID: 20720956 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.015732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an optical system designed for detecting colored nanomaterials in aqueous solutions, using the concept of evanescent-field-coupled waveguide-mode sensors. In this study, we found that the waveguide modes induced in the sensor are intrinsically sensitive to a change in optical absorption, or a 'change in color'. The system detects less than one gold nanoparticle (diameter: 20 nm) adsorbed per square micrometer. It is also demonstrated that significant signal enhancement due to adsorption of molecules is achieved using a dye. The developed sensor rarely suffers from a drawback of impurity adsorption. The system is expected to be applied as an effective sensing tool for metal colloids, nanoparticles, and colored biomolecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Fujimaki
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan.
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32
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Biosensors with label-free detection designed for diagnostic applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2403-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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33
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Hsiao HY, Chen RLC, Cheng TJ. Single-scan measurement of conductance of a quartz crystal microbalance array coupled with resonant markers for biosensing in liquid phase. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:044301. [PMID: 19405677 DOI: 10.1063/1.3111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a method for sensing the viscoelastic property of liquid/solid interface using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) array. Each sensor in a QCM array has a unique resonant frequency and can be identified by a single-scan measurement of admittance (or impedance). The resonant frequency encoding at each sensor in an array was realized by connecting a capacitor with a known capacitance, called a resonant marker, to the sensor in series. Changes in the resonant frequency of all sensors in an array can be determined using an impedance analyzer and a program that determines the frequencies at which the conductance is at a local maximum. The sensing method allows every sensor output (resonant frequency) to be obtained without the use of time-consuming multiplexed hardware and software. Adsorptions of biomolecules by multiple sensor are monitored in the liquid phase to demonstrate the feasibility of frequency encoding using resonant markers and the single-scan measurement of conductance of a QCM array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Yi Hsiao
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Skládal P. Piezoelectric quartz crystal resonators applied for immunosensing and affinity interaction studies. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 504:37-50. [PMID: 19159089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-569-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric quartz crystals serve as resonator-based transducers for direct and real-time monitoring of immunoaffinity interactions. The measuring system is briefly characterized; several examples for immobilization of antibodies are recommended. The piezoelectric immunoassays employing direct, competitive, and displacement-based formats are demonstrated on examples. The method for kinetic characterization of immunoaffinity interactions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Ghazali M, Hayward GL. Simplex optimization of acoustic assay for plasminogen activators. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:635-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ghazali M, Hayward GL. Acoustic determination of performance and equivalence of plasminogen activators. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:897-902. [PMID: 18759103 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A reliable method for the measurement of different plasminogen activators is of great interest for both manufacturing and clinical medicine. A one-step assay based on a thickness shear mode acoustic sensor has been developed for this purpose. Two separate mixtures of substrates (fibrinogen and plasminogen) and enzymes (thrombin and the plasminogen activator) were mixed, and placed on the acoustic sensor surface. During the assay, the resonant frequency of a quartz crystal oscillating in the thickness shear mode was measured and used to find a characteristic clot dissolution time, from the sample addition to the time at the maximum dissolution rate. Calibrations of the acoustic assay were done for tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) as well as for the other plasminogen activators: urokinase (u-PA); streptokinase (SK) and staphylokinase (SAK). All gave relative standard deviations of about 12%. Since the same method was used for all of the activators, their activities were compared, resolving the differences between their unit definitions. Linear relationships were found between urokinase and streptokinase which activate plasminogen directly and between t-PA and staphylokinase which require fibrin as a cofactor. The relationship between the groups was found to curve, indicating the difference between the two mechanisms. The acoustic method, therefore, may be used as a rapid and cost-effective reference method for the standardization and comparison of different plasminogen activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirnader Ghazali
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran.
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37
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Wudy F, Multerer M, Stock C, Schmeer G, Gores H. Rapid impedance scanning QCM for electrochemical applications based on miniaturized hardware and high-performance curve fitting. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Länge K, Rapp M. Influence of intermediate aminodextran layers on the signal response of surface acoustic wave biosensors. Anal Biochem 2008; 377:170-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The Quartz Crystal Microbalance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1573-4374(08)80008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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40
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Erickson D, Mandal S, Yang AHJ, Cordovez B. Nanobiosensors: optofluidic, electrical and mechanical approaches to biomolecular detection at the nanoscale. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2008; 4:33-52. [PMID: 18806888 PMCID: PMC2544611 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-007-0198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Next generation biosensor platforms will require significant improvements in sensitivity, specificity and parallelity in order to meet the future needs of a variety of fields ranging from in vitro medical diagnostics, pharmaceutical discovery and pathogen detection. Nano-biosensors, which exploit some fundamental nanoscopic effect in order to detect a specific biomolecular interaction, have now been developed to a point where it is possible to determine in what cases their inherent advantages over traditional techniques (such as nucleic acid microarrays) more than offset the added complexity and cost involved constructing and assembling the devices. In this paper we will review the state of the art in nanoscale biosensor technologies, focusing primarily on optofluidic type devices but also covering those which exploit fundamental mechanical and electrical transduction mechanisms. A detailed overview of next generation requirements is presented yielding a series of metrics (namely limit of detection, multiplexibility, measurement limitations, and ease of fabrication/assembly) against which the various technologies are evaluated. Concluding remarks regarding the likely technological impact of some of the promising technologies are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Erickson
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 240 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Roach P, Atherton S, Doy N, McHale G, Newton MI. SU-8 Guiding Layer for Love Wave Devices. SENSORS 2007; 7:2539-2547. [PMID: 28903244 PMCID: PMC3965230 DOI: 10.3390/s71102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SU-8 is a technologically important photoresist used extensively for the fabrication of microfluidics and MEMS, allowing high aspect ratio structures to be produced. In this work we report the use of SU-8 as a Love wave sensor guiding layer which allows the possibility of integrating a guiding layer with flow cell during fabrication. Devices were fabricated on ST-cut quartz substrates with a single-single finger design such that a surface skimming bulk wave (SSBW) at 97.4 MHz was excited. SU-8 polymer layers were successively built up by spin coating and spectra recorded at each stage; showing a frequency decrease with increasing guiding layer thickness. The insertion loss and frequency dependence as a function of guiding layer thickness was investigated over the first Love wave mode. Mass loading sensitivity of the resultant Love wave devices was investigated by deposition of multiple gold layers. Liquid sensing using these devices was also demonstrated; water-glycerol mixtures were used to demonstrate sensing of density-viscosity and the physical adsorption and removal of protein was also assessed using albumin and fibrinogen as model proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Roach
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham. NG11 8NS. UK.
| | - Shaun Atherton
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham. NG11 8NS. UK
| | - Nicola Doy
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham. NG11 8NS. UK
| | - Glen McHale
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham. NG11 8NS. UK
| | - Michael I Newton
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham. NG11 8NS. UK
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43
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Gronewold TM. Surface acoustic wave sensors in the bioanalytical field: Recent trends and challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 603:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tinnefeld P. Making Ultrasensitive Weighing Biocompatible by Placing the Sample within a Resonant Cantilever. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:7926-9. [PMID: 17907176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tinnefeld
- Angewandte Physik-Biophysik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany.
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45
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Tinnefeld P. Hoch empfindliches und biokompatibles Wiegen in einer resonanten Blattfeder. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Burg TP, Godin M, Knudsen SM, Shen W, Carlson G, Foster JS, Babcock K, Manalis SR. Weighing of biomolecules, single cells and single nanoparticles in fluid. Nature 2007; 446:1066-9. [PMID: 17460669 DOI: 10.1038/nature05741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators enable the measurement of mass with extraordinary sensitivity. Previously, samples as light as 7 zeptograms (1 zg = 10(-21) g) have been weighed in vacuum, and proton-level resolution seems to be within reach. Resolving small mass changes requires the resonator to be light and to ring at a very pure tone-that is, with a high quality factor. In solution, viscosity severely degrades both of these characteristics, thus preventing many applications in nanotechnology and the life sciences where fluid is required. Although the resonant structure can be designed to minimize viscous loss, resolution is still substantially degraded when compared to measurements made in air or vacuum. An entirely different approach eliminates viscous damping by placing the solution inside a hollow resonator that is surrounded by vacuum. Here we demonstrate that suspended microchannel resonators can weigh single nanoparticles, single bacterial cells and sub-monolayers of adsorbed proteins in water with sub-femtogram resolution (1 Hz bandwidth). Central to these results is our observation that viscous loss due to the fluid is negligible compared to the intrinsic damping of our silicon crystal resonator. The combination of the low resonator mass (100 ng) and high quality factor (15,000) enables an improvement in mass resolution of six orders of magnitude over a high-end commercial quartz crystal microbalance. This gives access to intriguing applications, such as mass-based flow cytometry, the direct detection of pathogens, or the non-optical sizing and mass density measurement of colloidal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Burg
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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