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Fast Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) at ppt Level by a Laser-Induced Immunofluorometric Biosensor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10080089. [PMID: 32764236 PMCID: PMC7460505 DOI: 10.3390/bios10080089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The illegal use of explosives by terrorists and other criminals is an increasing issue in public spaces, such as airports, railway stations, highways, sports venues, theaters, and other large buildings. Security in these environments can be achieved by different means, including the installation of scanners and other analytical devices to detect ultra-small traces of explosives in a very short time-frame to be able to take action as early as possible to prevent the detonation of such devices. Unfortunately, an ideal explosive detection system still does not exist, which means that a compromise is needed in practice. Most detection devices lack the extreme analytical sensitivity, which is nevertheless necessary due to the low vapor pressure of nearly all explosives. In addition, the rate of false positives needs to be virtually zero, which is also very difficult to achieve. Here we present an immunosensor system based on kinetic competition, which is known to be very fast and may even overcome affinity limitation, which impairs the performance of many traditional competitive assays. This immunosensor consists of a monolithic glass column with a vast excess of immobilized hapten, which traps the fluorescently labeled antibody as long as no explosive is present. In the case of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), some binding sites of the antibody will be blocked, which leads to an immediate breakthrough of the labeled protein, detectable by highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence with the help of a Peltier-cooled complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera. Liquid handling is performed with high-precision syringe pumps and chip-based mixing-devices and flow-cells. The system achieved limits of detection of 1 pM (1 ppt) of the fluorescent label and around 100 pM (20 ppt) of TNT. The total assay time is less than 8 min. A cross-reactivity test with 5000 pM solutions showed no signal by pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). This immunosensor belongs to the most sensitive and fastest detectors for TNT with no significant cross-reactivity by non-related compounds. The consumption of the labeled antibody is surprisingly low: 1 mg of the reagent would be sufficient for more than one year of continuous biosensor operation.
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Jiao Y, Cui CF, He HY, He C, Duan CY. Fluorescent Recognition of 4-Amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene by a Cerium-Based Metal–Organic Tetrahedron. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6575-6578. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bulutoglu B, Haghpanah J, Campbell E, Banta S. Engineered Biomolecular Recognition of RDX by Using a Thermostable Alcohol Dehydrogenase as a Protein Scaffold. Chembiochem 2018; 19:247-255. [PMID: 29165861 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There are many biotechnology applications that would benefit from simple, stable proteins with engineered biomolecular recognition. Here, we explored the hypothesis that a thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhD from Pyrococcus furiosus) could be engineered to bind a small molecule instead of a cofactor or molecules involved in the catalytic transition state. We chose the explosive molecule 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (royal demolition explosive, RDX) as a proof-of-concept. Its low solubility in water was exploited for immobilization for biopanning by using ribosome display. Docking simulations were used to identify two potential binding sites in AdhD, and a randomized library focused on tyrosine or serine mutations was used to determine that RDX was binding in the substrate binding pocket of the enzyme. A fully randomized binding pocket library was selected, and affinity maturation by error-prone PCR led to the identification of a mutant (EP-16) that gained the ability to bind RDX with an affinity of (73±11) μm. These results underscore the way in which thermostable enzymes can be useful scaffolds for expanding the biomolecular recognition toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Bulutoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, Room 801, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Present address: The Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer Haghpanah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, Room 801, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Elliot Campbell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, Room 801, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Present address: Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NY, 08854, USA
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, Room 801, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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Comparison of an antibody and its recombinant derivative for the detection of the small molecule explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 759:100-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ramin S, Weller MG. Extremely sensitive and selective antibodies against the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by rational design of a structurally optimized hapten. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:89-97. [PMID: 22290770 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are a promising tool for the fast and selective trace detection of explosives. Unfortunately, the production of high-quality antibodies is not trivial and often expensive. Therefore, excellent antibodies are a rare and limiting resource in fields such as biosensing, environmental analysis, diagnostics, cancer therapy, and proteomics. Here, we report the synthesis, bioconjugation, and application of the structurally optimized hapten 6-(2,4,6-trinitro)-phenylhexanoic acid to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of antibodies for the detection of one of the most important explosives, trinitrotoluene. With a conjugate of bovine serum albumin and a highly purified N-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS)-activated hapten, two rabbits were immunized to obtain polyclonal antibodies. The immunization process was monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to gain information about the progress of antibody titer and affinity. Finally, the polyclonal antibodies reached an affinity constant of (5.1 ± 0.6) × 10(9) l/mol (rabbit R1) and (2.3 ± 0.2) × 10(9) l/mol (rabbit R2). The respective assays show a minimum test midpoint (IC(50) value) of 0.1 ± 0.01 µg/l (R1) and 0.2 ± 0.02 µg/l (R2) and a working range of 0.005 to 150 µg/l (R1) and 0.007 to 200 µg/l (R2), which corresponds to more than four orders of magnitude for both. This is quite remarkable for a competitive immunoassay, which is often believed to have a narrow dynamic range. The limit of detection was calculated to 0.6 ng/l (R1) and 1.5 ng/l (R2), which is up to 100 times improvement in relation to the assay of Zeck et al. (1999) on the basis of a monoclonal antibody. The excellent selectivity of the polyclonal antibodies was comprehensively examined by determining the cross-reactivity to common explosives and other nitroaromatics including nitro musk components. The widely held belief that polyclonal antibodies generally display higher cross-reactivities than monoclonals could be disproved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ramin
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.5, Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Giannetto M, Maiolini E, Ferri EN, Girotti S, Mori G, Careri M. Competitive amperometric immunosensor based on covalent linking of a protein conjugate to dendrimer-functionalised nanogold substrate for the determination of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:737-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen X, Kremmer E, Gouzy MF, Clausen E, Starke M, Wöllner K, Pfister G, Hartmann A, Krämer PM. Development and characterization of rat monoclonal antibodies for N-acylated homoserine lactones. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2655-67. [PMID: 20669009 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication mechanism between bacteria using diffusible chemical signaling molecules, which are called autoinducers (AI). By detecting the concentration of quorum sensing molecules through binding to a specific receptor protein, bacteria regulate their gene expressions when the concentration of autoinducers and thus the cell density reaches a threshold level. Many Gram-negative bacteria use acylated homoserine lactones (HSLs) as autoinducers. Because of the broad biological functions of HSLs, interest in detection and analysis of HSLs is increasing with a view to their medical, biotechnological, and agricultural applications. In this study, an anti-HSL antibody-based immunochemical detection method has been developed. Four structurally distinct HSL haptens, named HSL1, HSL2, HSL3, and HSL4, have been designed for antibody and assay development. New rat anti-HSL monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been produced in-house and characterized with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), both in the coating antigen and in the enzyme tracer format. Eight mAbs (HSL1-1A5, HSL1-8E1, HSL1/2-2C10, HSL1/2-4H5, HSL4-4C9, HSL4-5E12, HSL4-5H3, and HSL4-6D3) will be presented in this paper. We demonstrate that the anti-HSL mAbs have distinguished sensitivity and selectivity toward HSLs depending upon their chemical structures. The optimized assays are capable of detecting HSLs in the microgram per liter (low micromolar to nanomolar) range. The best IC(50) (test midpoint) was 134 ± 30 μg L(-1) (n = 54) for N-(3-oxodecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C10-HSL) using mAb HSL1/2-2C10 and HSL1-HRP in the enzyme tracer format. In the coating antigen format, the most selective mAb for N-octanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C8-HSL) was mAb HSL4-4C9. Additionally, anti-HSL mAbs showed higher sensitivity against hydrolyzed HSLs, namely homoserines. These compounds might also occur under certain biological conditions. This study marks the beginning of new ways for quick and cost-effective HSL detection, requiring small sample amounts (less than 1 mL) and little to no sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Basova EY, Goryacheva IY, Mikhirev DA, Rusanova TY, Burmistrova NA, Kerkaert B, Cucu T, De Saeger S, De Meulenaer B. Rapid method for qualitative detection of in environmental samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2009; 1:170-176. [PMID: 32938054 DOI: 10.1039/b9ay00144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A gel-based immunoassay that can be used for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in water samples was developed. Four polyclonal antibodies were generated in chickens using TNT derivatives. The assay was based on the immunoaffinity preconcentration and immuno-enzyme analysis of TNT in the gel. The results of the assay, assessed by color development, were evaluated visually and also by using a flatbed scanner and subsequent digital processing of the scanned gel. The most sensitive color mode, parameter S (saturation, HSB mode), was used for the immunoassay optimization and evaluation of the results. The immunoassays with the best parameters were optimized and characterized. A cut-off level of 5 µg TNT L-1 was reached for water samples. It was shown that tap and environmental water samples could be analyzed directly, without sample preparation and dilution. The developed test is acceptable for use in an on-site field test to provide rapid (about 15 min for six samples), qualitative and reliable results for making environmental decisions such as identifying "hot spots", monitoring of military and terrorist activities, and selecting of site samples for laboratory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Yu Basova
- Department of Common and Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
| | - Irina Yu Goryacheva
- Department of Common and Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
| | - Dmitry A Mikhirev
- Department of Common and Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Yu Rusanova
- Department of Common and Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
| | - Natalia A Burmistrova
- Department of Common and Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
| | - Barbara Kerkaert
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tania Cucu
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Girotti S, Eremin S, Montoya A, Moreno MJ, Caputo P, D’Elia M, Ripani L, Romolo FS, Maiolini E. Development of a chemiluminescent ELISA and a colloidal gold-based LFIA for TNT detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:687-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the sensitive analysis of 2,4-dinitroaniline and 2,6-dinitroaniline in water and soil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1821-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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MIURA N, SHANKARAN DR, KAWAGUCHI T, MATSUMOTO K, TOKO K. High-performance Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosensors for TNT Detection. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.75.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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