1
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Opekar F, Tůma P. A new coaxial flow-through probe for electromembrane extraction of methadone from clinical samples on-line coupled to capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1300:342461. [PMID: 38521571 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new design of a flow-through coaxial electromembrane extraction (EME) probe that can be on-line coupled with CE instrument is described and tested. The supporting base of the probe is a PDMS microchip with T-shaped channels into which two coaxially arranged capillaries for inlet and outlet solutions are inserted. The extraction part of the probe is a porous polypropylene hollow fiber, sealed at one end and modified with nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) extraction fluid. The internal volume of the extraction probe is 1.1 μL. RESULTS The EME probe was tested on laboratory samples and methadone was extracted into 3.0 M AcOH as acceptor. The concentration dependence was linear in the range of 0.1-1.0 μg mL-1 at EME 300 s/150 V and in the range of 0.5-10.0 μg mL-1 at EME 100 s/150 V. The enrichment factor was greater than 30 and the LOD was 0.21 μg mL-1. The EME of methadone in clinical samples showed a linear concentration dependence in human urine and a nonlinear concentration dependence in serum. The distribution of methadone in each phase of the extraction system and the effect of extraction membrane thickness on the enrichment factor were studied. The EME probe can be applied repeatedly. SIGNIFICANCE The supporting base of EME probe and flow gating interface (FGI) are realized by a microfluidic PDMS microchips cast in the laboratory without the use of lithography. A supporting PDMS chip with coaxially arranged capillaries and extraction membrane forms a compact analytical instrument. The entire EME/CE analysis process is performed on a laboratory-made instrument and automated by LabView.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Opekar
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 2030, 2, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Tůma
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene, Ruská 87, 10, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Ocaña-González JA, Aranda-Merino N, Pérez-Bernal JL, Ramos-Payán M. Solid supports and supported liquid membranes for different liquid phase microextraction and electromembrane extraction configurations. A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463825. [PMID: 36731330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and electromembrane microextraction (EME) can be considered as two of the most popular techniques in sample treatment today. Both techniques can be configurated as membrane-assisted techniques to carry out the extraction. These supports provide the required geometry and stability on the contact surface between two phases (donor and acceptor) and improve the reproducibility of sample treatment techniques. These solid support pore space, once is filled with organic solvents, act as a selective barrier acting as a supported liquid membrane (SLM). The SLM nature is a fundamental parameter, and its selection is critical to carry out successful extractions. There are numerous SLMs that have been successfully employed in a wide variety of application fields. The latter is due to the specificity of the selected organic solvents, which allows the extraction of compounds of a very different nature. In the last decade, solid supports and SLM have evolved towards "green" and environmentally friendly materials and solvents. In this review, solid supports implemented in LPME and EME will be discussed and summarized, as well as their applications. Moreover, the advances and modifications of the solid supports and the SLMs to improve the extraction efficiencies, recoveries and enrichment factors are discussed. Hollow fiber and flat membranes, including microfluidic systems, will be considered depending on the technique, configuration, or device used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Ocaña-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Noemí Aranda-Merino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Pérez-Bernal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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3
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Hoseininezhad-Namin MS, Ozkan SA, Rahimpour E, Jouyban A. Development of a β-cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticle-assisted electromembrane extraction method followed by capillary electrophoresis for methadone determination in plasma. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33936-33944. [PMID: 36505701 PMCID: PMC9702798 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06419g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were used to assist with electromembrane extraction (EME) and were coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ultraviolet (UV) detection (CE-UV) for the extraction and measurement of methadone from plasma samples. A β-CD-modified AuNP-reinforced hollow fiber (HF) was utilized in this work. The β-CD-modified AuNPs act as an absorbent and provide an extra pathway for the analyte extraction. For obtaining the effect of the presence of β-CD-modified AuNPs in the HF pores, the extraction efficiency of the EME and β-CD-modified AuNPs/EME techniques were compared. Different parameters influencing the extraction efficacy of the EME and β-CD-modified AuNPs/EME methods were optimized. Optimal extractions were performed with 1-octanol as the organic solvent in the supported liquid membrane (SLM), with an applied voltage of 10 V as the driving force across the SLM, and with pH 7.0 in the donor solutions with a stirring speed of 1000 rpm after 20 min and 25 min for the β-CD-modified AuNPs/EME and EME methods, respectively. Under optimal conditions, compared with the EME method, the β-CD-modified AuNPs/EME method exhibited increased extraction efficacy in a short time. The β-CD-modified AuNPs/EME technique demonstrated a lower limit of detection (5.0 ng mL-1), higher extraction recovery (68%), and a more optimal preconcentration factor (135). Furthermore, this method was successfully utilized for measuring methadone in real plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Saleh Hoseininezhad-Namin
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Sibel Aysil Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical ChemistryAnkaraTurkey
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran,Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East UniversityP.O. Box 99138 Nicosia, North CyprusMersin 10Turkey
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4
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Electromembrane extraction of tramadol from exhaled breath condensate and its liquid chromatographic analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114959. [PMID: 35907318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tramadol has extracted from the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples through the supported liquid membrane consisting of 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether impregnated in the hollow fiber wall, and the lumen of the hollow fiber was filled with 20 μL of an acceptor phase. Under the optimum conditions of the electromembrane extraction, i.e. the stirring speed of 750 rpm, extraction time of 20 min, acceptor pH at 1.0, donor phase pH at 6.0, and an applied voltage of 170 V across the supported liquid membrane, a preconcentration factor of 128-fold with a extraction recovery of 64% was achieved. Acceptable linearity was obtained in the tramadol concentration range of 5-1000 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.9999) with a limit of detection of 1.5 ng mL-1 and a limit of quantitation of 5 ng mL-1. The relative standard deviations for the intra-day and inter-day replications were obtained between 0.4% and 2.5%. The validated technique was successfully used to determine tramadol in real EBC samples.
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5
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Aleksenko SS, Novikova IV, Novikov RI, Smirnova ZV, Kondrat’ev VB. Amino Alcohols: Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Derivatives of Nitrogen-Containing Toxic Chemicals. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822070024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Eie LV, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hansen FA. Electromembrane extraction of polar substances - Status and perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114407. [PMID: 34634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of polar substances (log P < 2) is reviewed. EME is an extraction technique based on electrokinetic migration of analyte ions from an aqueous sample, across an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an aqueous acceptor solution. Because extraction is based on voltage-assisted partitioning, EME is fundamentally suitable for extraction of polar and ionizable substances that are challenging in many other extraction techniques. The article provides an exhaustive overview of papers on EME of polar substances. From this, different strategies to improve the mass transfer of polar substances are reviewed and critically discussed. These strategies include different SLM chemistries, modification of supporting membranes, sorbent additives, aqueous solution chemistry, and voltage/current related strategies. Finally, the future applicability of EME for polar substances is discussed. We expect EME in the coming years to be developed towards both very selective targeted analysis, as well as untargeted analysis of polar substances in biomedical applications such as metabolomics and peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal Eie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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7
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. Volatile free liquid membranes for electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1182:338959. [PMID: 34602190 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Volatile solvents are excellent extraction media for liquid-liquid extractions. However, their use in supported liquid membranes (SLMs) is limited by their evaporation from SLM and thus poor SLM stability and they have never been considered truly useful for electromembrane extraction (EME). In this contribution, volatile solvents were systematically investigated as liquid membranes for EME and their extraction characteristics were comprehensively examined for the first time. A short plug of a water immiscible volatile solvent (a free liquid membrane (FLM)) was sandwiched between two aqueous plugs (donor and acceptor solutions) in a narrow-bore polymeric tubing. Evaporation of the volatile FLM was thus completely avoided and excellent stability of the phase interface was ensured. Suitability of volatile FLMs for EMEs was justified by μ-EMEs of nortriptyline, haloperidol, loperamide and papaverine as model non-polar basic drugs. Extraction performance of μ-EME through ethyl acetate was comparable or better to that through standard non-volatile EME solvents and a high extraction selectivity was achieved for nortriptyline and haloperidol extracted through chloroform. μ-EMEs through the volatile FLMs were characterized by high extraction recoveries (62%-99% for standards and 40-89% for body fluids), low electric currents (10-1380 nA), no susceptibility to matrix ions and suitability for pretreatment of raw body fluids (human urine and serum). Resulting extracts were analysed by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection (CE/UV). Repeatability of the μ-EME-CE/UV method was excellent with intra-day and inter-day RSD values 0.8-3.2% and 1.8-4.6%, respectively. Further experiments demonstrated additional advantages of volatile FLMs by nearly exhaustive μ-EMEs of atenolol as the polar basic drug with no need for FLM modification by ionic carriers. The presented comprehensive examination of volatile solvents has broadened the range of liquid membranes suitable for EME and it is believed that this proof-of-concept study will stimulate further interest in a deeper investigation of volatile phase interfaces in EME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Skaalvik TG, Øiestad EL, Trones R, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hegstad S. Determination of psychoactive drugs in serum using conductive vial electromembrane extraction combined with UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1183:122926. [PMID: 34624684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conductive vial electromembrane extraction (EME) with prototype equipment was applied for the first time to extract lipophilic basic drugs from serum. With this equipment, traditional platinum electrodes were replaced with sample and acceptor vials made from a conductive polymer, making the electrodes fully integrated and disposable. EME was combined with UHPLC-MS/MS, and a method to determine selected psychoactive drugs (alimemazine, amitriptyline, atomoxetine, clomipramine, doxepin, duloxetine, fluvoxamine, levomepromazine, nortriptyline and trimipramine) and metabolites (desmethyl clomipramine and desmethyl doxepin) in serum was developed, optimized, and validated. Extractions were carried out with 50 V for 15 min from serum samples (100 µL) diluted 1:3 with formic acid (0.1% v/v), using 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether as the supported liquid membrane (SLM), and formic acid (0.1% v/v, 300 µL) as acceptor phase. Using conductive vial EME, the extraction of lipophilic drugs reached exhaustive or near-exhaustive conditions, with recoveries in the range 75-117%. The method demonstrated excellent accuracy and precision, with bias within ± 6%, and intra- and inter-day CVs ranging 0.9 - 6% and 2 - 6%, respectively. In addition, acceptor phases were completely free of glycerophosphocholines. EME-UHPLC-MS/MS was successfully applied in determination of psychoactive drugs in 30 patient samples, and the results were in agreement with the current hospital routine method at St. Olav University Hospital (Trondheim, Norway). Obtaining comparable results to well-established routine methods is highly important for future implementation of EME into routine laboratories. These results thus serve as motivation for further advancing the EME technology. Until now, EME has been carried out with laboratory-build equipment, and the introduction of commercially available standardized equipment is expected to have a positive impact on future research activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Gottenberg Skaalvik
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, Professor Brochs gate 6, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger Trones
- Extraction Technologies Norway, Verkstedveien 29, 1424 Ski, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Solfrid Hegstad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, Professor Brochs gate 6, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
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9
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Aranda-Merino N, Román-Hidalgo C, Pérez-Bernal J, Callejón-Mochón M, Villar-Navarro M, Fernández-Torres R. Effect of Aliquat®336 on supported liquid membrane on electromembrane extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Ultrasound-assisted electromembrane extraction of clonazepam from plasma and determination using capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122928. [PMID: 34536833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, ultrasound-assisted electromembrane extraction (UA-EME) coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and diode array detection (DAD) was developed for the determination of clonazepam from plasma samples. A comparative study was carried out between conventional EME and UA-EME methods to investigate the influence of the ultrasound waves on the extraction efficiency. The central composite design was used for the optimization of the variables affecting these methods to achieve the best extraction efficiency. Under optimal extraction conditions, the UA-EME provided better extraction recovery in a shorter time (58% in 13 min) than the EME method (42% in 30 min). Ultrasound reduces the extraction time and increased recovery by reducing the thickness of the barrier layer. In addition, this method provided a higher pre-concentration factor (203) and a lower limit of detection (3 ng mL-1) with good repeatability (RSDs were less than 10.11%).
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11
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Hansen FA, Tirandaz S, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of polar bases with different liquid membranes-Link to analyte properties. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2631-2641. [PMID: 33909952 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present fundamental study, selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of 50 polar basic substances (-6.7 < log P < +1.0) was systematically studied for ten different supported liquid membranes. For each model substance, 23 molecular descriptors were collected and these were investigated as potential parameters for understanding of extraction efficiency and selectivity by means of partial least squares regression. Overall, a highly aromatic deep eutectic solvent composed of coumarin and thymol with addition of 2% ionic carrier (di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate) provided the highest extraction efficiency with an average extraction yield of 69% from pure water samples, 55% from plasma, and 62% from urine. With this solvent system, ionic, cation-π, and π-π interactions between the supported liquid membrane and analytes were dominant. Supported liquid membranes without aromaticity, however, operated primarily based on hydrogen-bonding interactions. This is the first time the relationship between analyte properties, solvent composition, and extraction yield has systematically been studied for polar bases in electromembrane extraction. This new knowledge represents a first step toward enabling future development and optimization of electromembrane extraction systems for polar bases based on rational design, rather than trial-and-error approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shima Tirandaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Skottvoll F, Hansen FA, Harrison S, Boger IS, Mrsa A, Restan MS, Stein M, Lundanes E, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Aizenshtadt A, Krauss S, Sullivan G, Bogen IL, Wilson SR. Electromembrane Extraction and Mass Spectrometry for Liver Organoid Drug Metabolism Studies. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3576-3585. [PMID: 33534551 PMCID: PMC8023518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver organoids are emerging tools for precision drug development and toxicity screening. We demonstrate that electromembrane extraction (EME) based on electrophoresis across an oil membrane is suited for segregating selected organoid-derived drug metabolites prior to mass spectrometry (MS)-based measurements. EME allowed drugs and drug metabolites to be separated from cell medium components (albumin, etc.) that could interfere with subsequent measurements. Multiwell EME (parallel-EME) holding 100 μL solutions allowed for simple and repeatable monitoring of heroin phase I metabolism kinetics. Organoid parallel-EME extracts were compatible with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) used to separate the analytes prior to detection. Taken together, liver organoids are well-matched with EME followed by MS-based measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frøydis
Sved Skottvoll
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sean Harrison
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Sneis Boger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ago Mrsa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Saed Restan
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Beethovenstr.
55, DE-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 1110, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth Sullivan
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital
and University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112,
Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Lise Bogen
- Section
for Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute
of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1103,
Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
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Šlampová A, Kubáň P. WITHDRAWN: Volatile free liquid membranes for electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta X 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2021.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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14
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Hansen FA, Santigosa-Murillo E, Ramos-Payán M, Muñoz M, Leere Øiestad E, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction using deep eutectic solvents as the liquid membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1143:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Electromembrane extraction of chlorprothixene, haloperidol and risperidone from whole blood and urine. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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Mahdavi P, Nojavan S, Asadi S. An investigation on the effect of filtration and dilution of biological samples on electromembrane extraction efficiency: Determination of basic drugs in plasma and urine samples. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Mahdavi
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Sakine Asadi
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Tehran Iran
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17
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Seyfinejad B, Khoubnasabjafari M, Ziaei SE, Ozkan SA, Jouyban A. Electromembrane extraction as a new approach for determination of free concentration of phenytoin in plasma using capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:615-624. [PMID: 32803689 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electromembrane extraction is a new membrane-based extraction method in which charged compounds are extracted by an electric field. So far, this method has been used to extract and isolate a variety of acidic and basic drugs from various samples, including blood and plasma. However, in this procedure, it is not yet clear whether only unbound fraction of a drug is extracted or the total drug. The aim of this study is to reveal the nature of drug extraction in the presence of plasma proteins. METHODS To determine the nature of the extraction, the electromembrane extraction was performed from plasma solutions of phenytoin with concentrations 0.03 and 1.0 μg/mL, then the result was compared with the values obtained from the electromembrane extraction of ultrafiltrate of the same solutions (free concentration) and protein-free ultrafiltrate of plasma with final concentration of 0.03 and 1.0 μg/mL (total concentration). For this purpose, EME followed by capillary electrophoresis coupled with diode array detection was optimized and validated. RESULTS The results showed that the electromembrane extraction method was only able to extract the unbound fraction of phenytoin from plasma samples. The method was validated over a concentration range of 0.03-4 μg/mL. The inter and intra-assay precisions were less than 6.7%. The phenytoin protein binding was also determined to be in agreement with the literature data and confirms the validity of this method. CONCLUSION This sensitive and quick EME approach for determining the free concentration of a phenytoin, can be a good alternative to classic methods for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Seyfinejad
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Eivaz Ziaei
- Neurosciences Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Restan MS, Ramsrud SB, Jensen H, Pedersen‐Bjergaard S. Influence of acid‐base dissociation equilibria during electromembrane extraction. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3120-3128. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen‐Bjergaard
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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19
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Restan MS, Skjærvø Ø, Martinsen ØG, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Towards exhaustive electromembrane extraction under stagnant conditions. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1104:1-9. [PMID: 32106938 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) in small, stagnant and chip-like devices has the potential for future in-field operation. Literature briefly discuss such systems, but performance suffered from evaporative losses of sample and acceptor. To address this, the current paper reports electromembrane extraction (EME) of five basic drugs (model analytes) from aqueous buffer solutions and whole blood samples under stagnant conditions in a completely closed system. A laboratory-made polyoxymethylene (POM) well plate served as compartment for the sample solution, while a commercially available well filter plate was used to immobilize 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) as supported liquid membrane (SLM) and as closed compartment for the acceptor solution. Major design parameters (sample compartment and electrode geometry) and operational parameters (sample volume, voltage and extraction time) were investigated and optimized. Electrode geometry was not very critical, but extraction efficiency increased with decreasing sample volume. Extraction from 50 μL aqueous buffer solution for 60 min and with a voltage of 75 V was considered exhaustive (sample was depleted), with recoveries ranging between 75% and 87% for loperamide, haloperidol, methadone, nortriptyline, and pethidine (RSD: 2-12%). Extraction from whole blood samples under optimized conditions yielded slightly lower recoveries, ranging between 57 and 96% (RSD: 3-12%). Stagnant EME was evaluated in combination with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) as a highly specific instrumental method, and provided evaluation data on methadone from blood samples in accordance with regulatory requirements (LOD: 0.4 ng/mL, LOQ: 1.4 ng/mL, RSD: 6-20%). This work has improved upon the design of stagnant EME, moving it further towards a viable in-field operation device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Saed Restan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Skjærvø
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ørjan G Martinsen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Abstract
![]()
In
this paper, we report the first example of employing a sacrificial
electrode in the acceptor solution during electromembrane extraction
(EME). The electrode was based on a silver wire with a layer of silver
chloride electroplated onto the surface. During EME, the electrode
effectively inhibited electrolysis of water in the acceptor compartment,
by accepting the charge transfer across the SLM, which enabled the
application of 500 μA current without suffering gas formation
or pH changes from electrolysis of water. The electroplating strategy
was optimized with a design-of-experiments (DOE) methodology that
provided optimal conditions of electroplating. With an optimized electrode,
1 cm of the electrode in contact with the acceptor solution inhibited
electrolysis of water for approximately 30 min at 500 μA current
(redox capacity). Further, the redox capacity of the electrode was
found to increase through multiple uses. The advantage of the electrode
was demonstrated by extracting polar analytes at high-current conditions
in a standard EME system comprising 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE)
as SLM and 10 mM HCl as sample/acceptor solutions. Application of
high current enabled significantly higher recoveries than could otherwise
be obtained at 100 μA. Sacrificial electrodes were also tested
in μ-EME and were found beneficial by eliminating detrimental
bubble formation. Thus, the sacrificial electrodes improved the stability
of μ-EME systems. The findings of this paper are important for
development of stable and robust systems for EME operated at high
voltage/current and for EME performed in narrow channels/tubing where
bubble formation is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik A Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Rabiee N, Safarkhani M, Rabiee M. Rapid Electrochemical Ultra-Sensitive Evaluation and Determination of Daptomycin Based on Continuous Cyclic Voltammetry. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666181017134015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In this work, a novel and extra sensitive blood sample determination method
for on-line monitoring of Daptomycin is represented.
Materials and Methods:
This technique is in accordance with the electro-membrane extraction (EME)
and stripping fast Fourier transform continuous cyclic voltammetry (SFFTCCV) coupling. Briefly, the
potential waveform had become constantly utilized over a Gold Electrode and the electrode impulse
was acquired by taking away the base current and developing the current in the particular potential area
of oxidation of sample.
Results:
This method was performed by utilizing a DC potential and migration of Daptomycin from the
analyte fluid to the layer of 4-methyl-2-pentanol as well as following migration to the acceptor fluid.
Conclusion:
A low and valuable detection limit of 3.5 ng ml-1 and quantification limit of 10.2 ng ml-1
are considered as a part of the sensible results of this experiment. Furthermore, efficient linearity in the
range of 10.0-600 ng ml-1 was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Safarkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Electromembrane Extraction of Highly Polar Compounds: Analysis of Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Plasma. Metabolites 2019; 10:metabo10010004. [PMID: 31861366 PMCID: PMC7022788 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a major concern in today’s society, with more than 17.5 million deaths reported annually worldwide. Recently, five metabolites related to the gut metabolism of phospholipids were identified as promising predictive biomarker candidates for CVD. Validation of those biomarker candidates is crucial for applications to the clinic, showing the need for high-throughput analysis of large numbers of samples. These five compounds, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), choline, betaine, l-carnitine, and deoxy-l-carnitine (4-trimethylammoniobutanoic acid), are highly polar compounds and show poor retention on conventional reversed phase chromatography, which can lead to strong matrix effects when using mass spectrometry detection, especially when high-throughput analysis approaches are used with limited separation of analytes from interferences. In order to reduce the potential matrix effects, we propose a novel fast parallel electromembrane extraction (Pa-EME) method for the analysis of these metabolites in plasma samples. The evaluation of Pa-EME parameters was performed using multi segment injection–capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS). Recoveries up to 100% were achieved, with variability as low as 2%. Overall, this study highlights the necessity of protein precipitation prior to EME for the extraction of highly polar compounds. The developed Pa-EME method was evaluated in terms of concentration range and response function, as well as matrix effects using fast-LC-MS/MS. Finally, the developed workflow was compared to conventional sample pre-treatment, i.e., protein precipitation using methanol, and fast-LC-MS/MS. Data show very strong correlations between both workflows, highlighting the great potential of Pa-EME for high-throughput biological applications.
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23
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Wan L, Lin B, Zhu R, Huang C, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Shen X. Liquid-Phase Microextraction or Electromembrane Extraction? Anal Chem 2019; 91:8267-8273. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiantao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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24
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Electromembrane extraction with solvent modification of the acceptor solution: improved mass transfer of drugs of abuse from human plasma. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:755-771. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Electromembrane extraction (EME) of 37 drugs of abuse with significant differences in terms of polarity (0.68 < log P < 4.3) and basicity (1.17 < pKa < 10.38) was investigated from human plasma. Materials & methods: EME was performed with 250 mM trifluoroacetic acid and DMSO (1:1 v/v) in the acceptor solution. Results & conclusion: The analytes were extracted efficiently with pure 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether as supported liquid membrane when the acceptor solution was modified with DMSO. Thus, using DMSO mixed with 250 mM trifluoroacetic acid (1:1, v/v) as acceptor solution, recoveries from 40 to 105% (relative standard deviation <20%) were obtained for 33 of the analytes under optimized conditions. EME followed by ultra-HPLC–MS/MS analysis was evaluated from human plasma, and the results were satisfactory.
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25
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A review of the application of hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction in bioanalytical methods – A systematic approach with focus on forensic toxicology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1108:32-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Abstract
The sample preparation is the most critical step involved in the bioanalytical process. When dealing with green analytical chemistry, sample preparation can be even more challenging. To fit the green analytical chemistry principles, efforts should be made toward the elimination or reduction of the use of toxic reagents and solvents, minimization of energy consumption and increased operator safety. The simplest sample preparations are more appropriate for liquid biological matrices with little interfering compounds such as urine, plasma and oral fluid. The same does not usually occur with complex matrices that require more laborious procedures. The present review discusses green analytical approaches for the analyses of drugs of abuse in complex biological matrices, such as whole blood, breast milk, meconium and hair.
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27
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Nojavan S, Shaghaghi H, Rahmani T, Shokri A, Nasiri-Aghdam M. Combination of electromembrane extraction and electro-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction: A tandem sample preparation method. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1563:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Hansen FA, Sticker D, Kutter JP, Petersen NJ, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Nanoliter-Scale Electromembrane Extraction and Enrichment in a Microfluidic Chip. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9322-9329. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik A. Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Drago Sticker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P. Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nickolaj J. Petersen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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29
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Drouin N, Rudaz S, Schappler J. New supported liquid membrane for electromembrane extraction of polar basic endogenous metabolites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:53-59. [PMID: 29980019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of polar endogenous compounds remains an important issue in bioanalysis although different techniques have been evaluated. Among them, electromembrane extraction (EME) is a relevant approach but supported liquid membranes (SLMs) dedicated to polar molecules are still lacking. In this study 22 organic solvents were evaluated as SLMs on a set of 45 polar basic metabolites (log P from -5.7 to 1.5) from various biochemical families. To investigate a large variety of organic solvents, a parallel electromembrane extraction device was used and a constant current approach was applied to circumvent the heterogeneous conductivities of the different SLMs. Among the tested organic solvents, 2-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (NPPE) appeared the most efficient SLM with the extraction of a large variety of polar cationic metabolites, high extraction yields, and low extraction variabilities. The applied current and the composition of the acceptor and donor solutions were also evaluated and 300 μA per well and acetic acid 1% (v/v), both as acceptor and donor compartments, were the most efficient conditions. The new SLM and the optimized experimental parameters were successfully applied to the extraction of precipitated plasma samples. Although the extraction recovery decreased for most compounds in the biological matrix, process efficiency (PE) up to 90% and low extraction variability (RSD between 2 and 18%) were obtained for several very polar compounds such as choline or acetylcholine, emphasizing the potential of EME for polar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Drouin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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30
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Baharfar M, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Arain MB. Approach for Downscaling of Electromembrane Extraction as a Lab on-a-Chip Device Followed by Sensitive Red-Green-Blue Detection. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8478-8486. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, 19697 Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Balal Arain
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, 23200
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31
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Electromembrane Extraction Using a Round-Headed Platinum Wire as the Inner Electrode: A Simple and Practical Way to Enhance the Performance of Extraction. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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On-chip pulsed electromembrane extraction as a new concept for analysis of biological fluids in a small device. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1527:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Restan MS, Jensen H, Shen X, Huang C, Martinsen ØG, Kubáň P, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Comprehensive study of buffer systems and local pH effects in electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:116-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Rapid ionic liquid-supported nano-hybrid composite reinforced hollow-fiber electromembrane extraction followed by field-amplified sample injection-capillary electrophoresis: An effective approach for extraction and quantification of Imatinib mesylate in human plasma. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1516:21-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Drouin N, Mandscheff JF, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Development of a New Extraction Device Based on Parallel-Electromembrane Extraction. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6346-6350. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Drouin
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Serge Rudaz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 Rue Michel-Servet 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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36
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Complexation-mediated electromembrane extraction of highly polar basic drugs—a fundamental study with catecholamines in urine as model system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4215-4223. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Efficient discrimination and removal of phospholipids during electromembrane extraction from human plasma samples. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:631-641. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: For the first time, extracts obtained from human plasma samples by electromembrane extraction (EME) were investigated comprehensively with particular respect to phospholipids using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Thhe purpose was to investigate the potential of EME for phospholipid cleanup in different EME systems. Results & discussion: No traces of phospholipids were detected in any of the acceptor solutions, whereas the model analytes were extracted with recoveries up to 50%. Thus, the EME systems tested in this work were found to be highly efficient for providing phospholipid-free extracts. Conclusion: Ultra-HPLC–MS/MS analysis of the donor solutions revealed that the phospholipids principally remained in the plasma samples. This proved that the phospholipids did not migrate in the electrical field and they were prevented from penetrating the supported liquid membrane.
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38
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Mofidi Z, Norouzi P, Seidi S, Reza Ganjali M. Efficient design for in situ determination of amlodipine in whole blood samples using fast Fourier transform stripping square wave voltammetry after preconcentration by electromembrane extraction. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01932g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-sensitive in situ determination of amlodipine in whole blood samples was conducted using FFT voltammetry after preconcentration by electromembrane extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mofidi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
| | - Parviz Norouzi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- K. N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
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39
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Ara KM, Raofie F. Low-voltage electrochemically stimulated stir membrane liquid-liquid microextraction as a novel technique for the determination of methadone. Talanta 2016; 168:105-112. [PMID: 28391828 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, for the first time, a new portable setup was designed, developed and presented for the extraction of methadone, as a basic drug model from biological fluid samples using a low-voltage electrically stimulated stir membrane liquid-liquid microextraction technique (LV-ESSM-LLME), followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. This new approach combines the advantages of stir membrane liquid-liquid microextraction and electrokinetic migration in the same unit under soft electrochemical conditions in a portable device, allowing for the isolation and preconcentration of the target analyte in a simple and efficient manner under three-phase mode. To investigate the influence of external stirring and the application of electrical potential as the driving force, a comparative study of all variables involved in the extraction process was carried out using the low-voltage electromembrane extraction (LV-EME) and LV-ESSM-LLME methods. Under soft electrokinetic migration conditions, methadone was transported from an acidic sample solution (pH 4.0), through the NPOE immobilized in the pores of the porous polypropylene sheet membrane, and into 25µL of 10mmolL-1 HCl acceptor solution with a stirring rate of 1000rpm and 700rpm after 15min and 20min for LV-ESSM-LLME and LV-EME, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, preconcentration factors in the range of 17-24 and 21.5-29 for LV-EME and LV-ESSM-LLME, respectively, were considered, and satisfactory repeatability (4.5<[RSD]<7.5) was obtained in different matrices. The obtained relative recoveries of the target analyte were in the range of 87-94% and 93-101% for LV-EME and LV-ESSM-LLME, respectively, which indicated the excellent capability of the developed methods to extract methadone from complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Mahdavi Ara
- Department of Analytical and Pollutants Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Raofie
- Department of Analytical and Pollutants Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113 Tehran, Iran.
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Gonçalves LM, Valente IM, Rodrigues JA. Recent Advances in Membrane-Aided Extraction and Separation for Analytical Purposes. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2016.1235050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Maria Valente
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José António Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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41
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Electromembrane extraction and anodic stripping voltammetric determination of mercury(II) using a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Atarodi A, Chamsaz M, Moghaddam AZ, Tabani H. Introduction of high nitrogen doped graphene as a new cationic carrier in electromembrane extraction. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1191-200. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Atarodi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mahmoud Chamsaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Hadi Tabani
- Department of Environmental Geology, Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR); Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
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43
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Drouin N, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Dynamic-Electromembrane Extraction: A Technical Development for the Extraction of Neuropeptides. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5308-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Drouin
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard
d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard
d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard
d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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44
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Mohammadkhani E, Yamini Y, Rezazadeh M, Seidi S. Electromembrane surrounded solid phase microextraction using electrochemically synthesized nanostructured polypyrrole fiber. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1443:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Sample preparation is a vital and inseparable part of an analytical procedure. This issue has motivated the analytical research community around the world to develop new, fast and cost-effective extraction methods which can eliminate interfering substances, provide high preconcentration factors and increase the determination sensitivity. Electrical field induced extraction technique is a topic that has received major attention in recent years. This fact can be attributed to the considerable advantages provided by imposition of an electrical driving force especially control of different properties of an extraction system such as selectivity, cleanup, rate and efficiency. In this review, focus is centered on the electrical field induced liquid phase extraction techniques and their potential for bioanalysis.
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46
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Bagheri H, Zavareh AF, Koruni MH. Graphene oxide assisted electromembrane extraction with gas chromatography for the determination of methamphetamine as a model analyte in hair and urine samples. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1182-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center; Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Fakhari Zavareh
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran I.R Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Koruni
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran I.R Iran
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47
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Rahmani T, Rahimi A, Nojavan S. Study on electrical current variations in electromembrane extraction process: Relation between extraction recovery and magnitude of electrical current. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 903:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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A glass capillary based microfluidic electromembrane extraction of basic degradation products of nitrogen mustard and VX from water. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1426:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Fakhari AR, Hasheminasab KS, Aladaghlo Z, Koruni MH. Surfactant-assisted electromembrane extraction combined with capillary electrophoresis as a novel technique for the determination of acidic drugs in biological fluids. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:3034-41. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Fakhari
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Evin Tehran Iran
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50
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Electromembrane extraction as a rapid and selective miniaturized sample preparation technique for biological fluids. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2203-9. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This special report discusses the sample preparation method electromembrane extraction, which was introduced in 2006 as a rapid and selective miniaturized extraction method. The extraction principle is based on isolation of charged analytes extracted from an aqueous sample, across a thin film of organic solvent, and into an aqueous receiver solution. The extraction is promoted by application of an electrical field, causing electrokinetic migration of the charged analytes. The method has shown to perform excellent clean-up and selectivity from complicated aqueous matrices like biological fluids. Technical aspects of electromembrane extraction, important extraction parameters as well as a handful of examples of applications from different biological samples and bioanalytical areas are discussed in the paper.
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