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Zhuang L, Gong J, Zhao Y, Yang J, Liu G, Zhao B, Song C, Zhang Y, Shen Q. Progress in methods for the detection of viable Escherichia coli. Analyst 2024; 149:1022-1049. [PMID: 38273740 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01750h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a prevalent enteric bacterium and a necessary organism to monitor for food safety and environmental purposes. Developing efficient and specific methods is critical for detecting and monitoring viable E. coli due to its high prevalence. Conventional culture methods are often laborious and time-consuming, and they offer limited capability in detecting potentially harmful viable but non-culturable E. coli in the tested sample, which highlights the need for improved approaches. Hence, there is a growing demand for accurate and sensitive methods to determine the presence of viable E. coli. This paper scrutinizes various methods for detecting viable E. coli, including culture-based methods, molecular methods that target DNAs and RNAs, bacteriophage-based methods, biosensors, and other emerging technologies. The review serves as a guide for researchers seeking additional methodological options and aiding in the development of rapid and precise assays. Moving forward, it is anticipated that methods for detecting E. coli will become more stable and robust, ultimately contributing significantly to the improvement of food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhuang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, P. R. China.
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, P. R. China.
| | - Jianbo Yang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Guofang Liu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, P. R. China.
| | - Qiuping Shen
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
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Hosseini A, Mas J. The β-galactosidase assay in perspective: Critical thoughts for biosensor development. Anal Biochem 2021; 635:114446. [PMID: 34752779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the β-galactosidase assay has become a key component in the development of assays and biosensors for the detection of enterobacteria and E. coli in water quality monitoring. The assay has often performed below its maximum potential, mainly due to a poor choice of conditions. In this study we establish a set of optimal conditions and provide a rough estimate of how departure from optimal values reduces the output of the assay potentially decreasing its sensitivity. We have established that maximum response for detecting low cell concentrations requires an induction of the samples using IPTG at a concentration of 0.2 mM during 180 min. Permeabilization of the samples is mandatory as lack of it results in an almost 60% reduction in assay output. The choice of enzyme substrate is critical as different substrates yield products with different extinction coefficients or fluorescence yields. The concentration of substrate used must be high enough (around 3 to 4 times Km) to ensure that the activity measured is not substrate limited. Finally, as the color/fluorescence of the reaction products is highly dependent on pH, care must be taken to ensure that pH at the time of reading is high enough to provide maximum signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Hosseini
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Mas
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Ajish JK, Abraham HM, Subramanian M, Kumar KSA. A Reusable Column Method Using Glycopolymer-Functionalized Resins for Capture-Detection of Proteins and Escherichia coli. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000342. [PMID: 33336880 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of glycopolymer-functionalized resins (Resin-Glc), as a solid support, in column mode for bacterial/protein capture and quantification is explored. The Resin-Glc is synthesized from commercially available chloromethylated polystyrene resin and glycopolymer, and is characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and elemental analysis. The percentage of glycopolymer functionalized on Resin-Glc is accounted to be 5 wt%. The ability of Resin-Glc to selectively capture lectin, Concanavalin A, over Peanut Agglutinin, reversibly, is demonstrated for six cycles of experiments. The bacterial sequestration study using SYBR (Synergy Brands, Inc.) Green I tagged Escherichia coli/Staphylococcus aureus reveals the ability of Resin-Glc to selectively capture E. coli over S. aureus. The quantification of captured cells in the column is carried out by enzymatic colorimetric assay using methylumbelliferyl glucuronide as the substrate. The E. coli capture studies reveal a consistent capture efficiency of 105 CFU (Colony Forming Units) g-1 over six cycles. Studies with spiked tap water samples show satisfactory results for E. coli cell densities ranging from 102 to 107 CFU mL-1 . The method portrayed can serve as a basis for the development of a reusable solid support in capture and detection of proteins and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juby K Ajish
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Hephziba Maria Abraham
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682020, India
| | - Mahesh Subramanian
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - K S Ajish Kumar
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
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Fast fluorometric enumeration of E. coli using passive chip. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 164:105680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rapid Detection of Enterobacter Sakazakii in milk Powder using amino modified chitosan immunomagnetic beads. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:615-622. [PMID: 27616695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan immunomagnetic beads (CIBs) were first prepared through converting hydroxyl groups of natural polymer material-chitosan into amino groups using epichlorohydrin and ethylenediamine as modification agent and then coupling with polyclonal antibodies of Enterobacter sakazakii using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. The beads before coupling with antibodies were characterized by magnetic property measurement, FTIR, SEM and XRD technologies. In the assay a natural polysaccharide-chitosan, which has good biological and chemical properties such as non-toxicity, biocompatibility and high chemical reactivity was first used for synthesis of immunomagnetic beads. The detection method first established in this paper that combined the beads with chromogenic medium together to rapid detect E. sakazakii in milk powder could greatly improve the detection specificity and working efficiency. The beads exhibited a maximum capturing capacity of 1×106cfu/g with the detection sensitivity of 4cfu/g. The results demonstrate that the assay is a straightforward, specific and sensitive alternative for rapid detection of E.sakazakii in food matrix. The total analysis time was as little as about 25h, which greatly shorten the detection time. The method can provides new ideas not only to preparation technique of immunomagnetic beads but to imunne detection technique in food safety.
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Gilmartin N, O'Kennedy R. Nanobiotechnologies for the detection and reduction of pathogens. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 50:87-95. [PMID: 22226193 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the manipulation of nanomaterials has permitted the development of nanobiotechnology with enhanced sensitivities and improved response times. Low levels of infection of the major pathogens require the need for sensitive detection platforms and the properties of nanomaterials make them suitable for the development of assays with enhanced sensitivity, improved response time and increased portability. Nanobiotechnologies focusing on the key requirements of signal amplification and pre-concentration for the development of sensitive assays for food-borne pathogen detection in food matrices will be described and evaluated. The potential that exists for the use of nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents will also be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Gilmartin
- School of Biotechnology National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Guven B, Basaran-Akgul N, Temur E, Tamer U, Boyaci IH. SERS-based sandwich immunoassay using antibody coated magnetic nanoparticles for Escherichia coli enumeration. Analyst 2010; 136:740-8. [PMID: 21125089 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00473a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A method combining immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was developed to enumerate Escherichia coli (E. coli). Gold-coated magnetic spherical nanoparticles were prepared by immobilizing biotin-labeled anti-E. coli antibodies onto avidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles and used in the separation and concentration of the E. coli cells. Raman labels have been constructed using rod shaped gold nanoparticles coated with 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and subsequently with a molecular recognizer. Then DTNB-labeled gold nanorods were interacted with gold-coated magnetic spherical nanoparticle-antibody-E. coli complex. The capture efficiency and calibration graphs were obtained and examined in different E. coli concentrations (10(1)-10(7) cfu mL(-1)). The correlation between the concentration of bacteria and SERS signal was found to be linear within the range of 10(1)-10(4) cfu mL(-1) (R(2) = 0.992). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of the developed method were found to be 8 and 24 cfu mL(-1), respectively. The selectivity of the developed immunoassay was examined with Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter dissolvens, and Salmonella enteriditis which did not produce any significant response. The ability of the immunoassay to detect E. coli in real water samples was also investigated and the results were compared with the experimental results from plate-counting methods. There was no significant difference between the methods that were compared (p > 0.05). This method is rapid and sensitive to target organisms with a total analysis time of less than 70 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Guven
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Ankara, Turkey
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Kurita R, Arai K, Nakamoto K, Kato D, Niwa O. Development of electrogenerated chemiluminescence-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for sub-pM detection. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1692-7. [PMID: 20143889 DOI: 10.1021/ac902045y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development and characterization of a highly sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay realized by the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) detection of a thiol monolayer formed by an enzyme labeled antibody. We used two monoclonal anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antibodies for a sandwich immunoassay. One was a capture antibody, and the other was a detection antibody labeled with an enzyme via an avidin-biotin interaction. Acetylcholinesterase was used as the labeling enzyme to convert acetylthiocholine to thiocholine. Then the thiocholine was collected on a gold electrode surface by gold-thiol binding. A bright and distinctive emission was observed at 1150 mV (vs Ag-AgCl) on the gold electrode with a thiocholine monolayer as a coreactant in the presence of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium complex. This method can greatly enhance the immunoassay signal since a large number of coreactant molecules can be generated by the enzymatic reaction, which is advantageous compared with a previously reported ECL based immunoassay that directly labels the detection antibody with a coreactant or luminophore. In addition, a surface accumulated coreactant is superior to the previously reported coreactant system in a bulk solution, because ECL emission occurs only very close to an electrode surface. As a result, high sensitivity and a low detection limit of 0.2 pM (3.4 pg/mL) TNF-alpha were achieved with excellent reproducibility by optimizing the conditions for the immuno-reaction, thiocholine accumulation, and ECL generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kurita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-8566.
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Jurkevica A, Halsall HB, Seliskar CJ, Heineman WR. Effect of some physico-chemical conditions on an immunoassay for viable Escherichia coli. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:3133-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Temur E, Boyacı İH, Tamer U, Unsal H, Aydogan N. A highly sensitive detection platform based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering for Escherichia coli enumeration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1595-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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