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van der Heijden LT, Uittenboogaard A, Nijstad AL, Gebretensae A, Kaspers GJL, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR, Rosing H. A sensitive liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of vincristine in whole blood collected with volumetric absorptive microsampling. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115232. [PMID: 36608428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vincristine is a well-established cytotoxic drug. In paediatric populations blood collection via venipuncture is not always feasible. Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) is a less invasive method for blood collection. Furthermore, VAMS lacks the haematocrit effect on the recovery known with dried blood spots. Therefore, a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of vincristine in whole blood collected with VAMS devices. Sample preparation consisted of solid-liquid extraction with 0.2% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The final extract was injected on a C18 column (2.0 ×50 mm, 5 µm). Gradient elution was used and quantification was accomplished with a triple quadruple mass spectrometer operating in the positive mode. The validated concentration range was from 1 to 50 ng/mL with an intra- and inter-accuracy and precision of ± 10.3% and ≤ 7.3%, respectively. This method was able to successfully quantify vincristine concentrations in whole blood collected with VAMS from paediatric oncology patients. Vincristine concentrations in whole blood were non-linearly associated with plasma concentrations, which could be described with a saturable binding equilibrium model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa T van der Heijden
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Aniek Uittenboogaard
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam Paediatric Oncology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Princess Maxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Laura Nijstad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Princess Maxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Abadi Gebretensae
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam Paediatric Oncology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmaco-epidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Princess Maxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Wu CY, Li GT, Chu CC, Guo HL, Fang WR, Li T, Wang YR, Xu J, Hu YH, Zhou L, Chen F. Proactive therapeutic drug monitoring of vincristine in pediatric and adult cancer patients: current supporting evidence and future efforts. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:377-392. [PMID: 36418572 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vincristine (VCR), an effective antitumor drug, has been utilized in several polytherapy regimens for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. However, clinical evidence shows that the metabolism of VCR varies greatly among patients. The traditional based body surface area (BSA) administration method is prone to insufficient exposure to VCR or severe VCR-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (VIPN). Therefore, reliable strategies are urgently needed to improve efficacy and reduce VIPN. Due to the unpredictable pharmacokinetic changes of VCR, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may help to ensure its efficacy and to manage VIPN. At present, there is a lot of supporting evidence for the suitability of applying TDM to VCR therapy. Based on the consensus guidelines drafted by the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology (IATDMCT), this review aimed to summarize various available data to evaluate the potential utility of VCR TDM for cancer patients. Of note, valuable evidence has accumulated on pharmacokinetics variability, pharmacodynamics, drug exposure-clinical response relationship, biomarkers for VIPN prediction, and assays for VCR monitoring. However, there are still many relevant clinical pharmacological questions that cannot yet be answered merely based on insufficient evidence. Currently, we cannot recommend a therapeutic exposure range and cannot yet provide a dose-adaptation strategy for clinicians and patients. In areas where the evidence is not yet sufficient, more research is needed in the future. The precision medicine of VCR cannot rely on TDM alone and needs to consider the clinical, environmental, genetic background and patient-specific factors as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guan-Ting Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Chao Chu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Li Guo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wei-Rong Fang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Solid Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Ren Wang
- Department of Hematology /Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Hematology /Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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3
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Ingle RG, Zeng S, Jiang H, Fang WJ. Current development of bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:517-529. [PMID: 36105159 PMCID: PMC9463481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is considered as the bottleneck step in bioanalysis because each biological matrix has its own unique challenges and complexity. Competent sample preparation to extract the desired analytes and remove redundant components is a crucial step in each bioanalytical approach. The matrix effect is a key hurdle in bioanalytical sample preparation, which has gained extensive consideration. Novel sample preparation techniques have advantages over classical techniques in terms of accuracy, automation, ease of sample preparation, storage, and shipment and have become increasingly popular over the past decade. Our objective is to provide a broad outline of current developments in various bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in chromatographic and spectroscopic examinations. In addition, how these techniques have gained considerable attention over the past decade in bioanalytical research is mentioned with preferred examples. Modern trends in bioanalytical sample preparation techniques, including sorbent-based microextraction techniques, are primarily emphasized. Bioanalytical sampling techniques are described with suitable applications in pharmaceuticals. The pros and cons of each bioanalytical sampling techniques are described. Relevant biological matrices are outlined.
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4
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Investigating the Central Nervous System Disposition of Actinomycin D: Implementation and Evaluation of Cerebral Microdialysis and Brain Tissue Measurements Supported by UPLC-MS/MS Quantification. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091498. [PMID: 34575574 PMCID: PMC8466300 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycin D is a potent cytotoxic drug against pediatric (and other) tumors that is thought to barely cross the blood-brain barrier. To evaluate its potential applicability for the treatment of patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors, we established a cerebral microdialysis model in freely moving mice and investigated its CNS disposition by quantifying actinomycin D in cerebral microdialysate, brain tissue homogenate, and plasma. For this purpose, we developed and validated an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay suitable for ultra-sensitive quantification of actinomycin D in the pertinent biological matrices in micro-samples of only 20 µL, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.05 ng/mL. In parallel, we confirmed actinomycin D as a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in in vitro experiments. Two hours after intravenous administration of 0.5 mg/kg, actinomycin D reached total brain tissue concentrations of 4.1 ± 0.7 ng/g corresponding to a brain-to-plasma ratio of 0.18 ± 0.03, while it was not detectable in intracerebral microdialysate. This tissue concentration exceeds the concentrations of actinomycin D that have been shown to be effective in in vitro experiments. Elimination of the drug from brain tissue was substantially slower than from plasma, as shown in a brain-to-plasma ratio of approximately 0.53 after 22 h. Because actinomycin D reached potentially effective concentrations in brain tissue in our experiments, the drug should be further investigated as a therapeutic agent in potentially susceptible CNS malignancies, such as ependymoma.
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Agu L, Skiles JL, Masters AR, Renbarger JL, Chow DSL. Simultaneous quantification of vincristine and its major M1 metabolite from dried blood spot samples of Kenyan pediatric cancer patients by UPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114143. [PMID: 34111732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vincristine (VCR) is an integral part of chemotherapy regimens in the US and in developing countries. There is a paucity of information about its disposition and optimal therapeutic dosing. VCR is preferentially metabolized to its major M1 metabolite by the polymorphic CYP3A5 enzyme, which may be clinically significant as CYP3A5 expression varies across populations. Thus, it is important to monitor both VCR and M1 and characterize their dispositions. A previously developed HPLC-MS/MS method for VCR quantification was not sensitive enough to quantify the M1 metabolite beyond 1 h post VCR dose (not published). Establishing a highly sensitive assay is a pre-requisite to simultaneously quantify and monitor VCR and M1, which will enable characterization of drug exposure and dispositions of both analytes in a pediatric cancer population. The addition of formic acid during the extraction process enhanced M1 extraction from DBS samples. A sensitive, accurate, and precise UPLC-MS/MS assay method for the simultaneous quantification of VCR and M1 from human dried blood spots (DBS) was developed and validated. Chromatographic separation was performed on Inertsil ODS-3 C18 column (5 μm, 3.0 × 150 mm). A gradient elution of mobile phase A (methanol-0.2 % formic acid in water, 20:80 v/v) and mobile phase B (methanol-0.2 % formic acid in water, 80:20 v/v) was used with a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min and a total run time of 5 min. The analytes were ionized by electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. The linearity range for both analytes in DBS were 0.6-100 ng/mL for VCR and 0.4-100 ng/mL for M1. The intra- and inter-day accuracies for VCR and M1 were 93.10-117.17 % and 95.88-111.21 %, respectively. While their intra- and inter-day precisions were 1.05-10.11 % and 5.78-8.91 %, respectively. The extraction recovery of VCR from DBS paper was 35.3-39.4 % and 10.4-13.4 % for M1, with no carryover observed for both analytes. This is the first analytical method to report the simultaneous quantification of VCR and M1 from human DBS. For the first time, concentrations of M1 from DBS patient samples were obtained beyond 1 h post VCR dose. The developed method was successfully employed to monitor both compounds and perform pharmacokinetic analysis in a population of Kenyan pediatric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorita Agu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jodi L Skiles
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrea R Masters
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jamie L Renbarger
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Diana S-L Chow
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Dried Blood Spot Technique Applied in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Anticancer Drugs: a Review on Conversion Methods to Correlate Plasma and Dried Blood Spot Concentrations. Pharm Res 2021; 38:759-778. [PMID: 33846903 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticancer drugs are notoriously characterized by a low therapeutic index, the introduction of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in oncologic clinical practice could therefore be fundamental to improve treatment efficacy. In this context, an attractive technique to overcome the conventional venous sampling limits and simplify TDM application is represented by dried blood spot (DBS). Despite the significant progress made in bioanalysis exploiting DBS, there is still the need to tackle some challenges that limit the application of this technology: one of the main issues is the comparison of drug concentrations obtained from DBS with those obtained from reference matrix (e.g., plasma). In fact, the use of DBS assays to estimate plasma concentrations is highly dependent on the chemical-physical characteristics of the measured analyte, in particular on how these properties determine the drug partition in whole blood. METHODS In the present review, we introduce a critical investigation of the DBS-to-plasma concentration conversion methods proposed in the last ten years and applied to quantitative bioanalysis of anticancer drugs in DBS matrix. To prove the concordance between DBS and plasma concentration, the results of statistical tests applied and the presence or absence of trends or biases were also considered.
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7
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Menz BD, Stocker SL, Verougstraete N, Kocic D, Galettis P, Stove CP, Reuter SE. Barriers and opportunities for the clinical implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:227-236. [PMID: 32430968 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few fields of medicine in which the individualisation of medicines is more important than in the area of oncology. Under-dosing can have significant ramifications due to the potential for therapeutic failure and cancer progression; by contrast, over-dosing may lead to severe treatment-limiting side effects, such as agranulocytosis and neutropenia. Both circumstances lead to poor patient prognosis and contribute to the high mortality rates still seen in oncology. The concept of dose individualisation tailors dosing for each individual patient to ensure optimal drug exposure and best clinical outcomes. While the value of this strategy is well recognised, it has seen little translation to clinical application. However, it is important to recognise that the clinical setting of oncology is unlike that for which therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is currently the cornerstone of therapy (e.g. antimicrobials). Whilst there is much to learn from these established TDM settings, the challenges presented in the treatment of cancer must be considered to ensure the implementation of TDM in clinical practice. Recent advancements in a range of scientific disciplines have the capacity to address the current system limitations and significantly enhance the use of anticancer medicines to improve patient health. This review examines opportunities presented by these innovative scientific methodologies, specifically sampling strategies, bioanalytics and dosing decision support, to enable optimal practice and facilitate the clinical implementation of TDM in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Menz
- SA Pharmacy, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sophie L Stocker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nick Verougstraete
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danijela Kocic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Galettis
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie E Reuter
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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8
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Lee J, Jung SY, Choi MY, Park JS, Park SK, Lim SA, Cho KH, Oh SY, Ha J, Kim DW, Lee J. Development of a dried blood spot sampling method towards therapeutic monitoring of radotinib in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia. J Clin Pharm Ther 2020; 45:1006-1013. [PMID: 32022312 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling is a minimally invasive method of blood sampling that enables monitoring of drug concentrations to be more convenient. This study aimed at developing a DBS sampling method for an accurate and precise prediction of radotinib plasma concentrations (Cp ) in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). METHODS Dried blood spot and venous blood samples were simultaneously collected from fifty CML patients who had been receiving radotinib for at least a week. Radotinib concentrations were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Unmeasured Cp was predicted directly based on a Deming regression between DBS concentrations (CDBS ) and Cp . Unmeasured Cp was also predicted from CDBS corrected by each patient's haematocrit (Hct). Both prediction methods were evaluated for their accuracy and precision using Deming regression and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Deming regression equation between CDBS and Cp was obtained as follows: Cp = 1.34∙CDBS + 4.26 (r2 = .97). Cp was directly predictable using Cp,pred1 = 1.34∙CDBS + 4.26. With Hct correction, Cp was alternatively predictable using Cp,pred2 = CDBS / (1-Hct + Hct2 ). The slopes of Deming regression line between predicted and measured Cp were 0.99 and 1.02 for the direct and Hct-corrected method, respectively. The mean biases (accuracy) were -0.44% and 1.6% with the 95% limits of agreement (precision) of -22.4% to 21.5% and -20.5% to 23.7%, respectively. More than 93% of predicted and measured Cp pairs had their differences within 20% of the mean of each pair in both methods. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS Radotinib CDBS are highly correlated with radotinib Cp. Radotinib Cp can be accurately and precisely predicted from CDBS using direct or Hct-corrected prediction methods. Both appear to be appropriate for the therapeutic monitoring of radotinib in patients with CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Young Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Choi
- Leukemia Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Park
- Leukemia Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Kyoung Park
- Leukemia Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Ah Lim
- Leukemia Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Cho
- Analytical Research Group, Drug Development Service Division, Biocore Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Oh
- Analytical Research Group, Drug Development Service Division, Biocore Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungeun Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Leukemia Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Leukemia Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jangik Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Current direction and advances in analytical sample extraction techniques for drugs with special emphasis on bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:313-332. [PMID: 30663327 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical techniques may not be compatible or sufficiently sensitive to the analytes, unless it undergoes a specific sample extraction procedure. Sample extraction can be considered as one of the key steps in analysis. Analysis of a poorly treated sample may produce inferior quality of analytical data. Continuous advancement and development of newer sample extraction techniques such as solid phase microextraction, ultrasound, magnetically and microwave assisted magnetic extraction; electro-membrane extraction and dried blood spotting are to address the shortcomings of the existing techniques and to provide more automation, minimizing preparation time and make them high throughput. This review summarizes the suitability of application of the advanced sample preparation techniques available for chemical and bioanalysis in a comprehensive manner. This review also provides a scientific guidance for selecting the appropriate sample extraction technique based on sample type.
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10
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Sulochana S, Daram P, Srinivas NR, Mullangi R. Review of DBS methods as a quantitative tool for anticancer drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4445. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prasanthi Daram
- Jubilant Biosys, 2nd Stage, Industrial Suburb; Bangalore India
| | | | - Ramesh Mullangi
- Jubilant Biosys, 2nd Stage, Industrial Suburb; Bangalore India
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11
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Cheng X, Liu K, Liu Y, Wang M, Ma Y. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of caspofungin in dried blood spots. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1068-1074. [PMID: 29504640 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for quantification of caspofungin in dried blood spots (DBS) was developed and validated. METHODS The DBS samples were prepared by spotting whole blood onto Whatman 903 filter paper, drying at room temperature and extracting with 50% methanol and further cleaned by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Roxithromycin was selected as internal standard, and the separation of the analytes with endogenous ingredients was accomplished on a Hypersil GOLD aQ column with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid (v/v) and methanol in gradient mode. The detection of the analytes was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization mode, and the following selective reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions were monitored: m/z 547.6 → 538.7 and 837.4→ 679.4 for quantification of caspofungin and the internal standard, respectively. RESULTS The total analytical time was 8 min for each run. The calibration curve exhibited a good linearity over the range from 0.2 to 20 μg/mL and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.2 μg/mL for caspofungin in DBS. The recoveries of caspofungin ranged from 62.64% to 76.69%, and no obvious matrix effect was observed. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy were within acceptable limits, and caspofungin in DBS was stable after storage at room temperature for 24 h and at -80°C for 30 days. There was no evident effect of the hematocrit value on the analysis of caspofungin. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method presents an alternative to the conventional venous sampling method, and was successfully utilized for pharmacokinetics study of caspofungin in ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kunhong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (China) Co., Ltd., China
| | - Maoyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
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12
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Incorporating dried blood spot LC–MS/MS analysis for clinical development of a novel oncolytic agent. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:341-356. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Design and execution of a dried blood spot (DBS-LC–MS/MS) assay for pharmacokinetic analyses in oncology patients. Results & discussion: The methodology was validated to collect and store DBS samples from multiple clinical sites, and analyze blood with diverse hematocrit ranges (25–55) to match the potential patient population. Bridging data comparing DBS and plasma showed high degree of concordance with DBS:plasma ratios of 0.81, demonstrating no preferential uptake or association with cellular components of the blood. Pharmacokinetic analysis supporting clinical development was performed using 20 μl of blood collected as DBS. Incurred sample reanalysis showed high correlation. Conclusion: Successful validation of a DBS method and implementation in the clinic enabled pharmacokinetic analysis during the clinical development of a novel oncolytic agent in oncology patients.
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13
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Hewawasam E, Liu G, Jeffery DW, Gibson RA, Muhlhausler BS. Estimation of the Volume of Blood in a Small Disc Punched From a Dried Blood Spot Card. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erandi Hewawasam
- Department of Food and Wine Sciences; School of Agriculture; Food and Wine; The University of Adelaide; FOOD plus Research Centre; PMB 1 Glen Osmond South Australia 5064 Australia
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children's Theme; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; North Terrace Adelaide 5000 Australia
| | - Ge Liu
- Department of Food and Wine Sciences; School of Agriculture; Food and Wine; The University of Adelaide; FOOD plus Research Centre; PMB 1 Glen Osmond South Australia 5064 Australia
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children's Theme; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; North Terrace Adelaide 5000 Australia
| | - David W. Jeffery
- Department of Food and Wine Sciences; School of Agriculture; Food and Wine; The University of Adelaide; FOOD plus Research Centre; PMB 1 Glen Osmond South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Robert A. Gibson
- Department of Food and Wine Sciences; School of Agriculture; Food and Wine; The University of Adelaide; FOOD plus Research Centre; PMB 1 Glen Osmond South Australia 5064 Australia
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children's Theme; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; North Terrace Adelaide 5000 Australia
| | - Beverly S. Muhlhausler
- Department of Food and Wine Sciences; School of Agriculture; Food and Wine; The University of Adelaide; FOOD plus Research Centre; PMB 1 Glen Osmond South Australia 5064 Australia
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children's Theme; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; North Terrace Adelaide 5000 Australia
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14
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Crotti S, Posocco B, Marangon E, Nitti D, Toffoli G, Agostini M. Mass spectrometry in the pharmacokinetic studies of anticancer natural products. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:213-251. [PMID: 26280357 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the history of medicine, nature has represented the main source of medical products. Indeed, the therapeutic use of plants certainly goes back to the Sumerian and Hippocrates and nowadays nature still represents the major source for new drugs discovery. Moreover, in the cancer treatment, drugs are either natural compounds or have been developed from naturally occurring parent compounds firstly isolated from plants and microbes from terrestrial and marine environment. A critical element of an anticancer drug is represented by its severe toxicities and, after administration, the drug concentrations have to remain in an appropriate range to be effective. Anyway, the drug dosage defined during the clinical studies could be inappropriate for an individual patient due to differences in drug absorption, metabolism and excretion. For this reason, personalized medicine, based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), represents one of most important challenges in cancer therapy. Mass spectrometry sensitivity, specificity and fastness lead to elect this technique as the Golden Standard for pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism studies therefore for TDM. This review focuses on the mass spectrometry-based methods developed for pharmacokinetic quantification in human plasma of anticancer drugs derived from natural sources and already used in clinical practice. Particular emphasis was placed both on the pre-analytical and analytical steps, such as: sample preparation procedures, sample size required by the analysis and the limit of quantification of drugs and metabolites to give some insights on the clinical practice applicability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:213-251, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Crotti
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Elena Marangon
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Donato Nitti
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
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15
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Guichard N, Guillarme D, Bonnabry P, Fleury-Souverain S. Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review. Analyst 2017; 142:2273-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the analytical methods available for the quantification of antineoplastic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guichard
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bonnabry
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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16
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Wagner M, Tonoli D, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. The use of mass spectrometry to analyze dried blood spots. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:361-438. [PMID: 25252132 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma samples, their benefits rely in the fact that sample collection is easier and that logistic aspects related to sample storage and shipment can be relatively limited, respectively, without the need of a refrigerator or dry ice. Originally, this approach has been developed in the sixties to support the analysis of phenylalanine for the detection of phenylketonuria in newborns using bacterial inhibition test. In the nineties tandem mass spectrometry was established as the detection technique for phenylalanine and tyrosine. DBS became rapidly recognized for their clinical value: they were widely implemented in pediatric settings with mass spectrometric detection, and were closely associated to the debut of newborn screening (NBS) programs, as a part of public health policies. Since then, sample collection on paper cards has been explored with various analytical techniques in other areas more or less successfully regarding large-scale applications. Moreover, in the last 5 years a regain of interest for DBS was observed and originated from the bioanalytical community to support drug development (e.g., PK studies) or therapeutic drug monitoring mainly. Those recent applications were essentially driven by improved sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This review presents an overall view of all instrumental and methodological developments for DBS analysis with mass spectrometric detection, with and without separation techniques. A general introduction to DBS will describe their advantages and historical aspects of their emergence. A second section will focus on blood collection, with a strong emphasis on specific parameters that can impact quantitative analysis, including chromatographic effects, hematocrit effects, blood effects, and analyte stability. A third part of the review is dedicated to sample preparation and will consider off-line and on-line extractions; in particular, instrumental designs that have been developed so far for DBS extraction will be detailed. Flow injection analysis and applications will be discussed in section IV. The application of surface analysis mass spectrometry (DESI, paper spray, DART, APTDCI, MALDI, LDTD-APCI, and ICP) to DBS is described in section V, while applications based on separation techniques (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography) are presented in section VI. To conclude this review, the current status of DBS analysis is summarized, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wagner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Lee JH, Kim YG, Lee K, Kim CJ, Park DJ, Ju Y, Lee JC, Wood TK, Lee J. Streptomyces-derived actinomycin D inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and its hemolytic activity. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:45-56. [PMID: 26785934 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1125888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile human pathogen that produces diverse virulence factors, and its biofilm cells are difficult to eradicate due to their inherent ability to tolerate antibiotics. The anti-biofilm activities of the spent media of 252 diverse endophytic microorganisms were investigated using three S. aureus strains. An attempt was made to identify anti-biofilm compounds in active spent media and to assess their anti-hemolytic activities and hydrophobicities in order to investigate action mechanisms. Unlike other antibiotics, actinomycin D (0.5 μg ml(-1)) from Streptomyces parvulus significantly inhibited biofilm formation by all three S. aureus strains. Actinomycin D inhibited slime production in S. aureus and it inhibited hemolysis by S. aureus and caused S. aureus cells to become less hydrophobic, thus supporting its anti-biofilm effect. In addition, surface coatings containing actinomycin D prevented S. aureus biofilm formation on glass surfaces. Given these results, FDA-approved actinomycin D warrants further attention as a potential antivirulence agent against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Lee
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Guy Kim
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Kayeon Lee
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Kim
- b Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Park
- b Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjung Ju
- b Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chan Lee
- c Institute of Microbial Ecology and Resources , Mokwon University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas K Wood
- d Department of Chemical Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA, USA
| | - Jintae Lee
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
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18
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High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay for the Simultaneous Determination of Posaconazole and Vincristine in Rat Plasma. Int J Anal Chem 2015; 2015:743915. [PMID: 27034675 PMCID: PMC4807048 DOI: 10.1155/2015/743915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Developing a validated HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of posaconazole (PSZ) and vincristine (VCR) in rat plasma. Methods. PSZ, VCR, and itraconazole (ITZ) were extracted from 200 μL plasma using diethyl ether in the presence of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution. The organic layer was evaporated in vacuo and dried residue was reconstituted and injected through HC-C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) column. In the mobile phase, acetonitrile and 0.015 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (30 : 70 to 80 : 20, linear gradient over 7 minutes) pumped at 1.5 mL/min. VCR and PSZ were measured at 220 and 262 nm, respectively. Two Sprague Dawley rats were orally dosed PSZ followed by iv dosing of VCR and serial blood sampling was performed. Results. VCR, PSZ, and ITZ were successfully separated within 11 min. Calibration curves were linear over the range of 50–5000 ng/mL for both drugs. The CV% and % error of the mean were ≤18% and limit of quantitation was 50 ng/mL for both drugs. Rat plasma concentrations of PSZ and VCR were simultaneously measured up to 72 h and their calculated pharmacokinetics parameters were comparable to the literature. Conclusion. The assay was validated as per ICH guidelines and is appropriate for pharmacokinetics drug-drug interaction studies.
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19
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Quantifying vemurafenib in dried blood spots using high-performance LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:3215-24. [PMID: 25529888 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To further investigate the pharmacokinetics of vemurafenib and to support therapeutic drug monitoring an LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of vemurafenib in dried blood spots. RESULTS Vemurafenib was extracted from the dried blood spots by methanol:acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) and separated on a C18 column with gradient elution and analyzed with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. The validated calibration range is linear from 1 to 100 µg/ml. Intra- and inter-assay accuracies and precisions were within ±13.6% and ≤6.5%. The applicability of the assay was tested by analyzing dried blood spots samples of melanoma patients receiving vemurafenib. CONCLUSION This assay met all predefined validation criteria and is considered suitable to quantify vemurafenib in dried blood samples.
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20
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Dried blood spot analysis for rat and dog studies: validation, hematocrit, toxicokinetics and incurred sample reanalysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:869-83. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Execution of experiments to introduce dried blood spot (DBS) sampling for preclinical GLP studies and subsequent clinical studies. Results: Bridging data showed high concordance with DBS:plasma ratios of 0.9 in rats and 1.1 in dogs, demonstrating no preferential uptake or association with cellular components of the blood. The DBS methodology was fully validated incorporating additional experiments pertinent to DBS sampling, storage and analysis. Individual hematocrit (Hct) values in the test animals (rats and dogs) were within the validated Hct range. DBS concentration data and the resulting TK profiles were not impacted by an Hct bias. Incurred sample reanalysis showed high correlation in dogs (97%) and rats (100%) meeting acceptance criteria. Conclusion: Successfully validated and adopted DBS for preclinical GLP studies.
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21
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Keizer RJ, Jansen RS, Rosing H, Thijssen B, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM, Huitema ADR. Incorporation of concentration data below the limit of quantification in population pharmacokinetic analyses. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00131. [PMID: 26038706 PMCID: PMC4448983 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Handling of data below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), below the limit of quantification (BLOQ) in population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) analyses is important for reducing bias and imprecision in parameter estimation. We aimed to evaluate whether using the concentration data below the LLOQ has superior performance over several established methods. The performance of this approach (“All data”) was evaluated and compared to other methods: “Discard,” “LLOQ/2,” and “LIKE” (likelihood-based). An analytical and residual error model was constructed on the basis of in-house analytical method validations and analyses from literature, with additional included variability to account for model misspecification. Simulation analyses were performed for various levels of BLOQ, several structural PopPK models, and additional influences. Performance was evaluated by relative root mean squared error (RMSE), and run success for the various BLOQ approaches. Performance was also evaluated for a real PopPK data set. For all PopPK models and levels of censoring, RMSE values were lowest using “All data.” Performance of the “LIKE” method was better than the “LLOQ/2” or “Discard” method. Differences between all methods were small at the lowest level of BLOQ censoring. “LIKE” method resulted in low successful minimization (<50%) and covariance step success (<30%), although estimates were obtained in most runs (∼90%). For the real PK data set (7.4% BLOQ), similar parameter estimates were obtained using all methods. Incorporation of BLOQ concentrations showed superior performance in terms of bias and precision over established BLOQ methods, and shown to be feasible in a real PopPK analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron J Keizer
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco Box 2911, San Francisco, California, 94143 ; Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert S Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Thijssen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Division of Drug Toxicology, Section of Biomedical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Division of Drug Toxicology, Section of Biomedical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Hospital/the Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Leuthold LA, Heudi O, Déglon J, Raccuglia M, Augsburger M, Picard F, Kretz O, Thomas A. New microfluidic-based sampling procedure for overcoming the hematocrit problem associated with dried blood spot analysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2068-71. [PMID: 25607538 DOI: 10.1021/ac503931g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematocrit (Hct) is one of the most critical issues associated with the bioanalytical methods used for dried blood spot (DBS) sample analysis. Because Hct determines the viscosity of blood, it may affect the spreading of blood onto the filter paper. Hence, accurate quantitative data can only be obtained if the size of the paper filter extracted contains a fixed blood volume. We describe for the first time a microfluidic-based sampling procedure to enable accurate blood volume collection on commercially available DBS cards. The system allows the collection of a controlled volume of blood (e.g., 5 or 10 μL) within several seconds. Reproducibility of the sampling volume was examined in vivo on capillary blood by quantifying caffeine and paraxanthine on 5 different extracted DBS spots at two different time points and in vitro with a test compound, Mavoglurant, on 10 different spots at two Hct levels. Entire spots were extracted. In addition, the accuracy and precision (n = 3) data for the Mavoglurant quantitation in blood with Hct levels between 26% and 62% were evaluated. The interspot precision data were below 9.0%, which was equivalent to that of a manually spotted volume with a pipet. No Hct effect was observed in the quantitative results obtained for Hct levels from 26% to 62%. These data indicate that our microfluidic-based sampling procedure is accurate and precise and that the analysis of Mavoglurant is not affected by the Hct values. This provides a simple procedure for DBS sampling with a fixed volume of capillary blood, which could eliminate the recurrent Hct issue linked to DBS sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Alexis Leuthold
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , DMPK/Bioanalytics, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Procedures and practices for the validation of bioanalytical methods using dried blood spots: a review. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2481-514. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling, the collection of whole blood samples on paper, is an emerging technique used for bioanalytical methods. Several analytical challenges, such as possible effects of spotting volume, hematocrit and spot inhomogeneity are identified for these methods, however, no regulatory-based guidelines for the specific validation of DBS-based assays are available hitherto. To date, 68 validation reports concerning methods for the quantitative determination of drugs in human DBS could be traced in the literature, with large differences in the extensiveness of the reported validations. This review aims to present an overview of these published validations. Additionally, the different challenges of DBS-based assays are discussed and recommendations on how to perform validation tests addressing these challenges are provided.
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24
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Sharma A, Jaiswal S, Shukla M, Lal J. Dried blood spots: Concepts, present status, and future perspectives in bioanalysis. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:399-414. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhisheak Sharma
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
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25
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State-of-the-art dried blood spot analysis: an overview of recent advances and future trends. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2187-208. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spots have become a popular method in a variety of micro blood-sampling techniques in the life sciences sector, consequently competing with the field of conventional, invasive blood sampling by venepuncture. Dried blood spots are widely applied in numerous bioanalytical assays and have gained a significant role in the screening of inherited metabolic diseases, in PK and PD modeling; in the treatment and diagnosis of infectious diseases; and in therapeutic drug monitoring. Recent technological developments such as automation, online extraction, mass spectrometric direct analysis and also conventional dried blood spot bioanalysis, as well as future developments in dried blood spot bioanalysis are highlighted and presented in this article.
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Mommers J, Mengerink Y, Ritzen E, Weusten J, van der Heijden J, van der Wal S. Quantitative analysis of morphine in dried blood spots by using morphine-d3 pre-impregnated dried blood spot cards. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 774:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Preclinical bridging studies: understanding dried blood spot and plasma exposure profiles. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:159-70. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding the distribution of the analyte between the cellular and noncellular (plasma) components of the blood is important, especially in situations where dried blood spot (DBS) data need to be compared with plasma data, or vice versa. Results: Pearson’s coefficient, Lin’s coefficient and the Bland–Altman analysis are appropriate to evaluate the concordance between DBS and plasma data from bridging studies. Percent recovery plots generated using the ex vivo blood:plasma ratio and the regression equations demonstrate the best approach for predicting plasma concentrations from DBS. Conclusion: Statistical analysis of bridging study data is needed to characterize the relationship or concordance between blood (DBS) and plasma. The outcomes also provide guidance on selecting the most appropriate approach to transform DBS data to plasma, or vice versa. However, the biological and statistical evidence must be weighed together when deciding if DBS is suitable for preclinical and/or clinical development.
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Temesi D, Swales J, Keene W, Dick S. The stability of amitriptyline N-oxide and clozapine N-oxide on treated and untreated dry blood spot cards. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 76:164-8. [PMID: 23333684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Procedures for drug monitoring based on Dried Blood Spot (DBS) sampling are gaining acceptance for an increasing number of clinical and preclinical applications, where ease of use, small sample requirement, and improved sample stability have been shown to offer advantages over blood tube sampling. However, to-date, the vast majority of this work has described the analysis of well characterized drugs. Using amitriptyline, clozapine, and their potentially labile N-oxide metabolites as model compounds, we consider the merits of using DBS for discovery pharmacokinetic (PK) studies where the metabolic fate of test compounds are often unknown. Both N-oxide metabolites reverted to parent compound under standard drying (2hr) and extraction conditions. Card type significantly affected the outcome, with 14% and 22% degradation occurring for clozapine-N-oxide and amitriptyline-N-oxide on a brand of untreated DBS cards, compared to 59 and 88% on a brand of treated DBS cards. Enrichment of the parent compound ex vivo leads to overestimation of circulating blood concentration and inaccurate determination of the PK profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Temesi
- Astrazeneca R&D, DMPK Screening and Profiling, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
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29
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Dubrovay Z, Háda V, Béni Z, Szántay C. NMR and mass spectrometric characterization of vinblastine, vincristine and some new related impurities - part I. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 84:293-308. [PMID: 22985529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the course of exploring the possibilities of developing a new, improved process at Gedeon Richter for the production of the "bisindole" alkaloids vinblastine (VLB) and vincristine (VCR), some novel VLB/VCR-related trace impurities were detected by analytical HPLC. Following isolation by preparative HPLC, a combination of 1D and 2D ultra high-field NMR and high-resolution (HR) (LC-)MS/MS studies allowed the structural identification and complete spectral characterization of several hitherto unpublished VLB/VCR-analogue impurities. Since the impurities could not be isolated in entirely pure forms and were available only in minute, mass-limited quantities, accessing the spectral information needed for their ab initio structure determination was met with various practical difficulties. Successful structure determination therefore relied heavily on the availability and use of detailed and definitive spectral data for both VLB and VCR. In particular, the utilization of detailed (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N NMR assignments as well as (1)H-(1)H, (1)H-(13)C and (1)H-(15)N spin-spin connectivities pertaining to different solvents for VLB/VCR base and sulphate salt was required. Although NMR studies on VLB base and other bisindoles were reported earlier in the literature, an NMR characterization of VLB and VCR under the above-mentioned circumstances and using ultra-high field instrumentation is either scarcely available or entirely lacking, therefore the necessary data had to be obtained in-house. Likewise, a modern tandem HR-ESI-MS/MS(n) fragmentation study of VLB and VCR has not been published yet. In the present paper we therefore give a thorough NMR and MS characterization of VLB and VCR specifically with a view to filling this void and to provide sufficiently extensive and solid reference data for the structural investigation of the aforementioned VLB/VCR impurities. Besides being scientifically relevant in its own right, the disclosed data should be useful for anyone interested in VLB/VCR-related molecules at a structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Dubrovay
- Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Plc., API Research and Development - Spectroscopic Research, Budapest, Hungary
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Application of DBS sampling in combination with LC–MS/MS for pharmacokinetic evaluation of a compound with species-specific blood-to-plasma partitioning. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:2037-47. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling in combination with LC–MS/MS has been used increasingly in drug discovery for quantitative analysis to support pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. In this study, we assessed the effect of blood-to-plasma (B:P) partitioning on the bioanalytical performance and PK data acquired by DBS for a compound AMG-1 with species and concentration-dependent B:P ratio. Results: B:P partitioning did not adversely affect bioanalytical performance of DBS for AMG-1. For rat, (B:P ratio of 0.63), PK profiles from DBS and plasma methods were comparable. For dog, concentration-dependence of B:P ratio was observed both in vivo and in vitro. Additional studies demonstrated concentration-dependence of the compound’s unbound fraction in plasma, which may contribute to the concentration-dependence of the B:P ratio. Conclusion: DBS is a promising sampling technique for preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. For compounds with high B:P ratio, caution needs to be applied for data comparison and interpretation between matrices.
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Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of losartan and its active metabolite on dried blood spots. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 902:47-54. [PMID: 22770781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid quantitative bioanalytical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of losartan and its active metabolite, losartan carboxylic acid on rat dried blood spots was developed and validated as per regulatory guidelines. Losartan and its metabolite were extracted from dried blood spots using 50% aqueous methanol and separated on Waters XTerra(®) RP18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using mobile phase composed of 40% acetonitrile and 60% aqueous ammonium acetate (10mM). The eluents were monitored using ESI tandem mass spectrometric detection with negative polarity in MRM mode using ion transitions m/z 421.2→179.0, m/z 435.3→157.0 and m/z 427.3→193.0 for losartan, losartan carboxylic acid and Irbesartan (internal standard), respectively. The method was validated over the linear range of 1-200 ng/mL and 5-1000 ng/mL with lower limits of quantification of 1.0 ng/mL and 5.0 ng/mL for losartan and losartan carboxylic acid, respectively. Inter and intra-day precision and accuracy (Bias) were below 5.96% and between -2.8 and 1.5%, respectively. The mean recoveries of the analytes from dried blood spots were between 89% and 97%. No significant carry over and matrix effects were observed. The stability of stock solution, whole blood, dried blood spot and processed samples were tested under different conditions and the results were found to be well within the acceptable limits. Additional validation parameters such as influence of hematocrit and spot volume were also evaluated and found to be well within the acceptable limits.
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Peng M, Liu L, Peng L. Evaluation of factors influencing accuracy in the analysis of succinylacetone in dried blood spots. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1265-9. [PMID: 22522056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried blood spots offer specific advantages over conventional blood collection methods, but with certain limitations. This article aims to evaluate factors which affect succinylacetone test in dried blood spots. METHODS Whole blood with defined hematocrit and blood volume spiked with succinylacetone was spotted on filter paper, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Four hematocrit levels (30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%) and five blood volume levels (10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 μl) were tested. RESULTS Succinylacetone concentration increased with increasing hematocrit, large bias from added concentration was found to be - 45% when hematocrit was 30%, as the difference of hematocrit level between the calibrator and QC sample increased, the bias from nominal value was increased. Blood volume also has effect on succinylacetone concentration level, but the accuracy was <15% when blood volume was 10 to 50 μl, and >20% as the blood volume went to ≥70 μl. CONCLUSIONS Both hematocrit and blood volume have effect on analysis of succinylacetone in dried blood spots, the effect of hematocrit is more significant, due to hematocrit level of majority Type I tyrosinemia patients is low, diagnoses may be missed by using dried blood spots to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhi Peng
- The Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.
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Wang RE, Tian L, Chang YH. A homogeneous fluorescent sensor for human serum albumin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 63:165-9. [PMID: 22326845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin is the most abundant protein in the body and is an important biomarker used for disease-related diagnosis. Although the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approach can precisely measure the concentration of human serum albumin, the multi-step procedure and time-consuming preparations of ELISA limit its diagnostic applications, preventing accurate point-of-care testing, for example. Herein, we report the recent development of an antibody-based albumin sensor that allows for a homogeneous measurement of albumin concentrations in saliva, urine and serum, in which this type of sensor is validated for the first time. The assay only requires simple mixing, and relies on time-resolved (TR) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to produce robust, sensitive signals. The whole process, from sample preparation to final read-out, is expected to take less than 1h and requires only a standard plate-reader, thus making the sensor a convenient and cost-effective tool for albumin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng E Wang
- Mediomics, LLC, 5445 Highland Park Drive, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta 2011; 85:2265-89. [PMID: 21962644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans (not only for patients but also for healthcare professionals), the development of reliable analytical methods to analyse these compounds became necessary. From the discovery of new substances to patient administration, all pharmaceutical fields are concerned with the analysis of cytotoxic drugs. In this review, the use of methods to analyse cytotoxic agents in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations and biological and environmental samples, is discussed. Thus, an overview of reported analytical methods for the determination of the most commonly used anticancer drugs is given.
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An HPLC method for the pharmacokinetic study of vincristine sulfate-loaded PLGA–PEG nanoparticle formulations after injection to rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1967-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dried blood spot sampling: coupling bioanalytical feasibility, blood–plasma partitioning and transferability to in vivo preclinical studies. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1635-46. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The adoption of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling and analysis to support drug discovery and development requires the understanding of its bioanalytical feasibility as well as the distribution of the analyte in blood. Results: Demonstrated the feasibility of adopting DBS for four test analytes representing diverse physico-chemical as well as pharmacokinetic parameters. The key findings include the use of a single extraction procedure across all four analytes, assay range of 1 to 5000 ng/ml, stability in whole blood as well as on-card, and the non-impact of blood volume. In vivo data were used to calculate the blood-to-plasma ratio (using both AUC and average of individual time points), which was then used to predict plasma concentration from DBS data. The predicted data showed an excellent correlation with actual plasma data. Conclusion: Transition from plasma to DBS can be supported for preclinical studies by conducting a few well-defined bioanalytical experiments followed by an in vivo bridging study. Blood:plasma ratio derived from the bridging study can be used to predict plasma concentrations from DBS data.
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Direct analysis of dried blood spots coupled with mass spectrometry: concepts and biomedical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:2485-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
In the past few years there has been a large increase in the reporting of the use of dried blood spots (DBS) in drug development. Most of these reports pertain to the technological improvements that have allowed for drug concentration measurements from microliter volumes of sample, issues concerning method development, and exploration of the technique, into other areas such as measurement of macromolecules and metabolite identification. One area that has received less attention and is the subject of this commentary concerns the pharmacokinetic issues that arise from using DBS as opposed to plasma, the mainstay matrix. Measurements of drug concentrations from either plasma or dbs are almost always the sum of bound and unbound drug, but it is the unbound drug in plasma (plasma water) that is the relevant driver of essentially all pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic events. Therefore, the critical assumption made is constancy in fraction unbound for plasma, and additionally for blood, constancy of hematocrit and blood cell affinity. Often these assumptions are reasonable and either matrix suffices, but not always. Then the value of one matrix over the other depends on the magnitude of the blood-to-plasma concentration ratio of drug, its clearance and the cause of the deviation from constancy. Additional considerations are the kinetics of distribution within blood and those arising when the objective is assessment or comparison of bioavailability. Most of these issues can be explored and addressed in vitro prior to the main drug development program.
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Abstract
Details of the development of conventional analytical methods for the determination of drugs in pediatric plasma/serum samples via microassays are presented. Examples of the development of small-volume sampling and the use of the newer detection systems such as LC/MS/MS for enhanced detection are presented. Dried blood spot sampling has conventionally been used for the study of inborn errors of metabolism using Guthrie cards. Limited applications in the area of drug-level determination, for example, in therapeutic drug monitoring had been reported but the methodology had not been widely used up until relatively recently. In the last few years, there has been a resurgence of interest in this methodology for drug-level determinations, and examples of drug analysis in pediatric and neonatal patients where the small-volume samples are particularly useful are presented. The application of the methodology in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies is discussed. The utilization of solid-phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction in drug analysis is presented. Clinical applications of these methodologies are reported including the development of in vivo solid-phase microextraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Millership
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK.
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Automated system for on-line desorption of dried blood spots applied to LC/MS/MS pharmacokinetic study of flurbiprofen and its metabolite. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:359-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rowland M, Emmons GT. Use of dried blood spots in drug development: pharmacokinetic considerations. AAPS J 2010; 12:290-3. [PMID: 20383669 PMCID: PMC2895450 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spots are increasingly being used in drug development. This commentary considers the pharmacokinetic issues that arise and compares these with those attached to plasma, the mainstay matrix. A common implicit use of these matrices is as a surrogate for plasma water, and to this extent, the critical assumption made is constancy in fraction unbound for plasma and, additionally for blood, constancy of hematocrit and blood cell affinity of compound. Often, these assumptions are reasonable and either matrix suffices, but not always. Then the value of one over the other matrix depends on the magnitude of the blood-to-plasma concentration ratio of drug, its clearance, and the cause of the deviation from constancy. Additional considerations are the kinetics of distribution within blood and those arising when the objective is assessment or comparison of bioavailability. Most of these issues can be explored and addressed in vitro prior to the main drug development program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Rowland
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M139PT, UK.
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Use of the dried blood spot sampling process coupled with fast gas chromatography and negative-ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry: application to fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, reboxetine, and paroxetine analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2523-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li W, Tse FLS. Dried blood spot sampling in combination with LC-MS/MS for quantitative analysis of small molecules. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:49-65. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Damen CWN, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of vinca-alkaloids in biological matrices: a concise survey from the literature. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:83-90. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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