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Koike H, Kanda M, Monma C, Yoshikawa S, Hayashi H, Matsushima Y, Ohba Y, Hayashi M, Furuta N, Okada W, Nagano C, Yokoyama K, Yokoyama T, Sasamoto T. Development of a simple screening method for analyzing cereulide toxin in fried rice using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s11419-024-00683-3. [PMID: 38519777 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-024-00683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of cereulide, an emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus, in fried rice samples is critical evidence of food poisoning even in situations where B. cereus could not be detected. This study aims to develop a screening method for analyzing cereulide in fried rice using the QuEChERS procedure and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS Cereulide was identified and quantified in fried rice samples using the QuEChERS extraction method and LC-MS/MS. The accuracies of the methods were determined by analyzing fortified blank samples at two concentrations (10 and 50 µg/kg) conducted on three samples daily for five days. RESULTS The QuEChERS procedure removed matrix compounds from fried rice. Characteristic MS/MS spectra enabled the identification of cereulide. As the matrix effects in seven fried rice samples were within ± 6%, an external solvent calibration curve could be used for quantification. This method exhibited good accuracy ranging from 88 to 89%. The relative standard deviations for both repeatability and intra-laboratory reproducibility were < 4%. These standard deviations satisfied the criteria of the Japanese validation guidelines for residues (MHLW 2010, Director Notice, Syoku-An No. 1224-1). The limit of quantification was 2 μg/kg. The applicability of this method was confirmed using the analysis of cereulide in fried rice samples incubated with emetic Bacillus cereus. CONCLUSIONS The QuEChERS extraction procedure described herein showed substantial promise as a reliable screening tool for cereulide in fried rice sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koike
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Maki Kanda
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Monma
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Souichi Yoshikawa
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayashi
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsushima
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Ohba
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Hayashi
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Furuta
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Wakaba Okada
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Chieko Nagano
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Yokoyama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yokoyama
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Sasamoto
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Xu X, Lv J, Zhou J, Ji B, Yang L, Xu G, Hou Z, Li L, Bai Y. Improved matrix purification using a graphene oxide-coated melamine sponge for UPLC-MS/MS-based determination of 37 veterinary drugs in milks. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:856-863. [PMID: 38240139 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01797d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A rapid and highly sensitive method was established for the analysis of 37 veterinary drug residues in milk using a modified QuEChERS method based on a reduced graphene oxide-coated melamine sponge (rGO@MeS) coupled with UPLC-MS/MS. Under optimal chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions, the effects of different dehydrated salts (MgSO4 and Na2SO4) and metal chelating agents (Na2EDTA) on extraction efficiency were first investigated. Next, the influence of a dynamic and static purification mode was evaluated in terms of drug recoveries. Calibration curves of 37 veterinary drugs were constructed in the range 0.6-500 μg kg-1, and good linearities were obtained with all determination coefficients (R2) ≥0.992. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) were in the range 0.3-1.1 μg kg-1 and 0.6-3.5 μg kg-1, respectively. The recoveries of all compounds were in the range 61.3-118.2% at three spiked levels (20, 100, and 200 μg kg-1) with RSDs ≤15.4% for both intra- and inter-day precisions. Compared to pristine melamine sponges and commercial adsorbents (C18, PSA, and GCB), rGO@MeS demonstrated an equal or even better purification performance in terms of recoveries, matrix effects, and matrix removal efficiency. This method is rapid, simple, efficient, and appropriate for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of 37 veterinary drug residues in milk, providing a new detection strategy and technical support for the routine analysis of animal-derived food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control (Zhengzhou University of Light Industry), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jia Lv
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control (Zhengzhou University of Light Industry), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jintian Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Baocheng Ji
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control (Zhengzhou University of Light Industry), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lanrui Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control (Zhengzhou University of Light Industry), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gaigai Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuchen Hou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control (Zhengzhou University of Light Industry), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Yanhong Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Processing and Safety Control (Zhengzhou University of Light Industry), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
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3
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Chang L, Du S, Wu X, Zhang J, Gan Z. Analysis, Occurrence and Exposure Evaluation of Antibiotic and Anthelmintic Residues in Whole Cow Milk from China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1125. [PMID: 37508221 PMCID: PMC10376884 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimized QuEChERS method for the simultaneous extraction of 26 antibiotics and 19 anthelmintics in whole cow milk was established, followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Briefly, 20 mL acetonitrile with 1 g disodium hydrogen citrate, 2 g sodium citrate, 4 g anhydrous MgSO4, and 1 g sodium chloride were added to 10 g milk for target chemical extraction, followed by 50 mg anhydrous MgSO4 for purification. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained using the modified QuEChERS method, with recoveries of the antibiotics ranging from 79.7 to 117.2%, with the exception of norfloxacin, which was at 53.4%, while those for anthelmintics were in the range of 73.1-105.1%. The optimized QuEChERS method presented good precision, with relative standard deviations ranging from 7.2 to 18.6% for both antibiotics and anthelmintics. The method was successfully applied to analyze the antibiotics and anthelmintics in 56 whole cow milk samples from China. Briefly, the detection frequencies and concentrations of most of the antibiotics and anthelmintics were low in the whole cow milk samples, with concentrations ranging from below LOD to 4296.8 ng/kg. Fenbendazole, febantel, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole were the predominant drug residues in the whole cow milk samples. Spatial distribution was found for those antibiotics and anthelmintics with detection frequency higher than 50%, especially for the antibiotics, indicating regional differences in drug application. Based on the current study, exposure to antibiotics and anthelmintics through whole cow milk consumption are lower than the acceptable daily intake values suggested by the China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control. However, long-term exposure to low doses of antibiotics and anthelmintics still needs attention and merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sishi Du
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaojiao Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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4
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Multiclass Comparative Analysis of Veterinary Drugs, Mycotoxins, and Pesticides in Bovine Milk by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Hybrid Quadrupole-Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030331. [PMID: 35159483 PMCID: PMC8834082 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiclass and multiresidue method for simultaneously screening and confirming veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, and pesticides in bovine milk was developed and validated with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–hybrid quadrupole–linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Qtrap-MS). A total of 209 targeted contaminants were effectively extracted using an optimized QuEChERS method. Quantitative and qualitative confirmation were achieved simultaneously by multiple reaction monitoring–information-dependent acquisition–enhanced product ion (MRM-IDA-EPI) scan mode. The validation results exhibited a good sensitivity with the LOQs of 0.05–5 μg/kg, which was satisfactory for their MRLs in China or EU. The recoveries of in-house spiked samples were in the range of 51.20–129.76% with relative standard deviations (RSD) between replicates (n = 3) 0.82% and 19.76%. The test results of 140 milk samples from supermarkets and dairy farms in China showed that cloxacillin, aflatoxin M1, acetamiprid, and fipronil sulfone were found with lower concentrations. Combined with the residue results from the literature, penicillin G and cloxacillin (beta-lactams), enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolones), and sulfamerazine (sulfonamides) were more frequently detected in different countries and need to receive more attention regarding their monitoring and control.
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5
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Characterization and toxicity evaluation of degradation products of febantel. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The aim of the present work was to determine potential toxicity of degradation products of febantel generated under different stress conditions mentioned in guideline Q1A (R2) laid down by International Council for Harmonization (ICH). The stability behavior of febantel was studied by subjecting it to hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal forced degradation conditions.
Results
Five degradation products (DPs) were observed which were resolved using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by LC-MS/MS using positive mode of electrospray ionization. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Hypersil® BDS C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column. Optimum resolution was obtained using ammonium formate buffer (10 mM, pH 3.5) and acetonitrile programmed in gradient elution mode at 281.0 nm using photodiode array detector.
Conclusion
The drug was found susceptible to degradation under all the stress conditions except thermal and oxidative stress. Five major unknown degradation products DP–I, DP–II, DP–III, DP–IV, and DP–V generated under photolytic, alkali, and acidic stress condition were identified and characterized by LC-MS/MS. The drug and identified degradation products were screened for prediction of in-silico toxicity using software viz. Swiss ADME, OSIRIS Property Explorer and Pro Tox II which indicated overall no toxicological concerns.
Graphical abstract
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6
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Liu XM, Xu XL, Nie XM, Feng XS, Zhang F. A holistic strategy for discovering structural analogues of drug residues in meat using characteristic structural fragments filtering by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:81-94. [PMID: 33170098 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1825828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A holistic strategy for discovering structural analogs was established using characteristic structural fragments filtering by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry and successfully employed for discovering potential hazards in meat. The mass spectrometry fragmentation mechanisms of 113 compounds (including sulphonamides, tetracyclines, benzimidazoles, steroid hormones, cephalosporins, β-blockers) were investigated and a new strategy for screening of characteristic fragment ions was proposed. To process the data acquired by two scan modes, firstly an integrated filtering strategy was conducted to facilitate the characterisation of multi-class drugs. The integrated filtering strategy was applied to reduce interference in the raw data, which could help extracting the MS1 characteristics of the homolog-type chemical substances and expand the screening of the compounds as effectively as possible. This strategy was based on a combination of nitrogen rule, neutral loss and multiple characteristic fragment ions filtering. The method was validated by rapid screening and identification of targeted compounds in spiked samples. Particularly, the successful detection of several new compounds indicated that this strategy had significant advantages over individual filtration methods and could be a promising method for screening and identifying newly homolog-type drug residues in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Liu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing, China.,School of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Shenyang, China
| | - Xiu-Li Xu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Mei Nie
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing, China
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7
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Zhang C, Deng Y, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Yang L, Liao C, Su L, Zhou Y, Gong D, Chen L, Luo A. The application of the QuEChERS methodology in the determination of antibiotics in food: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Giusepponi D, Paoletti F, Barola C, Moretti S, Saluti G, Ianni F, Sardella R, Galarini R. Transfer of a Multiclass Method for over 60 Antibiotics in Food from High Resolution to Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24162935. [PMID: 31412663 PMCID: PMC6720601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A multiclass method has been developed to screen and confirm a wide range of anti-microbial residues in muscle and milk, and validated using liquid-chromatography coupled to (low-resolution, LR) tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ). Over sixty antibiotics, belonging to ten distinct families, were included in the method scope. The development process was rapidly concluded as a result of two previously implemented methods. This consisted of identical sample treatments, followed by liquid chromatography, and coupled with high-resolution (HR) mass spectrometry (LC-Q-Orbitrap). The validation study was performed in the range between 10-1500 μg·kg-1 for muscles and 2-333 μg·kg-1 for milk. The main performance characteristics were estimated and, then, compared to those previously obtained with HR technique. The validity of the method transfer was ascertained also through inter-laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabiola Paoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carolina Barola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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9
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Arias JLDO, Schneider A, Batista-Andrade JA, Vieira AA, Caldas SS, Primel EG. Chitosan from shrimp shells: A renewable sorbent applied to the clean-up step of the QuEChERS method in order to determine multi-residues of veterinary drugs in different types of milk. Food Chem 2018; 240:1243-1253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Fu Y, Zhao C, Lu X, Xu G. Nontargeted screening of chemical contaminants and illegal additives in food based on liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Hoyos O. DE, Cuartas O. YA, Peñuela M. GA. Development and validation of a highly sensitive quantitative/confirmatory method for the determination of ivermectin residues in bovine tissues by UHPLC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2017; 221:891-897. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Anumol T, Lehotay SJ, Stevens J, Zweigenbaum J. Comparison of veterinary drug residue results in animal tissues by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole or quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry after different sample preparation methods, including use of a commercial lipid removal product. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2639-2653. [PMID: 28224246 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods must be monitored to ensure food safety, verify proper veterinary practices, enforce legal limits in domestic and imported foods, and for other purposes. A common goal in drug residue analysis in foods is to achieve acceptable monitoring results for as many analytes as possible, with higher priority given to the drugs of most concern, in an efficient and robust manner. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has implemented a multiclass, multi-residue method based on sample preparation using dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) for cleanup and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ) for analysis of >120 drugs at regulatory levels of concern in animal tissues. Recently, a new cleanup product called "enhanced matrix removal for lipids" (EMR-L) was commercially introduced that used a unique chemical mechanism to remove lipids from extracts. Furthermore, high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q/TOF) for (U)HPLC detection often yields higher selectivity than targeted QQQ analyzers while allowing retroactive processing of samples for other contaminants. In this study, the use of both d-SPE and EMR-L sample preparation and UHPLC-QQQ and UHPLC-Q/TOF analysis methods for shared spiked samples of bovine muscle, kidney, and liver was compared. The results showed that the EMR-L method provided cleaner extracts overall and improved results for several anthelmintics and tranquilizers compared to the d-SPE method, but the EMR-L method gave lower recoveries for certain β-lactam antibiotics. QQQ vs. Q/TOF detection showed similar mixed performance advantages depending on analytes and matrix interferences, with an advantage to Q/TOF for greater possible analytical scope and non-targeted data collection. Either combination of approaches may be used to meet monitoring purposes, with an edge in efficiency to d-SPE, but greater instrument robustness and less matrix effects when analyzing EMR-L extracts. Graphical abstract Comparison of cleanup methods in the analysis of veterinary drug residues in bovine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Anumol
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Joan Stevens
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
| | - Jerry Zweigenbaum
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
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13
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Single-Step Multiresidue Determination of β-Lactam Antibiotics and β-Agonists in Porcine Muscle by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Zhang Z, Cheng H. Recent Development in Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Determination of Quinolone Residues in Food Products. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:223-250. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1266924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
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15
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Xu XU, Xiao YC, Hu FZ, Geng DD. Rapid Determination of Trace Multiresidues of 18 Sulfonamides in Chicken Eggs Using a Modified QuEChERS Method Coupled with Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1549-1555. [PMID: 28221947 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A modified QuEChERS method was used and an ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method was developed for the rapid determination of 18 kinds of sulfonamide residues in chicken eggs. Sample preparation and cleanup conditions were carefully evaluated, and factors such as the adsorbent type and adsorption condition were key parameters in improving the cleanup. The modified QuEChERS method removed matrix interferences, and the sensitivity of the method increased about 5% for recovery and efficiency of the method. Under the optimized UHPLC method with UV detection, all 18 sulfonamide residues were simultaneously separated and rapidly identified within 15 min. The qualitative and quantitative method limits of the 18 sulfonamide residues were 2.06 to 4.12 and 6.86 to 13.7 μg·kg-1, respectively. A close linear relationship (R2 = 0.990 to 0.999) was observed within the concentration range of 0.10 to 2.25 μg·ml-1. Recovery was satisfactory (71 to 102%) for all the sulfonamides in three standard spiked levels, with relative standard deviations of <9.7%. After the modified sample pretreatment, the speed of sample pretreatment, purification, and analysis efficiency were all significantly increased. This method is suitable for the rapid detection of multisulfonamide residues in chicken eggs and other animal-derived foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- X U Xu
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Can Xiao
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Zu Hu
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Geng
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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Jordão R, Garreta E, Campos B, Lemos MFL, Soares AMVM, Tauler R, Barata C. Compounds altering fat storage in Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:127-136. [PMID: 26747981 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of lipid disruptive effects in invertebrates is limited by our poor knowledge of the lipid metabolic pathways. A recent study showed that tributyltin activated the ecdysteroid, juvenile hormone and retinoic X receptor signaling pathways, and disrupted the dynamics of neutral lipids in the crustacean Daphnia magna impairing the transfer of triacylglycerols to eggs and hence promoting their accumulation in post-spawning females. Tributyltin disruptive effects correlated with lower fitness for offspring and adults. The present study aims to addresses effects of existing compounds on storage lipids in post-spawning females and their health effects. D. magna individuals were exposed 12 chemicals that included vertebrate obesogens (tributyltin, triphenyltin, bisphenol A, nonylphenol, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), other contaminants known to affect arthropods (pyriproxyfen, fenarimol, methoprene, emamectin benzoate and fluoxetine), as well as the natural hormones methyl farnesoate and 20-hydroxyecdysone. Reproductive effects were also assessed. Quantitative changes in storage lipids accumulated in lipid droplets were studied using Nile red staining, which showed a close relationship with whole organism levels of triacylglycerols. Ten compounds altered storage lipids in a concentration related manner enhancing (tributyltin, bisphenol A, methyl farnesoate, pyriproxyfen and 20-hydroxyecdysone) or decreasing (nonylphenol, fenarimol, emamectin benzoate, methoprene and fluoxetine) their levels in post-spawning females. Eight compounds that altered lipid levels also had detrimental effects on growth and/or reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Jordão
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (IDAEA, CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Environmental and Marine studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Elba Garreta
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (IDAEA, CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Campos
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (IDAEA, CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Centre for Environmental and Marine studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (IDAEA, CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (IDAEA, CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang Y, Li X, Liu X, Zhang J, Cao Y, Shi Z, Sun H. Multi-class, multi-residue analysis of trace veterinary drugs in milk by rapid screening and quantification using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8433-44. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Wang J, Leung D, Chow W, Chang J, Wong JW. Development and Validation of a Multiclass Method for Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Milk Using Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9175-87. [PMID: 26416602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development and validation of a multiclass method for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in milk using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap). The 12 classes of veterinary drugs (a total of 125) included in this study were endectocides, fluoroquinolones, ionophores, macrolides, nitroimidazole, NSAIDs, β-lactams, penicillins, phenicols, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. Veterinary drug residues in milk were extracted using a modified salting-out supported liquid extraction (SOSLE) method, which entailed the precipitation of milk proteins using an extraction buffer (oxalic acid and EDTA, pH 3) and acetonitrile, a salting-out acetonitrile/water phase separation using ammonium sulfate, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) using polymeric reversed-phase sorbent cartridges. The final extracts were concentrated and reconstituted into a buffer solution and analyzed using UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The developed method was validated using a nested experimental design to evaluate the method performance characteristics, such as overall recovery, intermediate precision, and measurement uncertainty. The method was able to quantify or screen up to 105 veterinary drugs from 11 different classes, except aminoglycosides. The limits of quantification were as low as 1.0 μg/kg, with an analytical range from 1.0 to 100.0 μg/kg in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency , Calgary Laboratory, 3650-36th Street N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2L 2L1, Canada
| | - Daniel Leung
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency , Calgary Laboratory, 3650-36th Street N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2L 2L1, Canada
| | - Willis Chow
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency , Calgary Laboratory, 3650-36th Street N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2L 2L1, Canada
| | - James Chang
- ThermoFisher Scientific , 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Jon W Wong
- US Food and Drug Administration , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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19
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Wang YL, Liu ZM, Ren J, Guo BH. Development of a Method for the Analysis of Multiclass Antibiotic Residues in Milk Using QuEChERS and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:693-703. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
- Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
- Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben-heng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
- Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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20
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Wei H, Tao Y, Chen D, Xie S, Pan Y, Liu Z, Huang L, Yuan Z. Development and validation of a multi-residue screening method for veterinary drugs, their metabolites and pesticides in meat using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:686-701. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1008588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Wu L, Song Y, Hu M, Xu X, Zhang H, Yu A, Ma Q, Wang Z. Determination of sulfonamides in butter samples by ionic liquid magnetic bar liquid-phase microextraction high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:569-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Rapid and sensitive screening and selective quantification of antibiotics in human urine by two-dimensional ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:8049-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Development and validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of sulfonamides, quinolones and benzimidazoles in bovine milk. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 962:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Gondim CDS, Coelho OAM, Alvarenga RL, Junqueira RG, de Souza SVC. An appropriate and systematized procedure for validating qualitative methods: its application in the detection of sulfonamide residues in raw milk. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 830:11-22. [PMID: 24856507 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lack of well-established references for the validation of qualitative analyses and the increasing demand for reliable binary responses were the main motivating factors for this study. A detailed procedure for single-laboratory validation of qualitative methods is proposed. The experimental design and the tools for data analysis were based on the theoretical background, as well as the aspects of efficiency, convenience and simplicity. Four experimental steps were defined, as follows: (i) preliminary tests for the determination of the concentration range, (ii) a study of the rates, unreliability region, detection limit, and the accordance and concordance values, (iii) a study of the selectivity in the presence of known interferences, and (iv) a study of robustness. The applicability of the procedure was demonstrated by the validation of a qualitative commercial kit for detecting sulfonamide residues in raw milk using both the visual and instrumental reading techniques. Reliability rates of 100% were obtained for the blank samples. For the samples spiked with sulfamethazine at 10.8 and 108 μg L(-1) and with sulfadimethoxine or sulfathiazole at 10 and 100 μg L(-1), the reliability rates ranged from 93.3 to 100%. Selectivity was demonstrated using trimethoprim as a potential interferent. The method was considered robust for the factors of the temperature (54 and 58°C) and time (6 and 10 min) for incubating the test strips. The estimated detection limits and unreliability regions confirmed the suitability of the kit for this purpose, based on the legislated residue limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina de Souza Gondim
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Otávio Augusto Mazzoni Coelho
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Ronália Leite Alvarenga
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gonçalves Junqueira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Scheilla Vitorino Carvalho de Souza
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil.
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25
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Piñero MY, Bauza R, Arce L, Valcárcel M. Determination of penicillins in milk of animal origin by capillary electrophoresis: Is sample treatment the bottleneck for routine laboratories? Talanta 2014; 119:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Alternative sample treatments for the determination of sulfonamides in milk by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Food Chem 2014; 143:459-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Ehling S, Reddy TM. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of residues of selected veterinary hormones in powdered ingredients derived from bovine milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11782-11791. [PMID: 24215545 DOI: 10.1021/jf404229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A rugged, quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation for 17 selected veterinary hormones in six different powdered ingredients derived from bovine milk was developed and comprehensively validated. A universal post-extraction spiked matrix-matching approach based on whole milk powder has been successfully implemented. Three validation runs based on four levels of pre-extraction spiked quality control (QC) samples have been conducted. Overall accuracy (86-117%), overall precision (<20% RSD), selectivity, absolute extraction recovery (62-82%), matrix effect (<15% for most compounds), limits of detection (0.1-0.8 μg/kg, except for diethylstilbestrol at 3.8 μg/kg), limits of quantitation (0.2-2.0 μg/kg, except for diethylstilbestrol at 10.0 μg/kg), and extract stability (48 h) have been determined. The method is proposed for the routine analysis of hormones potentially present in powdered ingredients derived from bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ehling
- Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
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28
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Zhan J, Xu DM, Wang SJ, Sun J, Xu YJ, Ni ML, Yin JY, Chen J, Yu XJ, Huang ZQ. Comprehensive screening for multi-class veterinary drug residues and other contaminants in muscle using column-switching UPLC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1888-99. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.833670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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The determination of perfluoroalkyl substances, brominated flame retardants and their metabolites in human breast milk and infant formula. Talanta 2013; 117:318-25. [PMID: 24209347 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel analytical approach for the simultaneous determination of 18 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and 11 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including their hydroxylated metabolites and brominated phenols has been developed and validated for breast milk and infant formula. The sample preparation procedure based on extraction using acetonitrile and subsequent purification by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) employing C18 sorbent is rapid, simple and high-throughput. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) interfaced with a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was employed for the identification/quantification of these compounds. The method recoveries of target compounds for both matrices ranged from 80% to 117% with relative standard deviations lower than 28% and quantification limits in the range of 3-200 pg/mL for milk and 5-450 pg/g for infant formula. Within the pilot study, the new method was used for the analysis of PFASs and BFRs in 50 human breast milks and six infant formulas. In the breast milk samples the total contents of PFASs and BFRs were in the range of 38-279 and 45-16,200 pg/mL, respectively. The most abundant PFASs detected in all tested breast milk samples were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), the latter contaminant was present not only as a linear form but also as a branched isomers. The incidence of BFRs was lower, the only representatives of this group, tetrabromobiphenol A (TBBPA) and α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCD), were detected in less than 30% of breast milk samples. None of the infant formulas contained BFRs, traces of either PFOS, PFOA or PFNA were found in three samples.
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30
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Lankova D, Kockovska M, Lacina O, Kalachova K, Pulkrabova J, Hajslova J. Rapid and simple method for determination of hexabromocyclododecanes and other LC–MS–MS-amenable brominated flame retardants in fish. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7829-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Biselli S, Schwalb U, Meyer A, Hartig L. A multi-class, multi-analyte method for routine analysis of 84 veterinary drugs in chicken muscle using simple extraction and LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:921-39. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.777976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Westland JL, Dorman FL. QuEChERS extraction of benzodiazepines in biological matrices. J Pharm Anal 2013; 3:509-517. [PMID: 29403862 PMCID: PMC5761015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two common analytical chemical problems often encountered when using chromatographic techniques in drug analysis are matrix interferences and ion suppression. Common sample preparation often involves the dilution of the sample prior to injection onto an instrument, especially for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analyses. This practice frequently does not minimize or eliminate conditions that may cause ion-suppression and therefore, suffer more from reduced method robustness. In order to achieve higher quality results and minimize possible interferences, various sample preparation techniques may be considered. Through the use of QuEChERS (“catchers”), a novel sample preparation technique used for high aqueous content samples, benzodiazepines can be extracted from biological fluids, such as blood and urine. This approach has shown increased recoveries of target compounds when using quantification by both external and internal standard. This increase in the recoveries has been attributed to a matrix enhancement and was determined through the use of the method of standard addition. While improving the overall analytical method for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, it is not clear if this approach represents an overall benefit for laboratories that have both GC–MS and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) capability. Demonstrating evidence of variable ionization (enhancement, ion source inertness, etc.), the method of quantification should be focused on in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Westland
- The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Whitmore Laboratories, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Frank L Dorman
- The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Whitmore Laboratories, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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33
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Gros M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D. Rapid analysis of multiclass antibiotic residues and some of their metabolites in hospital, urban wastewater and river water by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:173-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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O’Mahony J, Clarke L, Whelan M, O’Kennedy R, Lehotay SJ, Danaher M. The use of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection in the analysis of agrochemical residues and mycotoxins in food – Challenges and applications. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Coupling ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: Constraints and possible applications. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:2-18. [PMID: 23062879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Berendsen BJ, Stolker L(A, Nielen MW, Nielen MW. Selectivity in the sample preparation for the analysis of drug residues in products of animal origin using LC-MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Wang J, Leung D. The challenges of developing a generic extraction procedure to analyze multi-class veterinary drug residues in milk and honey using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4 Suppl 1:103-11. [PMID: 22851366 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses the analytical challenges to develop a generic extraction procedure to analyze or screen multi-class veterinary drugs in milk and honey using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC QqTOF MS). The veterinary drugs in this study included aminoglycosides, endectocides, fluoroquinolones, ionophores, β-lactams or penicillins, macrolides, NSAIDs, phenicols, sulfonamides and tetracyclines. Veterinary drugs were extracted using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, which entailed the use of acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid, sodium acetate, ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid disodium (EDTA) and magnesium sulfate, and no clean-up was performed. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase Acquity UPLC BEH C(18) , 100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm column with 0.1% formic acid and 10 mM ammonium formate in water, and acetonitrile as mobile phases. Due to poor chromatographic retention, aminoglycosides were first dropped from the list, and because of poor extractability, β-lactams and tetracyclines were also excluded from the method. The method was able to quantify 31 or screen up to 54 drugs (unbound) in honey, and to quantify 34 or screen up to 59 drugs in milk. UHPLC QqTOF data were acquired in TOF MS full-scan mode that allowed both quantification and confirmation of veterinary drugs and identification of their degradation products in samples. The method could achieve detection limits as low as 1 µg/kg with analytical range from 1 to 100 µg/kg. The developed method was intended to be used for screening of as many analytes as possible in one single analysis, or unequivocal confirmation of positive findings and degradation product identification based on accurate mass measurement and isotopic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Calgary Laboratory, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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38
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Lopes RP, de Freitas Passos ÉE, de Alkimim Filho JF, Vargas EA, Augusti DV, Augusti R. Development and validation of a method for the determination of sulfonamides in animal feed by modified QuEChERS and LC–MS/MS analysis. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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NAKAJIMA T, NAGANO C, SASAMOTO T, HAYASHI H, KANDA M, KANAI S, TAKEBA K, MATSUSHIMA Y, TAKANO I. Development and Validation of Rapid Analysis Method for Multi-Class Veterinary Drugs in Livestock Products by LC-MS/MS. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2012; 53:243-53. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.53.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maki KANDA
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
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40
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Delgado-Zamarreño M, Pérez-Martín L, Bustamante-Rangel M, Carabias-Martínez R. A modified QuEChERS method as sample treatment before the determination of isoflavones in foods by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 100:320-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Huang C, Guo B, Wang X, Li J, Zhu W, Chen B, Ouyang S, Yao S. A generic approach for expanding homolog-targeted residue screening of sulfonamides using a fast matrix separation and class-specific fragmentation-dependent acquisition with a hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 737:83-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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42
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López-Gutiérrez N, Romero-González R, Plaza-Bolaños P, Martínez-Vidal JL, Garrido-Frenich A. Simultaneous and Fast Determination of Malachite Green, Leucomalachite Green, Crystal Violet, and Brilliant Green in Seafood by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Determination of quinolones of veterinary use in bee products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using a QuEChERS extraction procedure. Talanta 2012; 93:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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NAKAJIMA T, SASAMOTO T, HAYASHI H, KANDA M, TAKEBA K, KANAI S, KUSANO T, MATSUSHIMA Y, TAKANO I. Screening Assay of Residual Antibiotics in Livestock Samples by LC-MS/MS. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2012; 53:91-7. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.53.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maki KANDA
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
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45
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Multi-residue analysis of free and conjugated hormones and endocrine disruptors in rat testis by QuEChERS-based extraction and LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2777-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Romero-González R, Aguilera-Luiz M, Plaza-Bolaños P, Frenich AG, Vidal JM. Food contaminant analysis at high resolution mass spectrometry: Application for the determination of veterinary drugs in milk. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9353-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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47
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Determination of quinolone residues in infant and young children powdered milk combining solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7608-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Comparative study of the LC–MS/MS and UPLC–MS/MS for the multi-residue analysis of quinolones, penicillins and cephalosporins in cow milk, and validation according to the regulation 2002/657/EC. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2601-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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49
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Turnipseed SB, Storey JM, Clark SB, Miller KE. Analysis of veterinary drugs and metabolites in milk using quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7569-7581. [PMID: 21284383 DOI: 10.1021/jf103808t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed to analyze veterinary drug residues in milk. Milk samples were extracted with acetonitrile. A molecular weight cutoff filter was the only cleanup step in the procedure. Initially, a set of target compounds (including representative sulfonamides, tetracyclines, β-lactams, and macrolides) was used for validation. Screening of residues was accomplished by collecting TOF (MS(1)) data and comparing the accurate mass and retention times of found compounds to a database containing information for veterinary drugs. The residues included in the study could be detected in samples fortified at the levels of concern with this procedure 97% of the time. Although the method was intended to be qualitative, an evaluation of the MS data indicated a linear response and acceptable recoveries for a majority of target compounds. In addition, MS/MS data were also generated for the [M + H](+) ions. Product ions for each compound were identified, and their mass accuracy was compared to theoretical values. Finally, incurred milk samples from cows dosed with veterinary drugs, including sulfamethazine, flunixin, cephapirin, or enrofloxacin, were analyzed with Q-TOF LC-MS. In addition to monitoring for the parent residues, several metabolites were detected in these samples by TOF. Proposed identification of these residues could be made by evaluating the MS and MS/MS data. For example, several plausible metabolites of enrofloxacin, some not previously observed in milk, are reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Turnipseed
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, CO 80225, USA.
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50
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Lombardo-Agüí M, Gámiz-Gracia L, Cruces-Blanco C, García-Campaña AM. Comparison of different sample treatments for the analysis of quinolones in milk by capillary-liquid chromatography with laser induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4966-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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