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Geng X, Wang Y, Li H, Chen DDY. Characterization of cigarette smokeomics by in situ solid-phase microextraction and confined-space direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 280:126680. [PMID: 39128317 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Characterization of chemical composition in cigarette smoke is essential for establishing smoke-related exposure estimates. Currently used methods require complex sample preparation with limited capability for obtaining accurate chemical information. We have developed an in situ solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method for online processing of smoke aerosols and directly coupling the SPME probes with confined-space direct analysis in real time (cDART) ion source for high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. In a confined space, the substances from SPME probes can be efficiently desorbed and ionized using the DART ion source, and the diffusion and evaporation of volatile species into the open air can be largely avoided. Using SPME-cDART-MS, mainstream smoke (MSS) and side-stream smoke (SSS) can be investigated and the whole analytical protocol can be accomplished in a few min. More than five hundred substances and several classes of compounds were detected and identified. The relative contents of 13 tobacco alkaloids were compared between MSS and SSS. Multivariate data analysis unveiled differences between different types of cigarette smoke and also discovered the characteristic ions. The method is reliable with good reproducibility and repeatability, and has the potential to be quantitative. This study provides a simple and high-efficiency method for smokeomics profiling of complex aerosol samples with in situ online extraction of volatile samples, and direct integration of extracted probes with a modified ambient ionization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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2
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Setiono A, Fahrbach M, Deutschinger A, Fantner EJ, Schwalb CH, Syamsu I, Wasisto HS, Peiner E. Performance of an Electrothermal MEMS Cantilever Resonator with Fano-Resonance Annoyance under Cigarette Smoke Exposure. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124088. [PMID: 34198533 PMCID: PMC8231909 DOI: 10.3390/s21124088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrothermal piezoresistive cantilever (EPC) sensor is a low-cost MEMS resonance sensor that provides self-actuating and self-sensing capabilities. In the platform, which is of MEMS-cantilever shape, the EPC sensor offers several advantages in terms of physical, chemical, and biological sensing, e.g., high sensitivity, low cost, simple procedure, and quick response. However, a crosstalk effect is generated by the coupling of parasitic elements from the actuation part to the sensing part. This study presents a parasitic feedthrough subtraction (PFS) method to mitigate a crosstalk effect in an electrothermal piezoresistive cantilever (EPC) resonance sensor. The PFS method is employed to identify a resonance phase that is, furthermore, deployed to a phase-locked loop (PLL)-based system to track and lock the resonance frequency of the EPC sensor under cigarette smoke exposure. The performance of the EPC sensor is further evaluated and compared to an AFM-microcantilever sensor and a commercial particle counter (DC1100-PRO). The particle mass–concentration measurement result generated from cigarette-smoke puffs shows a good agreement between these three detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Setiono
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology (IHT), Laboratory of Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.F.); (I.S.); (H.S.W.); (E.P.)
- Research Center for Physics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Fahrbach
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology (IHT), Laboratory of Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.F.); (I.S.); (H.S.W.); (E.P.)
| | | | - Ernest J. Fantner
- SCL-Sensor.Tech. Fabrication GmbH, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.D.); (E.J.F.)
| | | | - Iqbal Syamsu
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology (IHT), Laboratory of Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.F.); (I.S.); (H.S.W.); (E.P.)
- Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Sangkuriang-Komplek LIPI Gedung 20, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Hutomo Suryo Wasisto
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology (IHT), Laboratory of Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.F.); (I.S.); (H.S.W.); (E.P.)
| | - Erwin Peiner
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology (IHT), Laboratory of Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.F.); (I.S.); (H.S.W.); (E.P.)
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3
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McAdam K, Davis P, Ashmore L, Eaton D, Jakaj B, Eldridge A, Liu C. Influence of machine-based puffing parameters on aerosol and smoke emissions from next generation nicotine inhalation products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 101:156-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Larson-Casey JL, Gu L, Jackson PL, Briles DE, Hale JY, Blalock JE, Wells JM, Deshane JS, Wang Y, Davis D, Antony VB, Massicano AVF, Lapi SE, Carter AB. Macrophage Rac2 Is Required to Reduce the Severity of Cigarette Smoke-induced Pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198:1288-1301. [PMID: 29897791 PMCID: PMC6290940 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201712-2388oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cigarette smoking is prevalent in the United States and is the leading cause of preventable diseases. A prominent complication of smoking is an increase in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Although LRTIs are known to be increased in subjects that smoke, the mechanism(s) by which this occurs is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES Determine how cigarette smoke (CS) reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the phagocytic NOX2 (NADPH oxidase 2), which is essential for innate immunity in lung macrophages. METHODS NOX2-derived ROS and Rac2 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2) activity were determined in BAL cells from wild-type and Rac2-/- mice exposed to CS or cadmium and in BAL cells from subjects that smoke. Host defense to respiratory pathogens was analyzed in mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS NOX2-derived ROS in BAL cells was reduced in mice exposed to CS via inhibition of the small GTPase Rac2. These mice had greater bacterial burden and increased mortality compared with air-exposed mice. BAL fluid from CS-exposed mice had increased levels of cadmium, which mediated the effect on Rac2. Similar observations were seen in human subjects that smoke. To support the importance of Rac2 in the macrophage immune response, overexpression of constitutively active Rac2 by lentiviral administration increased NOX2-derived ROS, decreased bacterial burden in lung tissue, and increased survival compared with CS-exposed control mice. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that therapies to maintain Rac2 activity in lung macrophages restore host defense against respiratory pathogens and diminish the prevalence of LRTIs in subjects that smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linlin Gu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Patricia L. Jackson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - J. Edwin Blalock
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - J. Michael Wells
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jessy S. Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Yong Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Dana Davis
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Veena B. Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - A. Brent Carter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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5
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Delivery efficiencies of constituents of combustion-derived aerosols across the air-liquid interface during in vitro exposures. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:384-398. [PMID: 30003980 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vitro aerosol exposure of epithelial cells grown at the air-liquid interface is an experimental methodology widely used in respiratory toxicology. The exposure depends to a large part on the physicochemical properties of individual aerosol constituents, as they determine the transfer kinetics from the aerosol into the cells. We characterized the transfer of 70 cigarette smoke constituents from the smoke into aqueous samples exposed in the Vitrocell® 24/48 aerosol exposure system. The amounts of these compounds in the applied smoke were determined by trapping whole smoke in N,N-dimethylformamide and then compared with their amounts in smoke-exposed, phosphate-buffered saline, yielding compound specific delivery efficiencies. Delivery efficiencies of different smoke constituents differed by up to five orders of magnitude, which indicates that the composition of the applied smoke is not necessarily representative for the delivered smoke. Therefore, dose metrics for in vitro exposure experiments should, if possible, be based on delivered and not applied doses. A comparison to literature on in vivo smoke retention in the respiratory tract indicated that the same applies for smoke retention in the respiratory tract.
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Hamad SH, Johnson NM, Tefft ME, Brinkman MC, Gordon SM, Clark PI, Buehler SS. Little Cigars vs 3R4F Cigarette: Physical Properties and HPHC Yields. TOB REGUL SCI 2017; 3:459-478. [PMID: 29911130 PMCID: PMC5998811 DOI: 10.18001/trs.3.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to characterize physical properties and semivolatile harmful and potentially harmful constituent yields in the mainstream smoke (MSS) of 4 popular little cigars compared to the 3R4F reference cigarette. METHODS We used the ISO and Canadian Intense Regimen protocols to generate MSS for Cheyenne (Full Flavor and Menthol) and Swisher Sweets (Original and Sweet Cherry) little cigars; and the 3R4F. We examined physical properties such as length, tobacco filler mass, pressure drop, and ventilation for each product. Nicotine, benzo[a]pyrene, and tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) yields were determined in the MSS. RESULTS Little cigars were longer (~15mm), contained more tobacco filler (100-200 mg), and had a higher pressure drop (~1.3X) compared to the 3R4F. Ventilation holes were found only on the filter paper of the 3R4F. Nicotine transmitted to the MSS was similar for all products under the intense smoking protocol. The highest yields of TSNAs and benzo(a)pyrene were measured for the little cigars. CONCLUSIONS Little cigars may deliver similar levels of nicotine but higher levels of carcinogens to the MSS compared to cigarettes. Thus, previous reports on the toxicity of tobacco smoke based on cigarettes might not apply to little cigar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samera H Hamad
- Postdoctoral Researcher, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Nathan M Johnson
- Technician, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Margaret E Tefft
- Researcher, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Senior Research Scientist, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Sydney M Gordon
- Research Leader, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Pamela I Clark
- Research Professor, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Stephanie S Buehler
- Principle Research Scientist, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
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7
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Surface bound radicals, char yield and particulate size from the burning of tobacco cigarette. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:79. [PMID: 29086875 PMCID: PMC5548703 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco smoke is a toxic gas-phase cocktail consisting of a broad range of organics, and free radical intermediates. The formation of smoke from a burning cigarette depends on a series of mechanisms, including generation of products by pyrolysis and combustion, aerosol formation, and physical mass transfer processes. Methods The current study simulates the deposition of particulate matter on the human lung surface by trapping the tobacco smoke particulates in situ on silica gel. To mimic this phenomenon, the cigarette was smoked directly on siliga gel. The surface morphology of smoke condensate trapped on silica gel, and pure silica gel (control) was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to explore the presence of free radicals on the particulate matter trapped on silica. Standard procedures for cigarette smoking (ISO 3402:1999) were adopted. The char yields of tobacco cigarette in the temperature range 200–700 °C was also investigated in an inert atmosphere using a quartz reactor. Results SEM images showed the surface morphology of pure silica gel was smooth while silica gel on which cigarette smoke was smoked on contained particulates of various sizes. Generally, the particulate size of cigarette smoke adsorbed on silica was found to be 2.47 ± 0.0043 µm (~PM2.5). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results showed a g-value of 2.0037 typically that of a carbon-centred radical. Conclusions It is therefore evident from this investigation that cigarette smoke contains surface bound radicals considered harmful to the health of cigarette smokers. The particulate size of tobacco smoke (PM2.5) can impact severely on the lives of the cigarette smoking community because of its near ultrafine nature. This significantly small particulate size in cigarette smoke can be inhaled deeper into the lungs thus causing serious cell injury and possible tumour growth in addition to other grave diseases.Cigarette smoking and analytical techniques employed in this study ![]()
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8
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Preliminary results about the breath of passive smokers and vapers based on the use of portable air monitoring devices. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Vaid M, Katiyar SK. Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit cigarette smoke condensate-induced lung cancer cell migration through inhibition of NADPH oxidase and reduction in the binding of p22(phox) and p47(phox) proteins. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54 Suppl 1:E61-71. [PMID: 24798688 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. It is therefore important to develop effective strategies that target molecular abnormalities induced by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). Cigarette smoking increases oxidative stress particularly via activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a key source of superoxide anion production. Here, we report that grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) exert an inhibitory effect on the CSC-induced migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells (A549, H460, and H1299). Using an in vitro invasion assay, we found that treatment of NSCLC cells with CSC increased NSCLC cell migration by enhancing NOX mediated-oxidative stress. Treatment of NSCLC cells with GSPs inhibited the CSC-induced cell migration through reduction in oxidative stress levels and a reduction in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. To identify the molecular targets of GSPs, we examined the effects of GSPs on CSC-induced alterations in the levels of key NOX components, namely p22(phox) and p47(phox) proteins, using A549 cells. We also determined the effect of GSPs on CSC-induced interaction/binding between these proteins, which is a key event in NOX activation. We found that treatment of A549 cells with GSPs not only inhibited the CSC-induced increase in the expression levels of p22(phox) and p47(phox) , but also reduced the binding of p22(phox) to p47(phox) proteins. This new insight into the anti-lung cancer cell migration activity of GSPs could serve as a basis for development of improved chemopreventive or therapeutic strategies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Vaid
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Santosh K Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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10
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Hertz-Schünemann R, Ehlert S, Streibel T, Liu C, McAdam K, Baker RR, Zimmermann R. High-resolution time and spatial imaging of tobacco and its pyrolysis products during a cigarette puff by microprobe sampling photoionisation mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2293-9. [PMID: 25627787 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The time- and space-resolved chemical signatures of gases and vapours formed in solid-state combustion processes are difficult to examine using recent analytical techniques. A machine-smoked cigarette represents a very reproducible model system for dynamic solid-state combustion. By using a special sampling system (microprobe unit) that extracts the formed gases from inside of the burning cigarette, which is coupled to a photoionisation mass spectrometer, it was possible to study the evolution of organic gases during a 2-s cigarette puff. The concentrations of various pyrolysis and combustion products such as 1,3-butadiene, toluene, acetaldehyde and phenol were monitored on-line at different sampling points within cigarettes. A near-microscopic-scale spatial resolution and a 200-ms time resolution were achieved. Finally, the recorded information was combined to generate time-resolved concentration maps, showing the formation and destruction zones of the investigated compounds in the burning cigarette. The combustion zone at the tip of cigarette, where e.g. 1,3-butadiene is predominately formed, was clearly separable from the pyrolysis zones. Depending on the stability of the precursor (e.g. lignin or cellulose), the position of pyrolytic formation varies. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that soft photoionisation mass spectrometry in conjunction with a microprobe sampling device can be used for time- and space-resolved analysis of combustion and pyrolysis reactions. In addition to studies on the model cigarette, further model systems may be studied with this approach. This may include further studies on the combustion of biomass or coal chunks, on heterogeneously catalysed reactions or on spray, dust and gas combustion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hertz-Schünemann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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Blair SL, Epstein SA, Nizkorodov SA, Staimer N. A Real-Time Fast-Flow Tube Study of VOC and Particulate Emissions from Electronic, Potentially Reduced-Harm, Conventional, and Reference Cigarettes. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2015; 49:816-827. [PMID: 26726281 PMCID: PMC4696598 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2015.1076156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-free electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), which are currently not regulated by the FDA, have become widespread as a "safe" form of smoking. One approach to evaluate the potential toxicity of e-cigarettes and other types of potentially "reduced-harm" cigarettes is to compare their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including reactive organic electrophillic compounds such as acrolein, and particulate matter to those of conventional and reference cigarettes. Our newly designed fast-flow tube system enabled us to analyze VOC composition and particle number concentration in real-time by promptly diluting puffs of mainstream smoke obtained from different brands of combustion cigarettes and e-cigarettes. A proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTRMS) was used to analyze real-time cigarette VOC emissions with a 1 s time resolution. Particles were detected with a condensation particle counter (CPC). This technique offers real-time analysis of VOCs and particles in each puff without sample aging and does not require any sample pretreatment or extra handling. Several important determining factors in VOC and particle concentration were investigated: (1) puff frequency; (2) puff number; (3) tar content; (4) filter type. Results indicate that electronic cigarettes are not free from acrolein and acetaldehyde emissions and produce comparable particle number concentrations to those of combustion cigarettes, more specifically to the 1R5F reference cigarette. Unlike conventional cigarettes, which emit different amounts of particles and VOCs each puff, there was no significant puff dependence in the e-cigarette emissions. Charcoal filter cigarettes did not fully prevent the emission of acrolein and other VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Blair
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Scott A. Epstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- corresponding authors: and
| | - Norbert Staimer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- corresponding authors: and
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12
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Sampson MM, Chambers DM, Pazo DY, Moliere F, Blount BC, Watson CH. Simultaneous analysis of 22 volatile organic compounds in cigarette smoke using gas sampling bags for high-throughput solid-phase microextraction. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7088-95. [PMID: 24933649 PMCID: PMC4553414 DOI: 10.1021/ac5015518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in cigarette smoke is necessary to establish smoke-related exposure estimates and evaluate emerging products and potential reduced-exposure products. In response to this need, we developed an automated, multi-VOC quantification method for machine-generated, mainstream cigarette smoke using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). This method was developed to simultaneously quantify a broad range of smoke VOCs (i.e., carbonyls and volatiles, which historically have been measured by separate assays) for large exposure assessment studies. Our approach collects and maintains vapor-phase smoke in a gas sampling bag, where it is homogenized with isotopically labeled analogue internal standards and sampled using gas-phase SPME. High throughput is achieved by SPME automation using a CTC Analytics platform and custom bag tray. This method has successfully quantified 22 structurally diverse VOCs (e.g., benzene and associated monoaromatics, aldehydes and ketones, furans, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, vinyl chloride, and nitromethane) in the microgram range in mainstream smoke from 1R5F and 3R4F research cigarettes smoked under ISO (Cambridge Filter or FTC) and Intense (Health Canada or Canadian Intense) conditions. Our results are comparable to previous studies with few exceptions. Method accuracy was evaluated with third-party reference samples (≤15% error). Short-term diffusion losses from the gas sampling bag were minimal, with a 10% decrease in absolute response after 24 h. For most analytes, research cigarette inter- and intrarun precisions were ≤20% relative standard deviation (RSD). This method provides an accurate and robust means to quantify VOCs in cigarette smoke spanning a range of yields that is sufficient to characterize smoke exposure estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen M. Sampson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - David M. Chambers
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Daniel Y. Pazo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Fallon Moliere
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Clifford H. Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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13
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Li B, Pang HR, Zhao LC, Wang B, Liu C, McAdam KG, Luo DS. Quantifying Gas-Phase Temperature inside a Burning Cigarette. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5009822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - H. R. Pang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - L. C. Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - B. Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - C. Liu
- Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - K. G. McAdam
- Group Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - D. S. Luo
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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14
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Maskos Z, Khachatryan L, Dellinger B. Role of the Filters in the Formation and Stabilization of Semiquinone Radicals Collected from Cigarette Smoke. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2013; 27:10.1021/ef4010253. [PMID: 24265513 PMCID: PMC3831374 DOI: 10.1021/ef4010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The fractional pyrolysis of Bright tobacco was performed in nitrogen atmosphere over the temperature range of 240 - 510 °C in a specially constructed, high temperature flow reactor system. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the free radicals in the initially produced total particular matter (TPM) and in TPM after exposure to ambient air (aging). Different filters have been used to collect TPM from tobacco smoke: cellulosic, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, nylon, Teflon and Cambridge. The collection of the primary radicals (measured immediately after collection of TPM on filters), the formation and stabilization of the secondary radicals (defined as radicals formed during aging of TPM samples on the filters) depend significantly on the material of the filter. A mechanistic explanation about different binding capability of the filters decreasing in the order: cellulosic < cellulose nitrate < cellulose acetate < nylon ~ teflon is presented. Different properties were observed for the Cambridge filter. Specific care must be taken using the filters for identification of radicals from tobacco smoke to avoid artifacts in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Maskos
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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15
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Weber S, Hebestreit M, Wilms T, Conroy LL, Rodrigo G. Comet assay and air-liquid interface exposure system: a new combination to evaluate genotoxic effects of cigarette whole smoke in human lung cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1987-91. [PMID: 23845897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the genotoxic effects of cigarette smoke have generally been evaluated in non-human cell models after exposure to particulate phase, gas phase, or cigarette smoke condensate, rather than the whole smoke aerosol itself. In vitro setups using human cell lines and whole smoke exposure to mimic actual aerosol exposure should more accurately reflect human cigarette smoke exposure. We investigated the VITROCELL® 24 air-liquid interface exposure system in combination with the comet assay to assess DNA damage in two different human lung epithelial cell lines exposed to whole smoke. Results showed a repeatable and reproducible dose-response relationship between DNA damage and increased whole smoke dose in both cell lines. Thus, the combination of the comet assay with the VITROCELL® 24 represents a valuable new in vitro test system to screen and assess DNA damage in human lung cells exposed to whole smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Weber
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstr. 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany
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16
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Changes in water sorption and solubility of dental adhesive systems after cigarette smoke. ISRN DENTISTRY 2013; 2013:605847. [PMID: 23984078 PMCID: PMC3747503 DOI: 10.1155/2013/605847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke on water sorption and solubility of four adhesive systems. Materials and Methods. Sixteen disks of each adhesive system were prepared (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Adhesive (SA); Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Adhesive System (Adhesive + Primer) (SAP); Adper Single Bond Plus (SB); Adper Easy One (EO)). Specimens were desiccated until a constant mass was obtained and divided into two groups (n = 8). One-half of the specimens were immersed in deionized water, while the other half were also immersed, but with daily exposure to tobacco smoke. After 21 days, disks were measured again and stored in desiccators until constant mass was achieved. Data were calculated according to ISO specifications and statistically analyzed. Results. The tobacco smoke only significantly affected the water sorption and solubility of EO. There were significant differences in both analyses among materials tested. The SB exhibited the highest water sorption, followed by EO, which demonstrated significantly higher solubility values than SB. The SA and SAP showed low water sorption and solubility, and there were no significant differences between the two. Conclusion. Regardless of smoke exposure, both simplified adhesive systems presented an inferior performance that could be related to the complex mixture of components in such versions.
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17
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Wang H, Xie W, Chen M, Liu B, Guo Y. Determination of hazardous volatile organic compounds in the Hoffmann list by ion-molecule reaction mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1841-1848. [PMID: 22777786 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Off-line gas or liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry techniques are the most widely used method for analysis of hazardous, carcinogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in mainstream cigarette smoke. However, these conventional techniques can lead to modification of VOCs during sample preparation due to the high reactivity of VOCs. Thus, the development of on-line mass spectrometric methods for analysis of VOCs is desirable to circumvent this problem. METHODS The accurate identification of VOCs is a critical step in the analysis of cigarette smoke. Here, we use ion-molecule reaction mass spectrometry (IMR-MS) to study the behavior of standard VOCs in the Hoffmann list during this analytical procedure, and then to profile the VOCs in mainstream cigarette smoke using this on-line mass spectrometric method. RESULTS We first discuss and summarize the charge transfer (CT) ionization and further fragmentation of 20 standard VOCs in the Hoffmann list with the ion reagents Hg(+), Xe(+), and Kr(+). The IMR-MS instrument was then connected to a Borgwaldt-RM20H rotary smoking machine in order to study VOCs in mainstream cigarette smoke on-line. Using this procedure, more than 20 VOCs were identified by IMR-MS by comparison with experimental results obtained on standard VOCs. CONCLUSIONS The IMR-MS technique can potentially result in reduced molecular fragmentation during analysis of VOCs. However, significant fragmentation still occurs during IMR-MS when the ionization energy (IE) of the ion reagent is much higher than the IE of the VOC, given that excess energy is stored in the newly formed ion during CT ionization. Given that IMR-MS cannot distinguish between isobaric compounds or isomers, we summarize the possible overlapping mass peaks from these isobaric species that may be present in analyses of VOCs. Selection of the ion reagent for IMR-MS should be based on the need to ensure CT ionization of the analytes, as well as avoiding their severe fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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18
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Busch C, Streibel T, Liu C, McAdam KG, Zimmermann R. Pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco in a cigarette smoking simulator under air and nitrogen atmosphere. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:419-30. [PMID: 22392377 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A coupling between a cigarette smoking simulator and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer was constructed to allow investigation of tobacco smoke formation under simulated burning conditions. The cigarette smoking simulator is designed to burn a sample in close approximation to the conditions experienced by a lit cigarette. The apparatus also permits conditions outside those of normal cigarette burning to be investigated for mechanistic understanding purposes. It allows control of parameters such as smouldering and puff temperatures, as well as combustion rate and puffing volume. In this study, the system enabled examination of the effects of "smoking" a cigarette under a nitrogen atmosphere. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with a soft ionisation technique is expedient to analyse complex mixtures such as tobacco smoke with a high time resolution. The objective of the study was to separate pyrolysis from combustion processes to reveal the formation mechanism of several selected toxicants. A purposely designed adapter, with no measurable dead volume or memory effects, enables the analysis of pyrolysis and combustion gases from tobacco and tobacco products (e.g. 3R4F reference cigarette) with minimum aging. The combined system demonstrates clear distinctions between smoke composition found under air and nitrogen smoking atmospheres based on the corresponding mass spectra and visualisations using principal component analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Busch
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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19
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Hertz R, Streibel T, Liu C, McAdam K, Zimmermann R. Microprobe sampling--photo ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for in situ chemical analysis of pyrolysis and combustion gases: examination of the thermo-chemical processes within a burning cigarette. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 714:104-13. [PMID: 22244143 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A microprobe sampling device (μ-probe) has been developed for in situ on-line photo ionization mass spectrometric analysis of volatile chemical species formed within objects consisting of organic matter during thermal processing. With this approach the chemical signature occurring during heating, pyrolysis, combustion, roasting and charring of organic material within burning objects such as burning fuel particles (e.g., biomass or coal pieces), lit cigarettes or thermally processed food products (e.g., roasting of coffee beans) can be investigated. Due to its dynamic changes between combustion and pyrolysis phases the cigarette smoking process is particularly interesting and has been chosen as first application. For this investigation the tip of the μ-probe is inserted directly into the tobacco rod and volatile organic compounds from inside the burning cigarette are extracted and real-time analyzed as the glowing front (or coal) approaches and passes the μ-probe sampling position. The combination of micro-sampling with photo ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-TOFMS) allows on-line intrapuff-resolved analysis of species formation inside a burning cigarette. Monitoring volatile smoke compounds during cigarette puffing and smoldering cycles in this way provides unparalleled insights into formation mechanisms and their time-dependent change. Using this technique the changes from pyrolysis conditions to combustion conditions inside the coal of a cigarette could be observed directly. A comparative analysis of species formation within a burning Kentucky 2R4F reference cigarette with μ-probe analysis reveals different patterns and behaviors for nicotine, and a range of semi-volatile aromatic and aliphatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Hertz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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20
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Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide modulate α2-antiplasmin and plasmin activity. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2011; 22:712-9. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32834c73f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Gordon SM, Brinkman MC, Meng RQ, Anderson GM, Chuang JC, Kroeger RR, Reyes IL, Clark PI. Effect of Cigarette Menthol Content on Mainstream Smoke Emissions. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1744-53. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200285s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Gordon
- Tobacco Exposure Research Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | - M. C. Brinkman
- Tobacco Exposure Research Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | - R. Q. Meng
- Battelle Toxicology, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - G. M. Anderson
- Battelle Toxicology, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - J. C. Chuang
- Tobacco Exposure Research Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | - R. R. Kroeger
- Tobacco Exposure Research Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | - I. L. Reyes
- Tobacco Exposure Research Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | - P. I. Clark
- University of Maryland College Park, Maryland, United States
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St.Charles F, Cook C, Clayton P. The linear relationship between cigarette tar and nicotine yields: Regulatory implications for smoke constituent ratios. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59:143-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is just one member of a new class of gaseous signalling molecules with fundamental actions in biology. In higher vertebrates it has key roles in maintaining haemostasis and in smooth muscle (especially vascular smooth muscle), neurons and the gastrointestinal tract. It is intimately involved in regulating all aspects of our lives from waking, digestion, sexual function, perception of pain and pleasure, memory recall and sleeping. Finally, the way it continues to function in our bodies will influence how we degenerate with age. It will likely play a role in our deaths through cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer. Our ability to control NO signalling and to use NO effectively in therapy must therefore have a major bearing on the future quality and duration of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Hirst
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL Belfast, UK.
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24
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Mortaz E, Masjedi MR, Barnes P. Identification of Novel Therapeutic Targets in COPD. TANAFFOS 2011; 10:9-14. [PMID: 25191356 PMCID: PMC4153138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Barnes
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, UK
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25
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Ćalušić AL, Varnai VM, Macan J. Acute effects of smoking and food consumption on breath condensate pH in healthy adults. Exp Lung Res 2010; 37:92-100. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2010.521616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Veda M. Varnai
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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