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Possenti E, Marinoni N, Conti C, Realini M, Vaughan GBM, Colombo C. Synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRDCT): a new tool in cultural heritage and stone conservation for 3D non-destructive probing and phase analysis of inorganic re-treatments. Analyst 2024; 149:2059-2072. [PMID: 38411215 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02208k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The issue of preserving carbonatic stones of cultural heritage (CH) restored in the past that have undergone new decay phenomena is strongly emerging and conservation science has not yet found a reliable solution. In this paper, we propose the application of synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRDCT) to explore the effects of using inorganic-mineral products (ammonium oxalate; ammonium phosphate) in sequence as a novel, compatible and effective re-treatment approach to consolidate decayed carbonatic stones already treated with inorganic-mineral treatments. High-quality XRDCT datasets were used to qualitatively/quantitatively investigate and 3D localize the complex mixture of crystalline phases formed after the conservation re-treatments within a porous carbonatic stone substrate. The XRDCT reconstruction images and the structural refinements of XRD patterns with the Rietveld methods showed that the phase composition of reaction products, their volume distribution, and weight fraction vary as a function of the treatment sequence and penetration depth. The high potential of XRDCT allows (i) assessment of peculiar trends of each treatment/treatment sequence; (ii) exploration of the reaction steps of the sequential treatments and (iii) demonstration of the consolidating effect of inorganic re-treatments, non-destructively and at the micron scale. Above all, our study (i) provides new analytical tools to support the conservation choices, (ii) showcases new analytical possibilities for XRDCT in conservation science, including in investigations of CH materials and decay processes, and (iii) opens up new perspectives in analytical chemistry and material characterisation for the non-destructive and non-invasive analysis of reactions within heterogeneous polycrystalline systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Possenti
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale (ISPC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Marinoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via S. Botticelli 23, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Claudia Conti
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale (ISPC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Realini
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale (ISPC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Gavin B M Vaughan
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Chiara Colombo
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale (ISPC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy.
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2
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La Bella M, Besselink R, Wright JP, Van Driessche AES, Fernandez-Martinez A, Giacobbe C. Hierarchical synchrotron diffraction and imaging study of the calcium sulfate hemihydrate-gypsum transformation. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:660-672. [PMID: 37284277 PMCID: PMC10241062 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723002881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of hydration of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4·0.5H2O) to form gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) was studied by combining scanning 3D X-ray diffraction (s3DXRD) and phase contrast tomography (PCT) to determine in situ the spatial and crystallographic relationship between these two phases. From s3DXRD measurements, the crystallographic structure, orientation and position of the crystalline grains in the sample during the hydration reaction were obtained, while the PCT reconstructions allowed visualization of the 3D shapes of the crystals during the reaction. This multi-scale study unfolds structural and morphological evidence of the dissolution-precipitation process of the gypsum plaster system, providing insights into the reactivity of specific crystallographic facets of the hemihydrate. In this work, epitaxial growth of gypsum crystals on the hemihydrate grains was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela La Bella
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, Grenoble 38040, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Rogier Besselink
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Jonathan P. Wright
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, Grenoble 38040, France
| | - Alexander E. S. Van Driessche
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, Grenoble 38000, France
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (IACT), CSIC-University of Granada, Armilla 18100, Spain
| | | | - Carlotta Giacobbe
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, Grenoble 38040, France
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3
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Ajeer A, Khong JC, Wilson MD, Moss RM. Hybrid energy and angle dispersive X-ray diffraction computed tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:12944-12954. [PMID: 37157443 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pixelated energy resolving detectors enable acquisition of X-ray diffraction (XRD) signals using a hybrid energy- and angle- dispersive technique, potentially paving the way for the development of novel benchtop XRD imaging or computed tomography (XRDCT) systems, utilising readily available polychromatic X-ray sources. In this work, a commercially available pixelated cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector, HEXITEC (High Energy X-ray Imaging Technology), was used to demonstrate such an XRDCT system. Specifically, a novel fly-scan technique was developed and compared to the established step-scan technique, reducing the total scan time by 42% while improving the spatial resolution, material contrast and therefore the material classification.
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4
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Spence D, Dicken A, Downes D, Rogers K, Evans P. Conical shell illumination incorporating a moving aperture for depth-resolved high-energy X-ray diffraction. Analyst 2023; 148:1123-1129. [PMID: 36727261 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01842j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In many applications, the main limitation of X-ray absorption methods is that the signals measured are a function of the attenuation coefficient, which tells us almost nothing about the chemical or crystallographic nature of objects under inspection. To calculate fundamental crystallographic parameters requires the measurement of diffracted photons from a sample. Standard laboratory diffraction methods have been refined for well over a century and provide 'gold standard' structural models for well-prepared samples and single crystals but have little applicability for thick heterogeneous samples as demanded by many screening applications. We present a new high-energy X-ray diffraction probe, which in comparison with previous depth-resolving hollow beam techniques, requires a single beam, point detector and a simple swept aperture to resolve sample signatures at unknown locations within an inspection space. We perform Monte Carlo simulations to support experiments on both single- and multiple-material localisation and identification. The new probe is configured and tested using low-cost commercial components to provide a rapid and cost-effective solution for applications including explosives detection, process control and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spence
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Anthony Dicken
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - David Downes
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Keith Rogers
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, UK
| | - Paul Evans
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
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5
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Travincas R, Pereira MF, Torres I, Maurício A, Silveira D, Flores-Colen I. X-ray microtomography applied to mortars: Review of microstructural visualization and parameterization. Micron 2023; 164:103375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Sauer K, Zizak I, Forien JB, Rack A, Scoppola E, Zaslansky P. Primary radiation damage in bone evolves via collagen destruction by photoelectrons and secondary emission self-absorption. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7829. [PMID: 36539409 PMCID: PMC9768145 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
X-rays are invaluable for imaging and sterilization of bones, yet the resulting ionization and primary radiation damage mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we monitor in-situ collagen backbone degradation in dry bones using second-harmonic-generation and X-ray diffraction. Collagen breaks down by cascades of photon-electron excitations, enhanced by the presence of mineral nanoparticles. We observe protein disintegration with increasing exposure, detected as residual strain relaxation in pre-stressed apatite nanocrystals. Damage rapidly grows from the onset of irradiation, suggesting that there is no minimal 'safe' dose that bone collagen can sustain. Ionization of calcium and phosphorous in the nanocrystals yields fluorescence and high energy electrons giving rise to structural damage that spreads beyond regions directly illuminated by the incident radiation. Our findings highlight photoelectrons as major agents of damage to bone collagen with implications to all situations where bones are irradiated by hard X-rays and in particular for small-beam mineralized collagen fiber investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrein Sauer
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo Zizak
- grid.424048.e0000 0001 1090 3682Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Department for Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials (SE-ASD), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Baptiste Forien
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - Alexander Rack
- grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Structure of Materials Group - ID19, CS 40220, F-38043, Grenoble, Cedex 9 France
| | - Ernesto Scoppola
- grid.461615.10000 0000 8925 2562Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Brandenburg Germany
| | - Paul Zaslansky
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department for Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Korolkovas A. Fast X-ray diffraction (XRD) tomography for enhanced identification of materials. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19097. [PMID: 36351982 PMCID: PMC9646897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a commercially established modality for imaging large objects like passenger luggage. CT can provide the density and the effective atomic number, which is not always sufficient to identify threats like explosives and narcotics, since they can have a similar composition to benign plastics, glass, or light metals. In these cases, X-ray diffraction (XRD) may be better suited to distinguish the threats. Unfortunately, the diffracted photon flux is typically much weaker than the transmitted one. Measurement of quality XRD data is therefore slower compared to CT, which is an economic challenge for potential customers like airports. In this article we numerically analyze a novel low-cost scanner design which captures CT and XRD signals simultaneously, and uses the least possible collimation to maximize the flux. To simulate a realistic instrument, we propose a forward model that includes the resolution-limiting effects of the polychromatic spectrum, the detector, and all the finite-size geometric factors. We then show how to reconstruct XRD patterns from a large phantom with multiple diffracting objects. We include a reasonable amount of photon counting noise (Poisson statistics), as well as measurement bias (incoherent scattering). Our XRD reconstruction adds material-specific information, albeit at a low resolution, to the already existing CT image, thus improving threat detection. Our theoretical model is implemented in GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) accelerated software which can be used to further optimize scanner designs for applications in security, healthcare, and manufacturing quality control.
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8
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Hendriksen AA, Bührer M, Leone L, Merlini M, Vigano N, Pelt DM, Marone F, di Michiel M, Batenburg KJ. Deep denoising for multi-dimensional synchrotron X-ray tomography without high-quality reference data. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11895. [PMID: 34088936 PMCID: PMC8178391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray tomography enables the examination of the internal structure of materials at submicron spatial resolution and subsecond temporal resolution. Unavoidable experimental constraints can impose dose and time limits on the measurements, introducing noise in the reconstructed images. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have emerged as a powerful tool to remove noise from reconstructed images. However, their training typically requires collecting a dataset of paired noisy and high-quality measurements, which is a major obstacle to their use in practice. To circumvent this problem, methods for CNN-based denoising have recently been proposed that require no separate training data beyond the already available noisy reconstructions. Among these, the Noise2Inverse method is specifically designed for tomography and related inverse problems. To date, applications of Noise2Inverse have only taken into account 2D spatial information. In this paper, we expand the application of Noise2Inverse in space, time, and spectrum-like domains. This development enhances applications to static and dynamic micro-tomography as well as X-ray diffraction tomography. Results on real-world datasets establish that Noise2Inverse is capable of accurate denoising and enables a substantial reduction in acquisition time while maintaining image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minna Bührer
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Laura Leone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Merlini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniël M Pelt
- Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden Universiteit, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - K Joost Batenburg
- Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden Universiteit, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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High-fidelity and high-resolution phase mapping of granites via confocal Raman imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8022. [PMID: 33850215 PMCID: PMC8044247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In physical sciences such as chemistry and earth sciences, specifically for characterization of minerals in a rock, automated, objective mapping methods based on elemental analysis have replaced traditional optical petrography. However, mineral phase maps obtained from these newer approaches rely on conversion of elemental compositions to mineralogical compositions and thus cannot distinguish mineral polymorphs. Secondly, these techniques often require laborious sample preparations such as sectioning, polishing, and coating which are time-consuming. Here, we develop a new Raman imaging protocol that is capable of mapping unpolished samples with an auto-focusing Z-mapping feature that allows direct fingerprinting of different polymorphs. Specifically, we report a new methodology for generating high fidelity phase maps by exploiting characteristic peak intensity ratios which can be extended to any multi-phase, heterogenous system. Collectively, these enhancements allow us to rapidly map an unpolished granite specimen (~ 2 × 2 mm) with an exceptionally high accuracy (> 97%) and an extremely fine spatial resolution (< 0.3-2 µm).
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10
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Stoica M, Sarac B, Spieckermann F, Wright J, Gammer C, Han J, Gostin PF, Eckert J, Löffler JF. X-ray Diffraction Computed Nanotomography Applied to Solve the Structure of Hierarchically Phase-Separated Metallic Glass. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2386-2398. [PMID: 33512138 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structure of matter at the nanoscale, in particular that of amorphous metallic alloys, is of vital importance for functionalization. With the availability of synchrotron radiation, it is now possible to visualize the internal features of metallic samples without physically destroying them. Methods based on computed tomography have recently been employed to explore the local features. Tomographic reconstruction, while it is relatively uncomplicated for crystalline materials, may generate undesired artifacts when applied to featureless amorphous or nanostructured metallic alloys. In this study we show that X-ray diffraction computed nanotomography can provide accurate details of the internal structure of a metallic glass. We demonstrate the power of the method by applying it to a hierarchically phase-separated amorphous sample with a small volume fraction of crystalline inclusions, focusing the X-ray beam to 500 nm and ensuring a sub-micrometer 2D resolution via the number of scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Stoica
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Baran Sarac
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Florian Spieckermann
- Chair of Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Jonathan Wright
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Christoph Gammer
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Junhee Han
- Korea Institute for Rare Metals (KIRAM), Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Yeonsu-Gu, 21999 Incheon, South Korea
| | - Petre F Gostin
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Eckert
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), 8700 Leoben, Austria
- Chair of Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Jörg F Löffler
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Vamvakeros A, Coelho AA, Matras D, Dong H, Odarchenko Y, Price SWT, Butler KT, Gutowski O, Dippel AC, Zimmermann M, Martens I, Drnec J, Beale AM, Jacques SDM. DLSR: a solution to the parallax artefact in X-ray diffraction computed tomography data. J Appl Crystallogr 2020. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720013576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A new tomographic reconstruction algorithm is presented, termed direct least-squares reconstruction (DLSR), which solves the well known parallax problem in X-ray-scattering-based experiments. The parallax artefact arises from relatively large samples where X-rays, scattered from a scattering angle 2θ, arrive at multiple detector elements. This phenomenon leads to loss of physico-chemical information associated with diffraction peak shape and position (i.e. altering the calculated crystallite size and lattice parameter values, respectively) and is currently the major barrier to investigating samples and devices at the centimetre level (scale-up problem). The accuracy of the DLSR algorithm has been tested against simulated and experimental X-ray diffraction computed tomography data using the TOPAS software.
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12
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Possenti E, Colombo C, Realini M, Song CL, Kazarian SG. Insight into the effects of moisture and layer build-up on the formation of lead soaps using micro-ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging of complex painted stratigraphies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:455-467. [PMID: 33169173 PMCID: PMC7806535 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal soaps are formed in paint layers thorough the reaction of metal ions of pigments and fatty acids of organic binders. In this study, micro-ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging was used to analyse the formation of lead soaps in oil-based paint layers in relation to their exposure to moisture sources. The investigations were carried out on authentic samples of complex stratigraphies from cold painted terracotta statues (Sacred Mount, Varallo, UNESCO) and different IR-active lead white pigments, organic materials, and lead soaps were discriminated. The saponification of selected paint layers was correlated to the conservation history, the manufacturing technique, and the build-up of layers. The presence of hydrophilic layers within the stratigraphy and their role as a further water source are discussed. Furthermore, the modifications experienced by lead-based pigments from the core of an intact grain of pigment towards the newly formed decay phases were investigated via a novel approach based on shift of the peak for the corresponding spectral bands and their integrated absorbance in the ATR-FTIR spectra. Qualitative information on the spatial distribution from the chemical images was combined with quantitative information on the peak shift to evaluate the different manufacture (lead carbonate, basic lead carbonate) or the extent of decay undergone by the lead-based pigments as a function of their grain size, contiguous layers, and moisture source. Similar results, having a high impact on heritage science and analytical chemistry, allow developing up-to-date conservation strategies by connecting an advanced knowledge of the materials to the social and conservation history of artefacts. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Possenti
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISPC-CNR, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Colombo
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISPC-CNR, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Realini
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISPC-CNR, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Cai Li Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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13
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Uesugi M, Hirahara K, Uesugi K, Takeuchi A, Karouji Y, Shirai N, Ito M, Tomioka N, Ohigashi T, Yamaguchi A, Imae N, Yada T, Abe M. Development of a sample holder for synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography and diffraction analysis of extraterrestrial materials. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:035107. [PMID: 32259948 DOI: 10.1063/1.5122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A sample holder for a suite of synchrotron radiation measurements on extraterrestrial materials, which are fragile and irregularly shaped, was developed using carbon nanotubes and polyimide. The holder enables investigation of such samples with multiple analytical instruments, which means that we can reduce the number of sample transfers between holders. The holder developed in our study also enables investigation of such samples without exposure to the terrestrial atmosphere, which contains abundant contaminants, such as water vapor and organic substances. The stability of the samples in the holder during the measurements and disturbance of the analysis result by the holder were evaluated, which showed that sample drift motion and image disturbance due to x-ray attenuation and scattering of the holder materials are insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Uesugi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kaori Hirahara
- Department Mechanical Engineering and Center for Atomic and Molecular Technology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takeuchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Karouji
- JAXA Space Exploration Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - Naoki Shirai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Motoo Ito
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC), 200 Monobe Otsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Naotaka Tomioka
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC), 200 Monobe Otsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Takuji Ohigashi
- UVSOR Facility, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Antarctic Meteorite Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo 173-8515, Japan
| | - Naoya Imae
- Antarctic Meteorite Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo 173-8515, Japan
| | - Toru Yada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
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14
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Cuesta A, De la Torre ÁG, Santacruz I, Diaz A, Trtik P, Holler M, Lothenbach B, Aranda MAG. Quantitative disentanglement of nanocrystalline phases in cement pastes by synchrotron ptychographic X-ray tomography. IUCRJ 2019; 6:473-491. [PMID: 31098028 PMCID: PMC6503921 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519003774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mortars and concretes are ubiquitous materials with very complex hierarchical microstructures. To fully understand their main properties and to decrease their CO2 footprint, a sound description of their spatially resolved mineralogy is necessary. Developing this knowledge is very challenging as about half of the volume of hydrated cement is a nanocrystalline component, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel. Furthermore, other poorly crystalline phases (e.g. iron siliceous hydrogarnet or silica oxide) may coexist, which are even more difficult to characterize. Traditional spatially resolved techniques such as electron microscopy involve complex sample preparation steps that often lead to artefacts (e.g. dehydration and microstructural changes). Here, synchrotron ptychographic tomography has been used to obtain spatially resolved information on three unaltered representative samples: neat Portland paste, Portland-calcite and Portland-fly-ash blend pastes with a spatial resolution below 100 nm in samples with a volume of up to 5 × 104 µm3. For the neat Portland paste, the ptychotomographic study gave densities of 2.11 and 2.52 g cm-3 and a content of 41.1 and 6.4 vol% for nanocrystalline C-S-H gel and poorly crystalline iron siliceous hydrogarnet, respectively. Furthermore, the spatially resolved volumetric mass-density information has allowed characterization of inner-product and outer-product C-S-H gels. The average density of the inner-product C-S-H is smaller than that of the outer product and its variability is larger. Full characterization of the pastes, including segmentation of the different components, is reported and the contents are compared with the results obtained by thermodynamic modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cuesta
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Malaga, Spain
| | - Ángeles G. De la Torre
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Malaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Santacruz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Trtik
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Lothenbach
- EMPA, Laboratory for Concrete and Construction Chemistry, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A. G. Aranda
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Malaga, Spain
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, E-08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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X-ray Microcomputed Tomography (µCT) for Mineral Characterization: A Review of Data Analysis Methods. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The main advantage of X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT) as a non-destructive imaging tool lies in its ability to analyze the three-dimensional (3D) interior of a sample, therefore eliminating the stereological error exhibited in conventional two-dimensional (2D) image analysis. Coupled with the correct data analysis methods, µCT allows extraction of textural and mineralogical information from ore samples. This study provides a comprehensive overview on the available and potentially useful data analysis methods for processing 3D datasets acquired with laboratory µCT systems. Our study indicates that there is a rapid development of new techniques and algorithms capable of processing µCT datasets, but application of such techniques is often sample-specific. Several methods that have been successfully implemented for other similar materials (soils, aggregates, rocks) were also found to have the potential to be applied in mineral characterization. The main challenge in establishing a µCT system as a mineral characterization tool lies in the computational expenses of processing the large 3D dataset. Additionally, since most of the µCT dataset is based on the attenuation of the minerals, the presence of minerals with similar attenuations limits the capability of µCT in mineral segmentation. Further development on the data processing workflow is needed to accelerate the breakthrough of µCT as an analytical tool in mineral characterization.
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16
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Claret F, Grangeon S, Loschetter A, Tournassat C, De Nolf W, Harker N, Boulahya F, Gaboreau S, Linard Y, Bourbon X, Fernandez-Martinez A, Wright J. Deciphering mineralogical changes and carbonation development during hydration and ageing of a consolidated ternary blended cement paste. IUCRJ 2018; 5:150-157. [PMID: 29765604 PMCID: PMC5947719 DOI: 10.1107/s205225251701836x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To understand the main properties of cement, a ubiquitous material, a sound description of its chemistry and mineralogy, including its reactivity in aggressive environments and its mechanical properties, is vital. In particular, the porosity distribution and associated sample carbonation, both of which affect cement's properties and durability, should be quantified accurately, and their kinetics and mechanisms of formation known both in detail and in situ. However, traditional methods of cement mineralogy analysis (e.g. chemical mapping) involve sample preparation (e.g. slicing) that can be destructive and/or expose cement to the atmosphere, leading to preparation artefacts (e.g. dehydration). In addition, the kinetics of mineralogical development during hydration, and associated porosity development, cannot be examined. To circumvent these issues, X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRD-CT) has been used. This allowed the mineralogy of ternary blended cement composed of clinker, fly ash and blast furnace slag to be deciphered. Consistent with previous results obtained for both powdered samples and dilute systems, it was possible, using a consolidated cement paste (with a water-to-solid ratio akin to that used in civil engineering), to determine that the mineralogy consists of alite (only detected in the in situ hydration experiment), calcite, calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H), ettringite, mullite, portlandite, and an amorphous fraction of unreacted slag and fly ash. Mineralogical evolution during the first hydration steps indicated fast ferrite reactivity. Insights were also gained into how the cement porosity evolves over time and into associated spatially and time-resolved carbonation mechanisms. It was observed that macroporosity developed in less than 30 h of hydration, with pore sizes reaching about 100-150 µm in width. Carbonation was not observed for this time scale, but was found to affect the first 100 µm of cement located around macropores in a sample cured for six months. Regarding this carbonation, the only mineral detected was calcite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Claret
- BRGM, 3 avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, Orléans Cedex 2, 45060, France
| | - Sylvain Grangeon
- BRGM, 3 avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, Orléans Cedex 2, 45060, France
| | - Annick Loschetter
- BRGM, 3 avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, Orléans Cedex 2, 45060, France
| | - Christophe Tournassat
- BRGM, 3 avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, Orléans Cedex 2, 45060, France
- Université d’Orléans – CNRS/INSU-BRGM, UMR 7327 Institut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans (ISTO), Orléans, 45071, France
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wout De Nolf
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Nicholas Harker
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Faiza Boulahya
- BRGM, 3 avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, Orléans Cedex 2, 45060, France
| | - Stéphane Gaboreau
- BRGM, 3 avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, Orléans Cedex 2, 45060, France
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Wright
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
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17
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Vamvakeros A, Jacques SDM, Di Michiel M, Senecal P, Middelkoop V, Cernik RJ, Beale AM. Interlaced X-ray diffraction computed tomography. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:485-496. [PMID: 27047305 PMCID: PMC4815873 DOI: 10.1107/s160057671600131x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An X-ray diffraction computed tomography data-collection strategy that allows, post experiment, a choice between temporal and spatial resolution is reported. This strategy enables time-resolved studies on comparatively short timescales, or alternatively allows for improved spatial resolution if the system under study, or components within it, appear to be unchanging. The application of the method for studying an Mn-Na-W/SiO2 fixed-bed reactor in situ is demonstrated. Additionally, the opportunities to improve the data-collection strategy further, enabling post-collection tuning between statistical, temporal and spatial resolutions, are discussed. In principle, the interlaced scanning approach can also be applied to other pencil-beam tomographic techniques, like X-ray fluorescence computed tomography, X-ray absorption fine structure computed tomography, pair distribution function computed tomography and tomographic scanning transmission X-ray microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Vamvakeros
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
| | - Simon D. M. Jacques
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, England
| | | | - Pierre Senecal
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
| | - Vesna Middelkoop
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO NV, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Robert J. Cernik
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, England
| | - Andrew M. Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
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18
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Birkbak ME, Leemreize H, Frølich S, Stock SR, Birkedal H. Diffraction scattering computed tomography: a window into the structures of complex nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:18402-10. [PMID: 26505175 PMCID: PMC4727839 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04385a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Modern functional nanomaterials and devices are increasingly composed of multiple phases arranged in three dimensions over several length scales. Therefore there is a pressing demand for improved methods for structural characterization of such complex materials. An excellent emerging technique that addresses this problem is diffraction/scattering computed tomography (DSCT). DSCT combines the merits of diffraction and/or small angle scattering with computed tomography to allow imaging the interior of materials based on the diffraction or small angle scattering signals. This allows, e.g., one to distinguish the distributions of polymorphs in complex mixtures. Here we review this technique and give examples of how it can shed light on modern nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Birkbak
- iNANO and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 14 Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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19
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Aranda MA. Recent studies of cements and concretes by synchrotron radiation crystallographic and cognate methods. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2015.1070260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Münch B, Martin LHJ, Leemann A. Segmentation of elemental EDS maps by means of multiple clustering combined with phase identification. J Microsc 2015; 260:411-26. [PMID: 26367007 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An imaging concept is proposed for the phase identification and segmentation of elemental map images from energy dispersive spectroscopy. The procedure starts with presegmentation using common clustering algorithms, continues with automated identification of the chemical compositions, followed by their screening by professional expertise. The ultimate phases are finally clustered by applying a minimum Euclidean distance classifier. The potential, performance and limitations of the approach are presented on energy dispersive spectroscopy maps acquired by a scanning electron microscope and conducted on samples produced from cement clinker, natural rock and hydrated cement mortar. Nevertheless, the technique is suitable for arbitrary types of materials and general devices for energy dispersive spectroscopy acquisition. It is an approach for extending common energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis by means of visual examination and ratio plots towards quantitative rating.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Münch
- Empa Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - L H J Martin
- Empa Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A Leemann
- Empa Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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21
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Li F, Liu Z, Sun T, Ma Y, Ding X. Confocal three-dimensional micro X-ray scatter imaging for non-destructive detecting foreign bodies with low density and low-Z materials in food products. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Cersoy S, Leynaud O, Álvarez-Murga M, Martinetto P, Bordet P, Boudet N, Chalmin E, Castets G, Hodeau JL. Laboratory implementation of X-ray diffraction/scattering computed tomography. J Appl Crystallogr 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576714027204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This article demonstrates the possibility to perform X-ray diffraction/scattering computed tomography experiments with a laboratory diffraction setup. This technique is useful to characterize samples with inhomogeneities on a length scale of a couple of hundred micrometres. Furthermore, the method can be applied to preliminary phase-selective imaging prior to higher-resolution characterization using synchrotron radiation. This article presents the results of test experiments carried out on a rhombohedral C60sample previously studied at the ESRF.
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23
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Progress towards five dimensional diffraction imaging of functional materials under process conditions. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Artioli G, Bullard JW. Cement hydration: the role of adsorption and crystal growth. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201200713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Artioli
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Geoscienze e Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per lo Studio dei Materiali Cementizi e dei Leganti Idraulici (CIRCe); Via Gradenigo; 6-35131 Padova Italy
| | - Jeffrey W. Bullard
- Materials and Structural Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive; Gaithersburg MD USA
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25
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Voltolini M, Dalconi MC, Artioli G, Parisatto M, Valentini L, Russo V, Bonnin A, Tucoulou R. Understanding cement hydration at the microscale: new opportunities from `pencil-beam' synchrotron X-ray diffraction tomography. J Appl Crystallogr 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889812046985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work describes some new improvements concerning the analysis of cement hydration processes using `pencil-beam' synchrotron X-ray diffraction tomography. (i) A new filtering procedure, applied to the diffraction images, has been developed to separate the powder-like contribution from that of the grains in the diffraction images. (ii) In addition to improving the quality of the diffraction images for the subsequent analysis and tomographic reconstruction, the filtering procedure can also be used to perform a qualitative analysis of the crystallite size distribution, whenever the more standard approaches cannot be applied. (iii) Given the importance of the calcium silicate hydrate phase (C–S–H) in cements, a procedure to obtain its spatial distribution using the diffraction signal has been successfully applied, even though C–S–H is a highly disordered phase, almost amorphous to X-ray diffraction. (iv) The main result of this study has been to show that, in spite of the long measurement times required, it is possible to usein situexperiments at different aging times of cement pastes to monitor the cement evolution. This allowed the evolution of the microstructure during the acceleration and deceleration periods of the hydration process to be checked with unprecedented detail, since the quantitative spatial distribution of each phase (including C–S–H) dissolved or precipitated in the sample has been obtained. The reported approach opens up a range of opportunities for the investigation of complex multiphase systems and processes, including hydration and microstructural development in cements.
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26
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Álvarez-Murga M, Bleuet P, Hodeau JL. Diffraction/scattering computed tomography for three-dimensional characterization of multi-phase crystalline and amorphous materials. J Appl Crystallogr 2012. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889812041039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional characterization method described herein is based on diffraction and scattering techniques combined with tomography and uses the variation of these signals to reconstruct a two-dimensional/three-dimensional structural image. To emphasize the capability of the method in discriminating between different poorly ordered phases, it is named diffraction/scattering computed tomography (DSCT). This combination not only allows structural imaging but also yields an enhancement of the weak signals coming from minor phases, thereby increasing the sensitivity of structural probes. This article reports the suitability of the method for discrimination of polycrystalline and amorphous phases and for extraction of their selective local patterns with a contrast sensitivity of about 0.1% in weight of minor phases relative to the matrix. The required background in tomography is given and then the selectivity of scattering signal, the efficiency of the method, reconstruction artefacts and limitations are addressed. The approach is illustrated through different examples covering a large range of applications based on recent literature, showing the potential of DSCT in crystallography and materials science, particularly when functional and/or precious samples with sub-micrometre features have to be investigated in a nondestructive way.
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27
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Stock SR, Almer JD. Diffraction microcomputed tomography of an Al-matrix SiC-monofilament composite. J Appl Crystallogr 2012. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889812039131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of an SiC-monofilament-reinforced Al-matrix composite was reconstructed using diffraction rings from these two phases. A 65 keV X-ray beam with 15 µm width (horizontal) and 150 µm length (vertical) was scanned across the specimen in 15 µm steps. A 2° rotation about the vertical rotation axis was used between projections, and filtered back projection reconstructions were created with 15 × 15 µm in-plane and 150 µm out-of-plane volume elements (voxels). The integrated intensities of the 11.0, 10.1 and 10.2 SiC and the 111, 200 and 220 Al diffraction rings were used to produce six independent reconstructions. The transmitted-intensity reconstruction agreed with that of higher resolution, absorption-contrast synchrotron microcomputed tomography. The Al reconstructions showed the effect of large grains, and the SiC reconstructions revealed the two microstructural zones in the fibers.
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28
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Science for the cultural heritage: the contribution of X-ray diffraction. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-012-0207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Martínez-Criado G, Tucoulou R, Cloetens P, Bleuet P, Bohic S, Cauzid J, Kieffer I, Kosior E, Labouré S, Petitgirard S, Rack A, Sans JA, Segura-Ruiz J, Suhonen H, Susini J, Villanova J. Status of the hard X-ray microprobe beamline ID22 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2012; 19:10-18. [PMID: 22186639 DOI: 10.1107/s090904951104249x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ESRF synchrotron beamline ID22, dedicated to hard X-ray microanalysis and consisting of the combination of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, diffraction and 2D/3D X-ray imaging techniques, is one of the most versatile instruments in hard X-ray microscopy science. This paper describes the present beamline characteristics, recent technical developments, as well as a few scientific examples from recent years of the beamline operation. The upgrade plans to adapt the beamline to the growing needs of the user community are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Martínez-Criado
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Experiments Division, Grenoble, France.
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30
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Jacques SDM, Di Michiel M, Beale AM, Sochi T, O'Brien MG, Espinosa-Alonso L, Weckhuysen BM, Barnes P. Dynamic X-Ray Diffraction Computed Tomography Reveals Real-Time Insight into Catalyst Active Phase Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10148-52. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Jacques SDM, Di Michiel M, Beale AM, Sochi T, O'Brien MG, Espinosa-Alonso L, Weckhuysen BM, Barnes P. Dynamic X-Ray Diffraction Computed Tomography Reveals Real-Time Insight into Catalyst Active Phase Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Palancher H, Tucoulou R, Bleuet P, Bonnin A, Welcomme E, Cloetens P. Hard X-ray diffraction scanning tomography with sub-micrometre spatial resolution: application to an annealed γ-U0.85Mo0.15particle. J Appl Crystallogr 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889811024423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is demonstrated that scanning X-ray diffraction tomography of heterogeneous and polycrystalline samples can provide real-space semi-quantitative three-dimensional structural information at a submicrometre spatial resolution. The capabilities of this technique are illustrated by the study of a slice of a spherical particle consisting of a UMo core (about 37 µm in diameter) surrounded by a UMoAl shell (5 µm thick). The technique allows precise characterization of the embedded UMo/UMoAl interface where the phases α-U (in the core), UAl2and U6Mo4Al43(in the shell) are found. Moreover, an unexpected phase (UC) is detected at a trace level. It is shown that the thickness of the UMoAl shell is locally anticorrelated with the amount of UC, suggesting that this phase plays a protective role in inhibiting thermally activated Al diffusion in UMo.
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33
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Mochales C, Maerten A, Rack A, Cloetens P, Mueller W, Zaslansky P, Fleck C. Monoclinic phase transformations of zirconia-based dental prostheses, induced by clinically practised surface manipulations. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2994-3002. [PMID: 21515417 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Full-ceramic zirconia crowns and bridges have become very popular with dentists and patients because of their excellent esthetics and mechanical properties. We studied phase transformations within the outermost surface layer of 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP) samples of small, clinically relevant thicknesses, manipulated by polishing, grinding and fracture as might be encountered in everyday clinical practice. Stress-induced transformations of the tetragonal phase were studied in three dimensions in order to better understand the organization and extent of the monoclinically transformed phase. By means of laboratory- and synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction measurements, coupled with electron microscopy and multimodal tomography, it was possible for the first time to visualize and quantify the phase distributions non-destructively and in three dimensions. Highly variable degrees of local transformation result in ragged transformed zones of very inhomogeneous thickness. The overall thickness of the transformation layers strongly depends on the severity and rate of loading. Gentle diamond cutting resulted in surprisingly low transformation ratios of less than 0.1%. When Y-TZP constructions are manipulated before bonding, toughness of the outer layers is reduced and they may become brittle with important implications for the stability of the bond: dental practitioners thus need to be cautious when altering the surfaces of these materials after sintering.
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34
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Valentini L, Dalconi MC, Parisatto M, Cruciani G, Artioli G. Towards three-dimensional quantitative reconstruction of cement microstructure by X-ray diffraction microtomography. J Appl Crystallogr 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889810054701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative characterization of the microstructure of cement-based materials is of fundamental importance for assessing the performance and durability of the final products. However, accessing the three-dimensional microstructural information of hydrating cement pastes without introducing any perturbation is not trivial. Recently, a novel non-invasive method based on X-ray diffraction computed microtomography (XRD-CT) has been applied to cement-based materials, with the aim of describing the three-dimensional spatial distribution of selected phases during the hydration of the cement paste. This paper illustrates a method based on XRD-CT, combined with Rietveld-based quantitative phase analysis and image processing, which provides quantitative information relative to the distribution of the various phases present in the studied samples. In particular, it is shown how this method allows the estimation of the local volume fraction of the phase ettringite within a hydrating cement paste, and construction of a three-dimensional distribution map. Application of this method to the various constituents of a cementitious material, or, more generally, of a composite polycrystalline material, may provide a non-invasive tool for three-dimensional microstructural quantitative characterization.
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35
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Beale AM, Jacques SDM, Weckhuysen BM. Chemical imaging of catalytic solids with synchrotron radiation. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4656-72. [PMID: 20978688 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis is a term normally used to describe a group of catalytic processes, yet it could equally be employed to describe the catalytic solid itself. A better understanding of the chemical and structural variation within such materials is thus a pre-requisite for the rationalising of structure-function relationships and ultimately to the design of new, more sustainable catalytic processes. The past 20 years has witnessed marked improvements in technologies required for analytical measurements at synchrotron sources, including higher photon brightness, nano-focusing, rapid, high resolution data acquisition and in the handling of large volumes of data. It is now possible to image materials using the entire synchrotron radiative profile, thus heralding a new era of in situ/operando measurements of catalytic solids. In this tutorial review we discuss the recent work in this exciting new research area and finally conclude with a future outlook on what will be possible/challenging to measure in the not-too-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Beale
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for NanoMaterials Science, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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