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Zhang J, Sun M, Elmaidomy AH, Youssif KA, Zaki AMM, Hassan Kamal H, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR. Emerging trends and applications of metabolomics in food science and nutrition. Food Funct 2023; 14:9050-9082. [PMID: 37740352 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01770b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of all chemical processes involving metabolites is known as metabolomics. It has been developed into an essential tool in several disciplines, such as the study of plant physiology, drug development, human diseases, and nutrition. The field of food science, diagnostic biomarker research, etiological analysis in the field of medical therapy, and raw material quality, processing, and safety have all benefited from the use of metabolomics recently. Food metabolomics includes the use of metabolomics in food production, processing, and human diets. As a result of changing consumer habits and the rising of food industries all over the world, there is a remarkable increase in interest in food quality and safety. It requires the employment of various technologies for the food supply chain, processing of food, and even plant breeding. This can be achieved by understanding the metabolome of food, including its biochemistry and composition. Additionally, Food metabolomics can be used to determine the similarities and differences across crop kinds, as an indicator for tracking the process of ripening to increase crops' shelf life and attractiveness, and identifying metabolites linked to pathways responsible for postharvest disorders. Moreover, nutritional metabolomics is used to investigate the connection between diet and human health through detection of certain biomarkers. This review assessed and compiled literature on food metabolomics research with an emphasis on metabolite extraction, detection, and data processing as well as its applications to the study of food nutrition, food-based illness, and phytochemical analysis. Several studies have been published on the applications of metabolomics in food but further research concerning the use of standard reproducible procedures must be done. The results published showed promising uses in the food industry in many areas such as food production, processing, and human diets. Finally, metabolome-wide association studies (MWASs) could also be a useful predictor to detect the connection between certain diseases and low molecular weight biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Mingna Sun
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Abeer H Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Khayrya A Youssif
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El-Saleheya El Gadida University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adham M M Zaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Hossam Hassan Kamal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, 62513 Beni-Suef, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014 Basra, Iraq
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
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Shuaibu NS, Zhao G, Chu F, Wang X. Rapid analysis of pharmaceutical and personal care products by soft microwave-based plasma ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (SMPI-LTQ) in natural water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:108263-108273. [PMID: 37747605 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a soft microwave plasma torch (SMPT) combined with a mass spectrometer (MS) was used for the first time as an analytical method to detect and analyze various pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic environments without the need for sample pretreatment. For this purpose, ambient SMPT was used to generate plasma for ionizing the analyte molecules. Accordingly, nine PPCPs were identified by the SMPT-MS, and their identification was verified by collision-induced dissociation (CID). The technique's performance was verified with known PPCP samples, and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) obtained over a linear range of 50-1 μg/L were 1.56 to 2.81 and 2.07 to 3.62 μg/L, respectively, with the standard addition recovery rate falling between 87.14 and 115.16%. These results show that the method has excellent sensitivity and selectivity, suggesting that SMPT can rapidly and directly detect PPCPs in environmental water, making it a promising method for rapid water quality inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazifi Sani Shuaibu
- Zhejiang University College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Province, Zhejiang, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaosheng Zhao
- Shanghai University School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fengjian Chu
- Zhejiang University College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Province, Zhejiang, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Zhejiang University College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Province, Zhejiang, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
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Simões J, Coelho E, Magalhães P, Brandão T, Rodrigues P, Teixeira JA, Domingues L. Exploiting Non-Conventional Yeasts for Low-Alcohol Beer Production. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020316. [PMID: 36838280 PMCID: PMC9961705 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts represent a very appealing alternative to producing beers with zero or low ethanol content. The current study explores the potential of seven non-Saccharomyces yeasts to produce low-alcohol or non-alcoholic beer, in addition to engineered/selected Saccharomyces yeasts for low-alcohol production. The yeasts were first screened for their sugar consumption and ethanol production profiles, leading to the selection of strains with absent or inefficient maltose consumption and consequently with low-to-null ethanol production. The selected yeasts were then used in larger-scale fermentations for volatile and sensory evaluation. Overall, the yeasts produced beers with ethanol concentrations below 1.2% in which fusel alcohols and esters were also detected, making them eligible to produce low-alcohol beers. Among the lager beers produced in this study, beers produced using Saccharomyces yeast demonstrated a higher acceptance by taster panelists. This study demonstrates the suitability of non-conventional yeasts for producing low-alcohol or non-alcoholic beers and opens perspectives for the development of non-conventional beers.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Simões
- CEB–Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4835-198 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Coelho
- CEB–Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4835-198 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paulo Magalhães
- Super Bock Group, SGPS, SA, 4466-955 Leça do Balio, Portugal
| | - Tiago Brandão
- Super Bock Group, SGPS, SA, 4466-955 Leça do Balio, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- Super Bock Group, SGPS, SA, 4466-955 Leça do Balio, Portugal
| | - José António Teixeira
- CEB–Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4835-198 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB–Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4835-198 Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Molecular Networks and Macromolecular Molar Mass Distributions for Preliminary Characterization of Danish Craft Beers. BEVERAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages8020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beer is one of the most widely consumed beverages containing up to 200,000 unique small molecules and a largely uncharacterized macromolecular and particulate space. The chemical profiling of beer is difficult due to its complex nature. To address this issue, we have used various state-of-the-art methods to determine the physicochemical characteristics of beer. Specifically, we have successfully generated an LC-MS-based molecular network with minimal sample preparation to profile indoles in beer and confirmed their presence using 1H-NMR. In addition, we have identified different macromolecular signatures in beer of different colors by utilizing AF4-MALS. These preliminary findings lay the foundation for further research on the physicochemical nature of beer.
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Zhao G, Chu F, Zhou J. Dual ambient plasma source ionization mass spectrometry for the rapid detection of trace sterols in urban water: Rapid detection of trace sterols in urban water. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4809. [PMID: 35075730 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A direct analytical method based on dual ambient plasma ion source tandem mass spectrometry was used for the simultaneous determination of four sterols in the environment. This technology has very high sensitivity and the method detects the four sterols in methanol-water (1:3) solutions with limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 1.2 ng/L to 6.9 ng/L and 7.6 ng/L to 10.0 ng/L, respectively. The method was also used to test water quality at three locations within the city and successfully detected all four sterols at very low concentrations. The dual plasma source tandem mass spectrometry technique is extremely simple, rapid, sensitive and highly efficient compared to other traditional methods, providing a useful screening tool for sterols in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaosheng Zhao
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengjian Chu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguang Zhou
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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WANG SL, ZHU RY, ZHANG XL, SHEN WX, ZHANG H, FANG XW, YANG SP. Rapid screening of low-quality cooking oil by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Einfalt D. Barley-sorghum craft beer production with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Metschnikowia pulcherrima yeast strains. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe use of different yeast strains contributes to obtain insights into beer products with diverse sensory characteristics. In this study, three yeast species of different genera were selected to evaluate their fermentation performance and sensory profile for barley-sorghum beer production. Baley-sorghum wort was produced with 12.5°P and fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Metschnikowia pulcherrima yeast strains. Differences were observed in terms of fermentation time and ability to ferment maltose. S. cerevisiae attenuated initial maltose concentration within 72 h, while M. pulcherrima and T. delbrueckii performed fermentation within 120 and 192 h, respectively. Both yeast strains simultaneously produced 11% and 23% lower ethanol concentrations, compared to S. cerevisiae with 37.9 g/L. Wort fermented with T. delbrueckii showed residual maltose concentration of 19.7 ± 4.1 g/L, resulting in significantly enhanced beer sweetness. S. cerevisiae produced significantly increased levels of higher alcohols, and obtained the highest scores for the sensory attribute body perception. Beer produced with T. delbrueckii contained significantly lower fermentative 2,3-butanediol and 2-methyl-1-butanol volatiles; this beer also showed reduced body perception. Beer conditioned with T. delbrueckii was significantly preferred over M. pulcherrima. Besides S. cerevisiae with high fermentative power, T. delbrueckii and M. pulcherrima were found to have reduced maltose fermenting abilities and provide significantly different sensory attributes to barley-sorghum beers.
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A Review on the Application of Chemometrics and Machine Learning Algorithms to Evaluate Beer Authentication. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gao Y, Xia B, Qin Y, Huang K, Yang C, Yang Q, Zhao L. Online Scavenging of Trace Analytes in Complex Matrices for Fast Analysis by Carbon Dioxide Bubbling Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5732-5740. [PMID: 32357302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) microbubbles can selectively enrich organic solutes from sea spray aerosols. Common bubbling extractions are normally followed by off-line separation/detection through methods such as mass spectrometry, chromatography, and spectroscopy. However, it is necessary to establish extractions with online separation and identification systems to improve efficiency and minimize sample loss. In this study, CO2 is used to form microbubbles in the sample solution, and trace analytes in the solution are transported to the gas phase by bubble bursting. Analytes at the liquid-gas interface are directly released into the trapping device, followed by thermal desorption for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the dependence of the extraction efficiency on various parameters has been analyzed. The method reported here provides high efficiency and minimizes the loss of trace volatiles with a better signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio than other gases. These features make the proposed method a rapid method to detect and quantify volatile/semivolatile analytes in complex liquid matrices. In addition to the preconcentration of organics, metal ions, and inorganic anions, a noticeable decrease of metal-organic compounds in the aqueous solution was shown for the first time. We finally propose a simple model of chemical partitioning in CO2 bubbling extraction of liquid samples for guiding online monitoring of trace analytes in real-world samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yunan Qin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Congling Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
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Dysvik A, La Rosa SL, Liland KH, Myhrer KS, Østlie HM, De Rouck G, Rukke EO, Westereng B, Wicklund T. Co-fermentation Involving Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus Species Tolerant to Brewing-Related Stress Factors for Controlled and Rapid Production of Sour Beer. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:279. [PMID: 32153550 PMCID: PMC7048013 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing popularity of sour beer urges the development of novel solutions for controlled fermentations both for fast acidification and consistency in product flavor and quality. One possible approach is the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in co-fermentation with Lactobacillus species, which produce lactic acid as a major end-product of carbohydrate catabolism. The ability of lactobacilli to ferment beer is determined by their capacity to sustain brewing-related stresses, including hop iso-α acids, low pH and ethanol. Here, we evaluated the tolerance of Lactobacillus brevis BSO464 and Lactobacillus buchneri CD034 to beer conditions and different fermentation strategies as well as their use in the brewing process in mixed fermentation with a brewer's yeast, S. cerevisiae US-05. Results were compared with those obtained with a commercial Lactobacillus plantarum (WildBrewTM Sour Pitch), a strain commonly used for kettle souring. In pure cultures, the three strains showed varying susceptibility to stresses, with L. brevis being the most resistant and L. plantarum displaying the lowest stress tolerance. When in co-fermentation with S. cerevisiae, both L. plantarum and L. brevis were able to generate sour beer in as little as 21 days, and their presence positively influenced the composition of flavor-active compounds. Both sour beers were sensorially different from each other and from a reference beer fermented by S. cerevisiae alone. While the beer produced with L. plantarum had an increased intensity in fruity odor and dried fruit odor, the L. brevis beer had a higher total flavor intensity, acidic taste and astringency. Remarkably, the beer generated with L. brevis was perceived as comparable to a commercial sour beer in multiple sensory attributes. Taken together, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using L. brevis BSO464 and L. plantarum in co-fermentation with S. cerevisiae for controlled sour beer production with shortened production time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dysvik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sabina Leanti La Rosa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kristian Hovde Liland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kristine S. Myhrer
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Hilde Marit Østlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gert De Rouck
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elling-Olav Rukke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørge Westereng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Trude Wicklund
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Abstract
AbstractTryptophan is essential amino acid and precursor for many neurotramsmiters that must be obtained from dietary proteins. However, its free form is easily absorbed and could increase the availability of this amino acid to the brain. Because of free tryptophan interaction with human health simple, eco-friendliness and low-cost method of determination are still needed. In this study, new and simple procedure for free tryptophan determination using capillary isotachophoresis is discussed. The method validation pointed good linearity, satisfactory selectivity, accuracy (recoveries varied from 98.4 to 100.1%), intra- and inter-day precision (coefficent of variation was < 5% for each standard solution and < 6% for real samples) and no matrix effect. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to analyse free tryptophan in beer samples and found contents varied from not detected to 40.74 ± 0.27 mg L−1. The obtained results were compared with chromatographic determination after derivatization with 2-chloro-1,3-dinitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene and pointed better selectivity and accuracy of isotachophoretic procedure with similar precision. Due to the simplicity and flexibility, the proposed procedure is suitable for tryptophan analysis in complex matrices.
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Li H, Xu M, Zhu J. Headspace Gas Monitoring of Gut Microbiota Using Targeted and Globally Optimized Targeted Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 91:854-863. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haorong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Mengyang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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Lu H, Zhang H, Chingin K, Xiong J, Fang X, Chen H. Ambient mass spectrometry for food science and industry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Li H, Zhu J. Differentiating Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12108-12115. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haorong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University 651 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University 651 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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Kumbhani S, Longin T, Wingen LM, Kidd C, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. New Mechanism of Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous Solid Particles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2055-2062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kumbhani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - T. Longin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Redlands, Redlands, California 92373, United States
| | - L. M. Wingen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - C. Kidd
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - V. Perraud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - B. J. Finlayson-Pitts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Perez‐Hurtado P, Palmer E, Owen T, Aldcroft C, Allen M, Jones J, Creaser C, Lindley M, Turner M, Reynolds J. Direct analysis of volatile organic compounds in foods by headspace extraction atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1947-1956. [PMID: 28857369 PMCID: PMC5656932 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The rapid screening of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by direct analysis has potential applications in the areas of food and flavour science. Currently, the technique of choice for VOC analysis is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). However, the long chromatographic run times and elaborate sample preparation associated with this technique have led a movement towards direct analysis techniques, such as selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and electronic noses. The work presented here describes the design and construction of a Venturi jet-pump-based modification for a compact mass spectrometer which enables the direct introduction of volatiles for qualitative and quantitative analysis. METHODS Volatile organic compounds were extracted from the headspace of heated vials into the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source of a quadrupole mass spectrometer using a Venturi pump. Samples were analysed directly with no prior sample preparation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to differentiate between different classes of samples. RESULTS The interface is shown to be able to routinely detect problem analytes such as fatty acids and biogenic amines without the requirement of a derivatisation step, and is shown to be able to discriminate between four different varieties of cheese with good intra and inter-day reproducibility using an unsupervised PCA model. Quantitative analysis is demonstrated using indole standards with limits of detection and quantification of 0.395 μg/mL and 1.316 μg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The described methodology can routinely detect highly reactive analytes such as volatile fatty acids and diamines without the need for a derivatisation step or lengthy chromatographic separations. The capability of the system was demonstrated by discriminating between different varieties of cheese and monitoring the spoilage of meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Perez‐Hurtado
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - E. Palmer
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - T. Owen
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - C. Aldcroft
- Advion LtdKao Hockham Building, Edinburgh WayHarlowCM20 2NQUK
| | - M.H. Allen
- Advion LtdKao Hockham Building, Edinburgh WayHarlowCM20 2NQUK
| | - J. Jones
- Advion Inc.10 Brown Road, Suite 101IthacaNY14850USA
| | - C.S. Creaser
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - M.R. Lindley
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - M.A. Turner
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - J.C. Reynolds
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
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Zhang Z, He M, Liu L, Xiong X, Fang X, Xu W. Electro-kinetic assisted electrospray ionization for enhanced complex sample analysis. Talanta 2017; 164:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Guo T, Yong W, Jin Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang S, Chen Q, Dong Y, Su H, Tan T. Applications of DART-MS for food quality and safety assurance in food supply chain. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:161-187. [PMID: 25975720 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) represents a new generation of ion source which is used for rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditions. The combination of DART and various mass spectrometers allows analyzing multiple food samples with simple or no sample treatment, or in conjunction with prevailing protocolized sample preparation methods. Abundant applications by DART-MS have been reviewed in this paper. The DART-MS strategy applied to food supply chain (FSC), including production, processing, and storage and transportation, provides a comprehensive solution to various food components, contaminants, authenticity, and traceability. Additionally, typical applications available in food analysis by other ambient ionization mass spectrometers were summarized, and fundamentals mainly including mechanisms, devices, and parameters were discussed as well. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:161-187, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yong
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Sai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haijia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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19
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Pereira HV, Amador VS, Sena MM, Augusti R, Piccin E. Paper spray mass spectrometry and PLS-DA improved by variable selection for the forensic discrimination of beers. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 940:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Chang CH, Urban PL. Fizzy Extraction of Volatile and Semivolatile Compounds into the Gas Phase. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8735-40. [PMID: 27504910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds from liquid matrixes with high yields, and transferring the extracts to detectors in real time, is challenging. Common extraction procedures involve heating the samples to release the analytes to the gas phase and, in some cases, trapping the gas-phase analytes into sorbents or containers. Here, we propose a new method for fast extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds from liquid matrixes. This method involves dissolution of a carrier gas in the liquid sample by applying a moderate overpressure (∼150 kPa) and stirring the sample. An abrupt decompression of the extraction chamber leads to effervescence. In this step, many bubbles are instantly formed in the sample matrix. The dissolved carrier gas as well as dissolved volatiles are liberated into the headspace of the extraction chamber within a short period of time (few seconds). The gaseous effluent of the extraction chamber is immediately transferred to the online detector; in this case, an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The fast release of the gas-phase extract gives rise to a high signal recorded by the detector; several times higher than the signal recorded during direct infusion of headspace vapors without fizzy extraction. This feature provides the means to detect and quantify analytes present in solutions in a short period of time. Here we show that fizzy extraction is suitable for analysis of volatile/semivolatile compounds present in various samples, including those containing complex matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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21
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Chingin K, Cai Y, Liang J, Chen H. Simultaneous Preconcentration and Desalting of Organic Solutes in Aqueous Solutions by Bubble Bursting. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5033-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for
Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Cai
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for
Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Juchao Liang
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for
Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory for
Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
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22
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Andrés-Iglesias C, Montero O, Sancho D, Blanco CA. New trends in beer flavour compound analysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1571-1576. [PMID: 25205443 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As the beer market is steadily expanding, it is important for the brewing industry to offer consumers a product with the best organoleptic characteristics, flavour being one of the key characteristics of beer. New trends in instrumental methods of beer flavour analysis are described. In addition to successfully applied methods in beer analysis such as chromatography, spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry or electronic nose and tongue techniques, among others, sample extraction and preparation such as derivatization or microextraction methods are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Andrés-Iglesias
- Departamento Ingeniería Agrícola y Forestal (Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos), ETS Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004, Palencia, Spain
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23
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Blanco CA, Andrés-Iglesias C, Montero O. Low-alcohol Beers: Flavor Compounds, Defects, and Improvement Strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 56:1379-88. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.733979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Badotti F, Gomes FC, Teodoro MM, Silva ALD, Rosa CA, Machado AMDR. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Musts and Alembic Brazilian Cachaças Using Selected Yeast Strains. J Food Sci 2014; 79:C476-83. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Badotti
- Dept. of Chemistry; Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), 5253; Amazonas Avenue; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais 30421-169 Brazil
- Dept. of Microbiology; Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 6627; Antonio Carlos Avenue; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Fátima C.O. Gomes
- Dept. of Chemistry; Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), 5253; Amazonas Avenue; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais 30421-169 Brazil
| | - Mariana M.G. Teodoro
- Dept. of Chemistry; Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), 5253; Amazonas Avenue; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais 30421-169 Brazil
| | - Alisson Luiz Diniz Silva
- Dept. of Chemistry; Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), 5253; Amazonas Avenue; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais 30421-169 Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Rosa
- Dept. of Microbiology; Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 6627; Antonio Carlos Avenue; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Ana Maria de R. Machado
- Dept. of Chemistry; Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), 5253; Amazonas Avenue; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais 30421-169 Brazil
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25
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Andrés-Iglesias C, Blanco CA, Blanco J, Montero O. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach to determine differential metabolites between regular and non-alcohol beers. Food Chem 2014; 157:205-12. [PMID: 24679772 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcohol beers show taste deficiencies in relation to regular (alcohol) beers as shown by consumer evaluation. In this study, multivariate statistical analysis of data obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) measurements was applied to determining differential metabolites between two regular (R1 and R2) and their related low- and non-alcohol beers (F1 and F2, respectively) from a Spanish manufacturer, as well as between F1 and F2 and two non-alcohol beers (F3 and F4) from a non-Spanish producer. Principal component analysis (PCA) of data from UPLC-MS measurements with electrospray ionization in negative mode was able to separate the six beers. Sugar content was 6-fold and 2-fold higher in F2 and F1 than in R2 and R1, respectively. Isoxanthohumol and hop acid contents decreased in F2 as compared with R2 but kept in F1 similar to R1. Results are discussed in relation to valued taste characteristics of each beer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Andrés-Iglesias
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Forestal (Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos), ETS Ingenierías Agrarias, (Universidad de Valladolid) Avda. de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Carlos A Blanco
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Forestal (Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos), ETS Ingenierías Agrarias, (Universidad de Valladolid) Avda. de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Forestal (Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos), ETS Ingenierías Agrarias, (Universidad de Valladolid) Avda. de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Olimpio Montero
- Centre for Biotechnology Development (CDB), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Francisco Vallés 8, Boecillo's Technological Park, 47151 Boecillo (Valladolid), Spain.
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26
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de Souza PP, Resende AM, Augusti DV, Badotti F, Gomes FDCO, Catharino RR, Eberlin MN, Augusti R. Artificially-aged cachaça samples characterised by direct infusion electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2014; 143:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Oms-Oliu G, Odriozola-Serrano I, Martín-Belloso O. Metabolomics for assessing safety and quality of plant-derived food. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Šedo O, Márová I, Zdráhal Z. Beer fingerprinting by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionisation-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Food Chem 2012; 135:473-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Li X, Fang X, Yu Z, Sheng G, Wu M, Fu J, Chen H. Direct quantification of creatinine in human urine by using isotope dilution extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 748:53-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Canuto MH, Rosa CA, de Moura F, Augusti R, Siebald HGL. Distillation of fermented sugarcane juice: fractions characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and multivariate data treatment. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:901-904. [PMID: 22791258 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode (ESI(-)-MS) was employed to discriminate among fractions arising from the distillation of fermented sugarcane juice during the production of cachaça, a typical Brazilian alcoholic beverage. Aliquots were collected in the course of distillation and their ESI(-)-MS shown to be almost indistinguishable by a simple visual inspection. However, when the ESI(-)-MS data were treated by the principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) statistical methods, four major groups were clearly determined, the so-called head (two distinct clusters), heart and tail fractions. Furthermore, the recognition of diagnostic ions (and their respective intensities) enabled a more confident establishment of the cutoff position (i.e. the initial and final points of each fraction). In conclusion, ESI-MS, in conjunction with PCA or HCA approaches, proved to be a quite efficient method that allowed for a prompt characterization of each fraction derived from the distillation of brewed sugarcane. The results described herein can, therefore, be useful not only to optimize the production of cachaça but also to improve the quality of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H Canuto
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
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31
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Doezema LA, Longin T, Cody W, Perraud V, Dawson ML, Ezell MJ, Greaves J, Johnson KR, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Analysis of secondary organic aerosols in air using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00961g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
MS has evolved as a critical component in metabolomics, which seeks to answer biological questions through large-scale qualitative and quantitative analyses of the metabolome. MS-based metabolomics techniques offer an excellent combination of sensitivity and selectivity, and they have become an indispensable platform in biology and metabolomics. In this minireview, various MS technologies used in metabolomics are briefly discussed, and future needs are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentian Lei
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402
| | - David V. Huhman
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402
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33
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Li X, Hu B, Ding J, Chen H. Rapid characterization of complex viscous samples at molecular levels by neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1010-25. [PMID: 21720314 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this protocol, the sample (which could be a bulk or heterogeneous fluid, or a greasy surface) is treated with a neutral desorption (ND) sampling gas beam, and the resulting analyte mixtures are directly characterized by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). The ND device can be specifically constructed such that the sampling gas beam is bubbled through the liquid sample (microjet sampling) or directed to impact the sample surface (e.g., for the analysis of a material like cheese). The ND-EESI-MS analysis process requires no sample pretreatment because it can tolerate an extremely complex matrix. ND-EESI-MS allows real-time, online chemical profiling of highly viscous samples under ambient conditions. Both volatile and nonvolatile analytes from viscous samples can easily be detected and quantified by ND-EESI-MS, thereby providing an MS-based analytical platform for multiple disciplines (e.g., for the food industry, for drug discovery, and for the biological and life sciences). Here we describe the ND-EESI-MS protocol for viscous sample analysis, including the experimental design, equipment setup, reagent preparation, data acquisition and analysis steps. The data collection process takes <1 min per sample, although the time required for the whole procedure, which largely depends on the experimental preparation processes, might be considerably longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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