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Stefanik O, Majerova P, Kovac A, Mikus P, Piestansky J. Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of therapeutic peptides-A review. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:120-164. [PMID: 37705480 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides are a growing class of innovative drugs with high efficiency and a low risk of adverse effects. These biomolecules fall within the molecular mass range between that of small molecules and proteins. However, their inherent instability and potential for degradation underscore the importance of reliable and effective analytical methods for pharmaceutical quality control, therapeutic drug monitoring, and compliance testing. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has long time been the "gold standard" conventional method for peptide analysis, but capillary electrophoresis (CE) is increasingly being recognized as a complementary and, in some cases, superior, highly efficient, green, and cost-effective alternative technique. CE can separate peptides composed of different amino acids owing to differences in their net charge and size, determining their migration behavior in an electric field. This review provides a comprehensive overview of therapeutic peptides that have been used in the clinical environment for the last 25 years. It describes the properties, classification, current trends in development, and clinical use of therapeutic peptides. From the analytical point of view, it discusses the challenges associated with the analysis of therapeutic peptides in pharmaceutical and biological matrices, as well as the evaluation of CE as a whole and the comparison with LC methods. The article also highlights the use of microchip electrophoresis, nonaqueous CE, and nonconventional hydrodynamically closed CE systems and their applications. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of developing new CE-based analytical methods to ensure the high quality, safety, and efficacy of therapeutic peptides in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Stefanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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2
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Szabó ZI, Benkő BM, Bartalis-Fábián Á, Iványi R, Varga E, Szőcs L, Tóth G. Chiral Separation of Apremilast by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Succinyl-β-Cyclodextrin-Reversal of Enantiomer Elution Order by Cationic Capillary Coating. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083310. [PMID: 37110544 PMCID: PMC10143784 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A stereospecific capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the separation of the novel, antipsoriatic agent, apremilast (APR). Six anionic cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives were screened for their ability to discriminate between the uncharged enantiomers. Only succinyl-β-CD (Succ-β-CD) presented chiral interactions; however, the enantiomer migration order (EMO) was unfavorable, and the eutomer, S-APR, migrated faster. Despite the optimization of all possible parameters (pH, cyclodextrin concentration, temperature, and degree of substitution of CD), the method was unsuccessful for purity control due to the low resolution and the unfavorable enantiomer migration order. Changing the direction of electroosmotic flow (EOF) by the dynamic coating of the inner surface of the capillary with poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride or polybrene resulted in EMO reversal, and the developed method could be applied for the determination of R-APR as the enantiomeric purity. Thus, the application of the dynamic capillary coating offers a general opportunity for enantiomeric migration order reversal in particular cases when the chiral selector is a weak acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán-István Szabó
- Faculy of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Sz-Imfidum Ltd., nr. 504, 525401 Lunga, Romania
| | - Beáta-Mária Benkő
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Administration, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. 9, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Bartalis-Fábián
- Faculy of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Róbert Iványi
- Cyclolab Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Levente Szőcs
- Cyclolab Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. 9, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Stutz H. Advances and applications of electromigration methods in the analysis of therapeutic and diagnostic recombinant proteins – A Review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 222:115089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Logerot E, Cazals G, Memboeuf A, Enjalbal C. Revealing C-terminal peptide amidation by the use of the survival yield technique. Anal Biochem 2022; 655:114823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Roca S, Dhellemmes L, Leclercq L, Cottet H. Polyelectrolyte Multilayers in Capillary Electrophoresis. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200028. [PMID: 35388990 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been proven to be a performant analytical method to analyze both small and macro molecules. Indeed, it is capable of separating compounds of the same nature according to differences in their charge to size ratios, particularly proteins, monoclonal antibodies and peptides. However, one of the major obstacles to reach high separation efficiency remains the adsorption of solutes on the capillary wall. Among the different coating approaches used to control and minimize solute adsorption, polyelectrolyte multilayers can be applied to CE as a versatile approach. These coatings are made up of alternating layers of polycations and polyanions, and may be used in acidic, neutral or basic conditions depending on the solutes to be analyzed. This Review provides an overview of Successive Multiple Ionic-polymer Layer (SMIL) coatings used in CE, looking at how different parameters induce variations on the electro-osmotic flow (EOF), separation efficiency and coating stability, as well as their promising applications in the biopharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Roca
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Dhellemmes
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Leclercq
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Cottet
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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6
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Studying protein structure and function by native separation–mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:215-231. [PMID: 37117432 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in protein structure may have profound effects on biological function. Analytical techniques that permit characterization of proteins while maintaining their conformational and functional state are crucial for studying changes in the higher order structure of proteins and for establishing structure-function relationships. Coupling of native protein separations with mass spectrometry is emerging rapidly as a powerful approach to study these aspects in a reliable, fast and straightforward way. This Review presents the available native separation modes for proteins, covers practical considerations on the hyphenation of these separations with mass spectrometry and highlights the involvement of affinity-based separations to simultaneously obtain structural and functional information of proteins. The impact of these approaches is emphasized by selected applications addressing biomedical and biopharmaceutical research questions.
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Bryan L, Clynes M, Meleady P. The emerging role of cellular post-translational modifications in modulating growth and productivity of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107757. [PMID: 33895332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are one of the most commonly used host cell lines used for the production human therapeutic proteins. Much research over the past two decades has focussed on improving the growth, titre and cell specific productivity of CHO cells and in turn lowering the costs associated with production of recombinant proteins. CHO cell engineering has become of particular interest in recent years following the publication of the CHO cell genome and the availability of data relating to the proteome, transcriptome and metabolome of CHO cells. However, data relating to the cellular post-translational modification (PTMs) which can affect the functionality of CHO cellular proteins has only begun to be presented in recent years. PTMs are important to many cellular processes and can further alter proteins by increasing the complexity of proteins and their interactions. In this review, we describe the research presented from CHO cells to date related on three of the most important PTMs; glycosylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bryan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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8
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Camperi J, Pichon V, Delaunay N. Separation methods hyphenated to mass spectrometry for the characterization of the protein glycosylation at the intact level. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 178:112921. [PMID: 31671335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of proteins that affects their biological activity, solubility, and half-life. Therefore, its characterization is of great interest in proteomic, particularly from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view. However, the number and type of glycosylation sites, the degree of site occupancy and the different possible structures of glycans can lead to a very large number of isoforms for a given protein, called glycoforms. The identification of these glycoforms constitutes an important analytical challenge. Indeed, to attempt to characterize all of them, it is necessary to develop efficient separation methods associated with a sensitive and informative detection mode, such as mass spectrometry (MS). Most analytical methods are based on bottom-up proteomics, which consists in the analysis of the protein at the glycopeptides level after its digestion. Even if this approach provides essential information, including the localization and composition of glycans on the protein, it is also characterized by a loss of information on macro-heterogeneity, i.e. the nature of the glycans present on a given glycoform. The analysis of glycoforms at the intact level can overcome this disadvantage. The aim of this review is to detail the state-of-the art of separation methods that can be easily hyphenated with MS for the characterization of protein glycosylation at the intact level. The different electrophoretic and chromatographic approaches are discussed in detail. The miniaturization of these separation methods is also discussed with their potential applications. While the first studies focused on the development and optimization of the separation step to achieve high resolution between isoforms, the recent ones are much more application-oriented, such as clinical diagnosis, quality control, and glycoprotein monitoring in formulations or biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, UMR CBI 8231 CNRS - ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Valerie Pichon
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, UMR CBI 8231 CNRS - ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Delaunay
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, UMR CBI 8231 CNRS - ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France.
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Füssl F, Criscuolo A, Cook K, Scheffler K, Bones J. Cracking Proteoform Complexity of Ovalbumin with Anion-Exchange Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry under Native Conditions. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3689-3702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- NIBRT—The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue,
Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Angela Criscuolo
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath-Strasse 11, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Scheffler
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstrasse 4, 82110 Germering, Germany
| | - Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT—The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue,
Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
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10
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Serum N-Glycosylation in Parkinson's Disease: A Novel Approach for Potential Alterations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122220. [PMID: 31200590 PMCID: PMC6630595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present the application of a novel capillary electrophoresis (CE) method in combination with label-free quantitation and support vector machine-based feature selection (support vector machine-estimated recursive feature elimination or SVM-RFE) to identify potential glycan alterations in Parkinson’s disease. Specific focus was placed on the use of neutral coated capillaries, by a dynamic capillary coating strategy, to ensure stable and repeatable separations without the need of non-mass spectrometry (MS) friendly additives within the separation electrolyte. The developed online dynamic coating strategy was applied to identify serum N-glycosylation by CE-MS/MS in combination with exoglycosidase sequencing. The annotated structures were quantified in 15 controls and 15 Parkinson’s disease patients by label-free quantitation. Lower sialylation and increased fucosylation were found in Parkinson’s disease patients on tri-antennary glycans with 2 and 3 terminal sialic acids. The set of potential glycan alterations was narrowed by a recursive feature elimination algorithm resulting in the efficient classification of male patients.
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11
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Latosinska A, Siwy J, Mischak H, Frantzi M. Peptidomics and proteomics based on CE‐MS as a robust tool in clinical application: The past, the present, and the future. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2294-2308. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Leclercq L, Morvan M, Koch J, Neusüß C, Cottet H. Modulation of the electroosmotic mobility using polyelectrolyte multilayer coatings for protein analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1057:152-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Yang X, Bartlett MG. Glycan analysis for protein therapeutics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:29-40. [PMID: 31063953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can be a critical quality attribute for protein therapeutics due to its extensive impact on product safety and efficacy. Glycan characterization is important in the process of protein drug development, from early stage candidate selection to late stage regulatory submission. It is also an indispensable part in the evaluation of biosimilarity. This review discusses the effects of glycosylation on the stability and activity of protein therapeutics, regulatory considerations corresponding to manufacturing and structural characterization of glycosylated protein therapeutics, and focuses on mass spectrometry compatible separation methods for glycan characterization of protein therapeutics. These approaches include hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, reversed-phase liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography and two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Advances and novelties in each separation method, as well as associated challenges and limitations, are discussed at the released glycan, glycopeptide, glycoprotein subunit and intact glycoprotein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America.
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14
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Advances in capillary electrophoresis for the life sciences. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1118-1119:116-136. [PMID: 31035134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) played an important role in developments in the life sciences. The technique is nowadays used for the analysis of both large and small molecules in applications where it performs better than or is complementary to liquid chromatographic techniques. In this review, principles of different electromigration techniques, especially capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), capillary gel (CGE) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), are described and recent developments in instrumentation, with an emphasis on mass spectrometry (MS) coupling and microchip CE, are discussed. The role of CE in the life sciences is shown with applications in which it had a high impact over the past few decades. In this context, current practice for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals (therapeutic proteins) is shown with CIEF, CGE and CZE using different detection techniques, including MS. Subsequently, the application of CGE and CZE, in combination with laser induced fluorescence detection and CZE-MS are demonstrated for the analysis of protein-released glycans in the characterization of biopharmaceuticals and glycan biomarker discovery in biological samples. Special attention is paid to developments in capillary coatings and derivatization strategies for glycans. Finally, routine CE analysis in clinical chemistry and latest developments in metabolomics approaches for the profiling of small molecules in biological samples are discussed. The large number of CE applications published for these topics in recent years clearly demonstrates the established role of CE in life sciences.
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15
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Li J. Mass spectrometry for protein sialoglycosylation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:652-680. [PMID: 29228471 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of structurally unique and negatively charged nine-carbon sugars, normally found at the terminal positions of glycan chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. The glycosylation of proteins is a universal post-translational modification in eukaryotic species and regulates essential biological functions, in which the most common sialic acid is N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (2-keto-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galactononulopyranos-1-onic acid) (Neu5NAc). Because of the properties of sialic acids under general mass spectrometry (MS) conditions, such as instability, ionization discrimination, and mixed adducts, the use of MS in the analysis of protein sialoglycosylation is still challenging. The present review is focused on the application of MS related methodologies to the study of both N- and O-linked sialoglycans. We reviewed MS-based strategies for characterizing sialylation by analyzing intact glycoproteins, proteolytic digested glycopeptides, and released glycans. The review concludes with future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zack Li
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Belov AM, Viner R, Santos MR, Horn DM, Bern M, Karger BL, Ivanov AR. Analysis of Proteins, Protein Complexes, and Organellar Proteomes Using Sheathless Capillary Zone Electrophoresis - Native Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2614-2634. [PMID: 28875426 PMCID: PMC5709234 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is a rapidly advancing field in the analysis of proteins, protein complexes, and macromolecular species of various types. The majority of native MS experiments reported to-date has been conducted using direct infusion of purified analytes into a mass spectrometer. In this study, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was coupled online to Orbitrap mass spectrometers using a commercial sheathless interface to enable high-performance separation, identification, and structural characterization of limited amounts of purified proteins and protein complexes, the latter with preserved non-covalent associations under native conditions. The performance of both bare-fused silica and polyacrylamide-coated capillaries was assessed using mixtures of protein standards known to form non-covalent protein-protein and protein-ligand complexes. High-efficiency separation of native complexes is demonstrated using both capillary types, while the polyacrylamide neutral-coated capillary showed better reproducibility and higher efficiency for more complex samples. The platform was then evaluated for the determination of monoclonal antibody aggregation and for analysis of proteomes of limited complexity using a ribosomal isolate from E. coli. Native CZE-MS, using accurate single stage and tandem-MS measurements, enabled identification of proteoforms and non-covalent complexes at femtomole levels. This study demonstrates that native CZE-MS can serve as an orthogonal and complementary technique to conventional native MS methodologies with the advantages of low sample consumption, minimal sample processing and losses, and high throughput and sensitivity. This study presents a novel platform for analysis of ribosomes and other macromolecular complexes and organelles, with the potential for discovery of novel structural features defining cellular phenotypes (e.g., specialized ribosomes). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy M Belov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | | | - David M Horn
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | | | - Barry L Karger
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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17
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Belov AM, Viner R, Santos MR, Horn DM, Bern M, Karger BL, Ivanov AR. Analysis of Proteins, Protein Complexes, and Organellar Proteomes Using Sheathless Capillary Zone Electrophoresis - Native Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2614-2634. [PMID: 28875426 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-13017-11781-13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is a rapidly advancing field in the analysis of proteins, protein complexes, and macromolecular species of various types. The majority of native MS experiments reported to-date has been conducted using direct infusion of purified analytes into a mass spectrometer. In this study, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was coupled online to Orbitrap mass spectrometers using a commercial sheathless interface to enable high-performance separation, identification, and structural characterization of limited amounts of purified proteins and protein complexes, the latter with preserved non-covalent associations under native conditions. The performance of both bare-fused silica and polyacrylamide-coated capillaries was assessed using mixtures of protein standards known to form non-covalent protein-protein and protein-ligand complexes. High-efficiency separation of native complexes is demonstrated using both capillary types, while the polyacrylamide neutral-coated capillary showed better reproducibility and higher efficiency for more complex samples. The platform was then evaluated for the determination of monoclonal antibody aggregation and for analysis of proteomes of limited complexity using a ribosomal isolate from E. coli. Native CZE-MS, using accurate single stage and tandem-MS measurements, enabled identification of proteoforms and non-covalent complexes at femtomole levels. This study demonstrates that native CZE-MS can serve as an orthogonal and complementary technique to conventional native MS methodologies with the advantages of low sample consumption, minimal sample processing and losses, and high throughput and sensitivity. This study presents a novel platform for analysis of ribosomes and other macromolecular complexes and organelles, with the potential for discovery of novel structural features defining cellular phenotypes (e.g., specialized ribosomes). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy M Belov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | | | - David M Horn
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | | | - Barry L Karger
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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18
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Dominguez-Vega E, De Vijlder T, Romijn EP, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry as a highly selective tool for the compositional and site-specific assessment of multiple peptide-deamidation. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 982:122-130. [PMID: 28734351 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific mapping of multiple deamidations in peptides is a challenging analytical task. In this work, capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS/MS) is presented as a high-resolution tool for the detailed characterization of these subtle modifications in peptides. The 4.5-kDa peptide drug TRI-1144, which contains five closely-positioned potential deamidation sites, was selected as model compound. TRI-1144 was exposed to acidic conditions and/or elevated temperatures for 1-14 h. Stressed samples were analyzed using a background electrolyte (BGE) of 150 mM ammonium formate (pH 6.0) in combination with a capillary coated with a bilayer of Polybrene-dextran sulfate. Separation of deamidated and deacetylated TRI-1144 species, including several positional isomers, was greatly enhanced by adding up to 40 vol% of acetonitrile-isopropanol (87.5:12.5, v/v) to the BGE, allowing reliable determination of the number of deamidations/deacetylations per degradation product. Collision-induced dissociation MS/MS was conducted on the separated peptide components in order to reveal the exact position of deamidation on the peptide chain. Obtained fragment ions showed overlapping isotopic distributions in their MS/MS spectra resulting from the comigration of different isomeric deamidated species. Comparison of theoretical and measured isotope distributions for specific y ions of peptide fragments yielded the identity and relative abundance of isomeric deamidated products. The developed CE-MS/MS methodology was used for the highly selective evaluation of TRI-1144 stability under different stress conditions, providing detailed qualitative and semi-quantitative degradation maps of the peptide drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dominguez-Vega
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas De Vijlder
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Edwin P Romijn
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Faserl K, Sarg B, Maurer V, Lindner HH. Exploiting charge differences for the analysis of challenging post-translational modifications by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:215-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Smith MT, Zhang S, Adams T, DiPaolo B, Dally J. Establishment and validation of a microfluidic capillary gel electrophoresis platform method for purity analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1353-1365. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Smith
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline LLC; King of Prussia PA USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Statistical Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline LLC; King of Prussia PA USA
| | - Troy Adams
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline LLC; King of Prussia PA USA
| | - Byron DiPaolo
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline LLC; King of Prussia PA USA
| | - Jennifer Dally
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline LLC; King of Prussia PA USA
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21
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Morbioli GG, Mazzu-Nascimento T, Aquino A, Cervantes C, Carrilho E. Recombinant drugs-on-a-chip: The usage of capillary electrophoresis and trends in miniaturized systems – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:44-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Wu Z, Zhang Q, Li N, Pu Y, Wang B, Zhang T. Comparison of critical methods developed for fatty acid analysis: A review. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:288-298. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuona Wu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Ning Li
- Division of Life Science; HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute; Shenzhen China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Bing Wang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
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23
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Recent applications of capillary electromigration methods to separation and analysis of proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 933:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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N-glycosylation heterogeneity and the influence on structure, function and pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies and Fc fusion proteins. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 100:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Domínguez-Vega E, Haselberg R, Somsen GW. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry of Intact Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1466:25-41. [PMID: 27473479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4014-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be a powerful analytical tool for the characterization of intact proteins. It combines the high separation efficiency, short analysis time, and versatility of CE with the mass selectivity and sensitivity offered by MS detection. This chapter focuses on important practical considerations when applying CE-MS for the analysis of intact proteins. Technological aspects with respect to the use of CE-MS interfaces and application of noncovalent capillary coatings preventing protein adsorption are treated. Critical factors for successful protein analysis are discussed and four typical CE-MS systems are described demonstrating the characterization of different types of intact proteins by CE-MS. These methodologies comprise the use of sheath-liquid and sheathless CE-MS interfaces, and various types of noncovalent capillary coatings allowing efficient and reproducible protein separations. The discussion includes the analysis of lysozyme-drug conjugates and the therapeutic proteins human growth hormone, human interferon-β-1a, and human erythropoietin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Neuberger S, Rafai A, Neusüß C. Screening of Small Intact Proteins by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS). Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1466:43-56. [PMID: 27473480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4014-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been shown to be a suitable separation technique for complex samples. Combined with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), it is a powerful tool offering the opportunity of high selectivity and sensitivity combined with the possibility to identify and characterize intact proteins. In this protocol, we demonstrate a screening method for intact proteins based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation coupled with online mass spectrometric detection. In order to avoid protein-wall interactions, a neutral coated capillary is used to create a universal method for proteins with both low and high electrophoretic mobilities. In addition, we show the successful validation and application of this screening method for a set of eight standard proteins and the glycoprotein erythropoietin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Neuberger
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraβe 1, Aalen, D-73430, Germany
| | | | - Christian Neusüß
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraβe 1, Aalen, D-73430, Germany.
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27
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Amini A. Analysis of Somatropin by Double-Injection Capillary-Zone Electrophoresis in Polybrene/Chondroitin Sulfate A Double-Coated Capillaries. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1466:93-105. [PMID: 27473484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4014-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Purity determination of somatropin as a recombinant protein is important to ensure its safety and quality. This is carried out by capillary zone electrophoresis in double-injection mode using polybrene/chondroitin sulfate A double-coated capillaries. Modification of the capillary wall eliminates protein-wall interactions which results in improved accuracy and precision of the determinations. In the double-injection mode two somatropin samples are analyzed within a single electrophoretic run. Prior to the second injection, the first injected plug is electrophoresed for a predetermined time period in order to adjust the inter-plug distance. Here, the principle for the separation of somatropin charge variants is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Amini
- Medical Products Agency (MPA), Box 26, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 42, Uppsala, 751 03, Sweden.
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, Uppsala, 751 23, Sweden.
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28
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Tamizi E, Jouyban A. Forced degradation studies of biopharmaceuticals: Selection of stress conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 98:26-46. [PMID: 26542454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stability studies under stress conditions or forced degradation studies play an important role in different phases of development and production of biopharmaceuticals and biological products. These studies are mostly applicable to selection of suitable candidates and formulation developments, comparability studies, elucidation of possible degradation pathways and identification of degradation products, as well as, development of stability indicating methods. Despite the integral part of these studies in biopharmaceutical industry, there is no well-established protocol for the selection of stress conditions, timing of stress testing and required extent of degradation. Therefore, due to the present gap in the stability studies guidelines, it is the responsibility of researchers working in academia and biopharmaceutical industry to set up forced degradation experiments that could fulfill all the expectations from the stability studies of biopharmaceuticals under stress conditions. Concerning the importance of the function of desired stress conditions in forced degradation studies, the present review aims to provide a practical summary of the applicable stress conditions in forced degradation studies of biopharmaceuticals according to the papers published in a time period of 1992-2015 giving detailed information about the experimental conditions utilized to induce required stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Tamizi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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29
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Domínguez-Vega E, Haselberg R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Simultaneous Assessment of Protein Heterogeneity and Affinity by Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Domínguez-Vega
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan
1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Haselberg
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan
1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. W. Somsen
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan
1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. J. de Jong
- Biomolecular
Analysis, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Acunha T, Ibáñez C, Pascual Reguera MI, Sarò M, Navarro R, Alfonso Redondo J, Reinecke H, Gallardo A, Simó C, Cifuentes A. Potential of prodendronic polyamines with modulated segmental charge density as novel coating for fast and efficient analysis of peptides and basic proteins by CE and CE-MS. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1564-71. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanize Acunha
- Laboratory of Foodomics; Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL); CSIC; Campus de Cantoblanco Madrid Spain
- CAPES Foundation; Ministry of Education of Brazil; Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Clara Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics; Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL); CSIC; Campus de Cantoblanco Madrid Spain
| | | | - Mariagiovanna Sarò
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Facoltà di Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; ICTP-CSIC; Madrid
| | | | - Helmut Reinecke
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; ICTP-CSIC; Madrid
| | - Alberto Gallardo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; ICTP-CSIC; Madrid
| | - Carolina Simó
- Laboratory of Foodomics; Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL); CSIC; Campus de Cantoblanco Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics; Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL); CSIC; Campus de Cantoblanco Madrid Spain
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31
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Park KJ, Kim M, Seok S, Kim YW, Kim DH. Quantitative analysis of cyclic dimer fatty acid content in the dimerization product by proton NMR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 149:402-407. [PMID: 25974673 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, (1)H NMR is utilized for the quantitative analysis of a specific cyclic dimer fatty acid in a dimer acid mixture using the pseudo-standard material of mesitylene on the basis of its structural similarity. Mesitylene and cyclic dimer acid levels were determined using the signal of the proton on the cyclic ring (δ=6.8) referenced to the signal of maleic acid (δ=6.2). The content of the cyclic dimer fatty acid was successfully determined through the standard curve of mesitylene and the reported equation. Using the linearity of the mesitylene curve, the cyclic dimer fatty acid in the oil mixture was quantified. The results suggest that the proposed method can be used to quantify cyclic compounds in mixtures to optimize the dimerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun Joo Park
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Seok
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Wun Kim
- Green Chemistry Research Division, Surfactant & Lubricant Research Team, KRICT, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Tamizi E, Jouyban A. The potential of the capillary electrophoresis techniques for quality control of biopharmaceuticals-A review. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:831-58. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Tamizi
- Biotechnology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmacy Faculty and Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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33
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Redman EA, Batz NG, Mellors JS, Ramsey JM. Integrated Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization Devices with Online MS Detection for the Separation and Characterization of Intact Monoclonal Antibody Variants. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2264-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503964j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Redman
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Batz
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - J. Scott Mellors
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - J. Michael Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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34
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New insights in carbohydrate-deficient transferrin analysis with capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 243:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Deeb SE, Wätzig H, El-Hady DA, Albishri HM, de Griend CSV, Scriba GKE. Recent advances in capillary electrophoretic migration techniques for pharmaceutical analysis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:170-89. [PMID: 24395663 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction about 30 years ago, CE techniques have gained a significant impact in pharmaceutical analysis. The present review covers recent advances and applications of CE for the analysis of pharmaceuticals. Both small molecules and biomolecules such as proteins are considered. The applications range from the determination of drug-related substances to the analysis of counterions and the determination of physicochemical parameters. Furthermore, general considerations of CE methods in pharmaceutical analysis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Drug Analysis and Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University - Gaza, Gaza, Palestine; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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36
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Bracke N, Wynendaele E, D’Hondt M, Haselberg R, Somsen GW, Pauwels E, Van de Wiele C, De Spiegeleer B. Analytical characterization of NOTA-modified somatropins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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37
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Batz NG, Mellors JS, Alarie JP, Ramsey JM. Chemical vapor deposition of aminopropyl silanes in microfluidic channels for highly efficient microchip capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3493-500. [PMID: 24655020 DOI: 10.1021/ac404106u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for the surface modification of glass microfluidic devices designed to perform electrophoretic separations of cationic species. The microfluidic channel surfaces were modified using aminopropyl silane reagents. Coating homogeneity was inferred by precise measurement of the separation efficiency and electroosmotic mobility for multiple microfluidic devices. Devices coated with (3-aminopropyl)di-isopropylethoxysilane (APDIPES) yielded near diffusion-limited separations and exhibited little change in electroosmotic mobility between pH 2.8 and pH 7.5. We further evaluated the temporal stability of both APDIPES and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) coatings when stored for a total of 1 week under vacuum at 4 °C or filled with pH 2.8 background electrolyte at room temperature. Measurements of electroosmotic flow (EOF) and separation efficiency during this time confirmed that both coatings were stable under both conditions. Microfluidic devices with a 23 cm long, serpentine electrophoretic separation channel and integrated nanoelectrospray ionization emitter were CVD coated with APDIPES and used for capillary electrophoresis (CE)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) of peptides and proteins. Peptide separations were fast and highly efficient, yielding theoretical plate counts over 600,000 and a peak capacity of 64 in less than 90 s. Intact protein separations using these devices yielded Gaussian peak profiles with separation efficiencies between 100,000 and 400,000 theoretical plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Batz
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, and §Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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38
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Capillary electrophoresis-based assessment of nanobody affinity and purity. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 818:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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39
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Behnken HN, Ruthenbeck A, Schulz JM, Meyer B. Glycan analysis of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) directly from the intact glycoprotein by HR-ESI/TOF-MS. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:997-1001. [PMID: 24393138 DOI: 10.1021/pr400999y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are important modulators of the biological function of proteins and are normally characterized from proteolytic glycopeptides or from (N-)glycans released enzymatically by glycosidase treatment or chemically by hydrazinolysis. We demonstrate that glycan compositions can easily be determined directly by LC-ESI/TOF-MS from intact glycoproteins even with a very complex glycosylation pattern. Interpretation of isotopically resolved mass spectra of prostate specific antigen (PSA) using bioinformatics tools gives within a few hours the glycan compositions of 38 glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning N Behnken
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20144 Hamburg, Germany
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40
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Targeting hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met) positive tumor cells using internalizing nanobody-decorated albumin nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2014; 35:601-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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41
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Tamizi E, Kenndler E, Jouyban A. A stability indicating capillary electrophoresis method for analysis of buserelin. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2014; 13:797-807. [PMID: 25276180 PMCID: PMC4177640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid stability indicating method based on capillary zone electrophoresis has been developed and validated for the analysis of buserelin (BUS). The best separations were achieved by using a bare fused silica capillary (75 μm i.d.; 65.5 cm total, 57.0 cm effective length), phosphate buffer (pH = 3.00; 26.4 mM), at 35 °C. The sample was hydrodynamically injected at 50 mbar for 5 seconds; the applied voltage was 30 kV and detection was carried out by UV-absorbance at 200 nm. Method validation resulted in the following figures of merit : the method was linear in the concentration range between 0.781 and 500 μg/mL (linear regression coefficient 0.9996), accuracy was between 99.3% and 100.9%, intra assay precision was between 0.3% and 1.0% and intermediate precision was between 1.0% and 2.1%. Evaluation of the specificity of the method showed no interference between excipients or products of force degradation and BUS. Under the selected conditions, separation of BUS and its degradation products was completed in less than 10 min, and BUS could be quantified after different stress conditions without any interference. The results enabled the conclusion that under thermal stress upon exposure to 90 °C BUS is degraded by first order kinetics. It was demonstrated that the method can be applied as a rapid and easy to use method for quantification and stability testing of BUS in biopharmaceutical formulations in quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Tamizi
- Student Research Committee and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ernst Kenndler
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, A 1090 Vienna. Waehringerstrase 38, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Creamer JS, Krauss ST, Lunte SM. Capillary electrophoresis separation of the desamino degradation products of oxytocin. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:563-9. [PMID: 24166826 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is an endogenous and therapeutic hormone necessary for maternal health. It is also the subject of fast growing research in the field of behavioral science. This article describes a rapid CE method using UV detection at 214 nm for the determination of the deamidation products of OT. Deamidation is the most common degradation pathway of peptides and proteins and can lead to reduced therapeutic efficiency of biopharmaceuticals. To achieve a separation of the seven structurally similar desamino peptides from OT, 11 mM sulfobutyl ether β-CD and 10% v/v MeOH were added to a BGE of 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.0. The assay is linear within ≤5-100 μM for all species with a total analysis time of 12 min. The method was then applied to monitor the heat-stress degradation of OT at 70°C, where all seven desamino species were observed over a 96 h period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Creamer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011-2013). Electrophoresis 2013; 35:69-95. [PMID: 24255019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review presents a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography) for analysis, isolation, purification, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides, in the methodology of their analysis, including sample preseparation, preconcentration and derivatization, adsorption suppression and EOF control, as well as in detection of peptides, are presented. New developments in particular CE and CEC modes are reported and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are described: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex (bio)matrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid, sequence and chiral analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some micropreparative peptide separations are shown and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide relevant physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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44
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Clinical applications of capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry in biomarker discovery: Focus on bladder cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:779-93. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Microfluidic chip-based technologies: emerging platforms for cancer diagnosis. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:76. [PMID: 24070124 PMCID: PMC3849190 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of early and personalized diagnostic protocols is considered the most promising avenue to decrease mortality from cancer and improve outcome. The emerging microfluidic-based analyzing platforms hold high promises to fulfill high-throughput and high-precision screening with reduced equipment cost and low analysis time, as compared to traditional bulky counterparts in bench-top laboratories. This article overviewed the potential applications of microfluidic technologies for detection and monitoring of cancer through nucleic acid and protein biomarker analysis. The implications of the technologies in cancer cytology that can provide functional personalized diagnosis were highlighted. Finally, the future niches for using microfluidic-based systems in tumor screening were briefly discussed.
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Ahlf DR, Thomas PM, Kelleher NL. Developing top down proteomics to maximize proteome and sequence coverage from cells and tissues. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:787-94. [PMID: 23988518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry based proteomics generally seeks to identify and characterize protein molecules with high accuracy and throughput. Recent speed and quality improvements to the independent steps of integrated platforms have removed many limitations to the robust implementation of top down proteomics (TDP) for proteins below 70 kDa. Improved intact protein separations coupled to high-performance instruments have increased the quality and number of protein and proteoform identifications. To date, TDP applications have shown >1000 protein identifications, expanding to an average of ∼3-4 more proteoforms for each protein detected. In the near future, increased fractionation power, new mass spectrometers and improvements in proteoform scoring will combine to accelerate the application and impact of TDP to this century's biomedical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy R Ahlf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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47
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Gassner AL, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Static coatings for the analysis of intact monoclonal antibody drugs by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2718-24. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Gassner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva, University of Lausanne; Geneva; Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva, University of Lausanne; Geneva; Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva, University of Lausanne; Geneva; Switzerland
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48
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Analysis of biopharmaceutical proteins in biological matrices by LC-MS/MS I. Sample preparation. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Klein G, Schanstra JP, Hoffmann J, Mischak H, Siwy J, Zimmermann K. Proteomics as a Quality Control Tool of Pharmaceutical Probiotic Bacterial Lysate Products. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66682. [PMID: 23840518 PMCID: PMC3686750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria have a wide range of applications in veterinary and human therapeutics. Inactivated probiotics are complex samples and quality control (QC) should measure as many molecular features as possible. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE/MS) has been used as a multidimensional and high throughput method for the identification and validation of biomarkers of disease in complex biological samples such as biofluids. In this study we evaluate the suitability of CE/MS to measure the consistency of different lots of the probiotic formulation Pro-Symbioflor which is a bacterial lysate of heat-inactivated Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Over 5000 peptides were detected by CE/MS in 5 different lots of the bacterial lysate and in a sample of culture medium. 71 to 75% of the total peptide content was identical in all lots. This percentage increased to 87–89% when allowing the absence of a peptide in one of the 5 samples. These results, based on over 2000 peptides, suggest high similarity of the 5 different lots. Sequence analysis identified peptides of both E. coli and E. faecalis and peptides originating from the culture medium, thus confirming the presence of the strains in the formulation. Ontology analysis suggested that the majority of the peptides identified for E. coli originated from the cell membrane or the fimbrium, while peptides identified for E. faecalis were enriched for peptides originating from the cytoplasm. The bacterial lysate peptides as a whole are recognised as highly conserved molecular patterns by the innate immune system as microbe associated molecular pattern (MAMP). Sequence analysis also identified the presence of soybean, yeast and casein protein fragments that are part of the formulation of the culture medium. In conclusion CE/MS seems an appropriate QC tool to analyze complex biological products such as inactivated probiotic formulations and allows determining the similarity between lots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Joost P. Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics, Hannover, Germany
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Justyna Siwy
- Mosaiques Diagnostics, Hannover, Germany
- Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Stalmach A, Albalat A, Mullen W, Mischak H. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry for clinical proteomic applications. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1452-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Stalmach
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
| | - Amaya Albalat
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
| | - William Mullen
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
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