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Nunes M, Wanzeller Martins G, Sarraguça J, Olival F, Moita P, Mitchell SG, Claro A, Ferreira T. Multi-analytical characterisation of blotting sands on documents from religious orders in Portugal (16th-19th centuries). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123204. [PMID: 37556923 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Too little is known about areia de escrever, i.e., blotting sands, the intriguing particles sprinkled on freshly written scripts to accelerate the drying time of the ink. Blotting sands constitute a valuable but underestimated historical source. This work investigated the blotting sands used on the account books of the religious houses scattered across continental Portugal and Madeira Island (16th-19th centuries). The sands were mainly composed of different minerals, predominately black sands, but in a few cases, minerals were found mixed with gums, paper cocoons or bone shavings. The combined use of SEM-EDS, µ-Raman and FT-IR techniques uncovered the materials' chemical or mineralogical composition and morphology. This approach, allied with image analysis and statistics complemented with multivariate analysis, allowed us to look for trends between the samples and hypothesise about their provenance. Heavy minerals, such as ilmenite, hematite and almandine, were identified as major components, together with other silicates (e.g. quartz). Samples were dominated by medium-sized grains with shape features indicating texturally mature sediments resulting from a medium-to-long sedimentary transport. Due to shorter geological transport distances, Madeira Island was the exception, with more angular grains. This work allowed us to uncover blotting sands, value them as historical sources, and establish a roadmap for their use in Portugal, aiming to pave the way towards a more global context in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nunes
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Portugal
| | | | | | - F Olival
- CIDEHUS, University of Évora, Portugal; History Department, Social Sciences School, University of Évora, Portugal
| | - P Moita
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Portugal; Geosciences Department, Sciences and Technology School, University of Évora, Portugal
| | - Scott G Mitchell
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA-CSIC/UNIZAR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Claro
- CHAM- Centre for the Humanities, College of Social and Human Sciences, NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - T Ferreira
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Portugal; Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Sciences and Technology School, University of Évora, Portugal.
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2
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Nazemi Z, Sahraro M, Janmohammadi M, Nourbakhsh MS, Savoji H. A review on tragacanth gum: A promising natural polysaccharide in drug delivery and cell therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124343. [PMID: 37054856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Tragacanth is an abundant natural gum extracted from wounds created in some plants and is dried for use in various applications from industry to biomedicines. It is a cost-effective and easily accessible polysaccharide with desirable biocompatibility and biodegradability, drawing much attention for use in new biomedical applications such as wound healing and tissue engineering. Moreover, this anionic polysaccharide with a highly branched structure has been used as an emulsifier and thickening agent in pharmaceutical applications. In the following, this gum has been interested as an appealing biomaterial for producing engineering tools in drug delivery. Furthermore, the biological properties of tragacanth gum have made it a favorable biomaterial in cell therapies, especially for bone tissue engineering. This review aims to discuss the recent studies on this natural gum as a potential carrier for different drugs and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nazemi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, P.O. Box 19111-35131, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maryam Sahraro
- Department of Polyurethane and Advanced Materials, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14965-115, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Janmohammadi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, P.O. Box 19111-35131, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Nourbakhsh
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, P.O. Box 19111-35131, Semnan, Iran; Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, P.O. Box 19111-35131, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Montreal TransMedTech Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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3
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Multi-Analytical Assessment of Bodied Drying Oil Varnishes and Their Use as Binders in Armour Paints. HERITAGE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage4040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of commercially available refined and bodied linseed and tung oils, used as binders in the production of armour paints after historic recipes, are explored. Employed as anticorrosive paints mainly from the 1920s to 1960s, armour paints are greener alternatives that can be used for protection in industrial heritage conservation. Using a multi-analytical approach, chemical and physical properties of the fresh oils and solid films before and after accelerated ageing (ISO 16474-2:2013) were investigated to better understand which features are beneficial for the technical function of armour paints. Tests included measurements of density, the refractive index, insoluble impurities, alkaline impurities, the water content, the iodine value, the saponification value, the free fatty acid concentration, the acid value, the peroxide value and colour (Lovibond) and cold tests. The characterisation of the fresh oils using molecular analysis with FTIR and GC-MS revealed the complexity of the commercial formulations, for which additions of semi- and non-drying oils were detected. The results show that organic paint binders follow complex chemical reactions (such as oxidation and decrease of unsaturation being variable or swelling following water-immersion tests), with implications for their suitability for use in protection.
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Magdy M. Analytical Techniques for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Frontiers in Knowledge and Application. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1171-1196. [PMID: 33393374 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1864717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemistry is considered as the heart of preservation science. The archaeological objects are an organic-inorganic system and need comprehensive techniques to investigate the different materials with a high resolution and accuracy. The characterization process of archaeological materials is a useful guide to develop the right strategy for the conservation and intervention of the objects. In analytical chemistry practice, there are many techniques to employ the characterization process of the artworks: molecular, elemental, imaging, surface, thermal, separation, nuclear, dating, electrochemical, and miscellaneous techniques. It highlights the potential of chemical investigations to present reliable information to the conservators and art historians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Magdy
- National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, Cairo, Egypt
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Spectroscopic Methods in the Evaluation of Modified Vegetable Base Oils from Crambe abyssinica. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123243. [PMID: 30544618 PMCID: PMC6320842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw vegetable oil from Crambe abyssinica was subjected to oxidative treatment to enhance its viscosity. The oxidation processes were carried out in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide with or without supercritical CO2 as a solvent. Four spectroscopic techniques (Raman, UV-VIS, FT-IR, NMR) were applied to assess the chemical changes taking place during the oxidation. Raman and NMR spectroscopy proved best in the assessment of the chemical transformations leading to increased viscosity of the modified vegetable oil.
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Teixeira AM, Sousa C. A review on the application of vibrational spectroscopy to the chemistry of nuts. Food Chem 2018; 277:713-724. [PMID: 30502208 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuts are highly appreciated due to their nutritional relevance and flavour, being the source of many desirable and healthy compounds as polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. Their characterization became the target of many studies in the last years through conventional analytical techniques as chromatographic ones. Due to the limitations associated to these techniques, as time, cost and environmental concerns, spectroscopic techniques have been increasingly pointed as reliable alternatives. Either applied to raw materials quality control or to more complex process, as industrial in-line monitoring, spectroscopic techniques, namely vibrational spectroscopy, are gathering strong acceptance. This paper presents a review on the application of vibrational spectroscopy, infrared and Raman, to nuts characterization. Estimates of several qualitative and quantitative parameters, origin authentication and/or adulteration in almonds, peanuts, pine nuts, hazelnuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, cashews, chestnuts and pistachios will be covered. Advantages and limitations of these techniques and future trends will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Margarida Teixeira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Clara Sousa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
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Artesani A, Gherardi F, Mosca S, Alberti R, Nevin A, Toniolo L, Valentini G, Comelli D. On the photoluminescence changes induced by ageing processes on zinc white paints. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Iwanicka M, Moretti P, van Oudheusden S, Sylwestrzak M, Cartechini L, van den Berg KJ, Targowski P, Miliani C. Complementary use of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Reflection FTIR spectroscopy for in-situ non-invasive monitoring of varnish removal from easel paintings. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A Photoluminescence Study of the Changes Induced in the Zinc White Pigment by Formation of Zinc Complexes. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10040340. [PMID: 28772700 PMCID: PMC5506911 DOI: 10.3390/ma10040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that oil paintings containing zinc white are subject to rapid degradation. This is caused by the interaction between the active groups of binder and the metal ions of the pigment, which gives rise to the formation of new zinc complexes (metal soaps). Ongoing studies on zinc white paints have been limited to the chemical mechanisms that lead to the formation of zinc complexes. On the contrary, little is known of the photo-physical changes induced in the zinc oxide crystal structure following this interaction. Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy has been applied to follow modifications in the luminescent zinc white pigment when mixed with binder. Significant changes in trap state photoluminescence emissions have been detected: the enhancement of a blue emission combined with a change of the decay kinetic of the well-known green emission. Complementary data from molecular analysis of paints using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the formation of zinc carboxylates and corroborates the mechanism for zinc complexes formation. We support the hypothesis that zinc ions migrate into binder creating novel vacancies, affecting the photoluminescence intensity and lifetime properties of zinc oxide. Here, we further demonstrate the advantages of a time-resolved photoluminescence approach for studying defects in semiconductor pigments.
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Osticioli I, Ciofini D, Mencaglia AA, Siano S. Automated characterization of varnishes photo-degradation using portable T-controlled Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 172:182-188. [PMID: 27017061 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a portable-Raman device (excitation wavelength 1064nm) was employed for the first time for continuously monitoring the complex molecular dynamics of terpenoid resins (dammar, mastic, colophony, sandarac and shellac), which occur during their ageing under artificial light exposure. The instrumentation was equipped with a pyroelectric sensor allowing for temperature control of the sample's irradiated surface while the acquisition of spectra occurs by setting fixed maximum temperature and total radiant exposure. Resins were dropped into special pits over a dedicated rotating wheel moved by a USB motor. The rotation allowed samples sliding between the positions designated for the acquisition of the Raman spectra and that for artificial ageing. Samples were exposed to artificial light for 45-days and almost 400 spectra for each resin sample were collected. The exposure to artificial light led to significant changes allowing the characterization of the alteration process. The automated acquisition of a large number of spectra overtime during light-exposure has given the possibility to distinguish fast dynamics, mainly associated to solvent evaporation, from those slower due to resins photo-degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Osticioli
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara" (IFAC-CNR), Florence, Italy.
| | - D Ciofini
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara" (IFAC-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - A A Mencaglia
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara" (IFAC-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - S Siano
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara" (IFAC-CNR), Florence, Italy
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11
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Vibrational Spectroscopies and Chemometry for Nondestructive Identification and Differentiation of Painting Binders. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/3475659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive dataset of vibrational spectra of different natural organic binding media is presented and discussed. The binding media were applied on a glass substrate and analyzed after three months of natural ageing. The combination of Raman and FT-NIR spectroscopies allows for an improved identification of these materials as Raman technique is more informative about the skeletal vibrations, while FT-NIR spectroscopy is more sensitive to the substituents and polar groups. The experimental results are initially discussed in the framework of current spectral assignment. Then, multivariate analysis (PCA) is applied leading to differentiation among the samples. The two major principal components allow for a complete separation of the different classes of organic materials. Further differentiation within the same class is possible thanks to the secondary components. The loadings obtained from PCA are discussed on the basis of the spectral assignment leading to clear understanding of the physical basis of this differentiation process.
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13
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Madariaga JM, Maguregui M, Castro K, Knuutinen U, Martínez-Arkarazo I. Portable Raman, DRIFTS, and XRF Analysis to Diagnose the Conservation State of Two Wall Painting Panels from Pompeii Deposited in the Naples National Archaeological Museum (Italy). APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:137-146. [PMID: 26767639 DOI: 10.1177/0003702815616589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a methodology that combines spectroscopic speciation, performed through portable Raman spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF) working in situ, and thermodynamic speciation to diagnose the environmental impacts, induced by past and current events, on two wall painting panels (Nos. 9103 and 9255) extracted more than 150 years ago from the walls of a Pompeian house (Marcus Lucretius House, Regio IX, Insula 3, House 5/24) and deposited in the Naples National Archaeological Museum (MANN). The results show a severe chemical attack of the acid gases that can be explained only by the action of H2S during and just after the eruption of the Vesuvius volcano, that expelled a high concentration of sulfur gases. This fact can be considered as the most important process impacting the wall painting panels deposited in the museum, while the rain-wash processes and the colonization of microorganisms have not been observed in contrast to the impacts shown by the wall paintings left outside in the archaeological site of Pompeii. Moreover, the systematic presence of lead traces and strontium in both wall paintings suggests their presence as impurities of the calcite mortars (intonacco) or calcite binder of these particular fresco Pompeian murals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain Unesco Chair of Cultural Landscape and Heritage, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Kepa Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ulla Knuutinen
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Finland Jyväskylä University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Art and Culture Studies/Museology, Finland
| | - Irantzu Martínez-Arkarazo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
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Ghayempour S, Montazer M, Mahmoudi Rad M. Simultaneous encapsulation and stabilization of Aloe vera extract on cotton fabric for wound dressing application. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22485g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of some herbal products in wound dressing for rapid healing with no side effects is a highly interesting task.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ghayempour
- Textile Engineering Department
- Functional Fibrous Structures & Environmental Enhancement (FFSEE)
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - M. Montazer
- Textile Engineering Department
- Functional Fibrous Structures & Environmental Enhancement (FFSEE)
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - M. Mahmoudi Rad
- Skin Research Centre
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
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15
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Filippidis G, Mari M, Kelegkouri L, Philippidis A, Selimis A, Melessanaki K, Sygletou M, Fotakis C. Assessment of in-depth degradation of artificially aged triterpenoid paint varnishes using nonlinear microscopy techniques. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:510-517. [PMID: 25403929 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614013580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigates the applicability of nonlinear imaging microscopy for the precise assessment of degradation of the outer protective layers of painted artworks as a function of depth due to aging. Two fresh and artificially aged triterpenoid varnishes, dammar and mastic, were tested. Nonlinear imaging techniques have been employed as a new diagnostic tool for determination of the exact thickness of the affected region due to artificial aging of the natural varnishes. The measured thicknesses differ from the calculated mean penetration depths of the samples. These nondestructive, high resolution modalities are valuable analytical tools for aging studies and they have the potential to provide unique in-depth information. Single photon laser induced fluorescence measurements and Raman spectroscopy were used for the integrated investigation and analysis of aging effects in varnishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Filippidis
- 1Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas,PO Box 1527,Heraklion 71110,Crete,Greece
| | - Meropi Mari
- 1Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas,PO Box 1527,Heraklion 71110,Crete,Greece
| | - Lambrini Kelegkouri
- 1Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas,PO Box 1527,Heraklion 71110,Crete,Greece
| | - Aggelos Philippidis
- 1Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas,PO Box 1527,Heraklion 71110,Crete,Greece
| | - Aleksandros Selimis
- 1Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas,PO Box 1527,Heraklion 71110,Crete,Greece
| | - Kristallia Melessanaki
- 1Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas,PO Box 1527,Heraklion 71110,Crete,Greece
| | - Maria Sygletou
- 1Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas,PO Box 1527,Heraklion 71110,Crete,Greece
| | - Costas Fotakis
- 1Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas,PO Box 1527,Heraklion 71110,Crete,Greece
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Gamberini MC, Baraldi C, Freguglia G, Baraldi P. Spectral analysis of pharmaceutical formulations prepared according to ancient recipes in comparison with old museum remains. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1839-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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