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Banskota AH, Hui JPM, Jones A, McGinn PJ. Characterization of Neutral Lipids of the Oleaginous Alga Micractinum inermum. Molecules 2024; 29:359. [PMID: 38257272 PMCID: PMC10819927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
An oleaginous microalga Micractinum inermum isolated from Mariana Lake, AB, Canada was cultured in a 1000 L photobioreactor with an f/2 medium to study its lipid content and neutral lipid profile. Algal biomass was collected at the stationary phase contained a significant amount of lipids (44.2%), as determined by Folch's method. The lipid was fractionated into neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions. The neutral lipid constitutes almost 77.3% of the total lipid species and is mainly composed of triacylglycerols (TAGs) determined by a proton NMR study. UHPLC-HRMS analysis allows us for the first time to identify 81 TAGs in the neutral lipid fraction of M. inermum. The fatty acid acyl side chains were identified based on fragment ions observed in MSMS analysis. TAGs with fatty acid acyl chains 18:1/18:1/18:1, 18:1/18:1/16:0, 18:2/18:1/16:0, and 18:2/18:2/18:0 were the major ones among the identified TAGs. Fatty acid analysis further supports the fact that oleic acid was the major fatty acid present in the neutral lipid fraction of M. inermum constituting 41.7%, followed by linoleic acid at 21.5%, and palmitic acid at 21.2%. The saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were 67.8% or higher in the lipid fraction. Long-chain fatty acids were only present in a minor quantity. The results clearly demonstrate that M. inermum is an excellent source for TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun H. Banskota
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (J.P.M.H.); (A.J.); (P.J.M.)
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Kozub A, Nikolaichuk H, Przykaza K, Tomaszewska-Gras J, Fornal E. Lipidomic characteristics of three edible cold-pressed oils by LC/Q-TOF for simple quality and authenticity assurance. Food Chem 2023; 415:135761. [PMID: 36881959 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing oil samples from each other is challenging but it is crucial for ensuring food quality, and for detecting and preventing the possible adulteration of these products. Lipidomic profiling is believed to provide sufficient information to get fit-to-purpose confidence of oil identification as well as to deliver oil-specific lipid features which could be used as targets for routine authenticity testing of camelina, flax, and hemp oil in food control laboratories. Conducted di- and triacylglycerol profiling by LC/Q-TOFMS yielded successful differentiation of the oils. A marker panel consisting of 27 lipids (both DAGs and TAGs) useful for quality verification and authenticity assurance of the oils was established. Moreover, sunflower, rapeseed, and soybean oils were analysed as potential adulterants. We identified 6 lipid markers (DAGs 34:6, 35:2, 40:1, 40:2, 42:2, and TAG 63:1) which can be used for revealing the adulteration of camelina, hemp, and flax seed oils with these oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozub
- Department of Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biomedicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Hanna Nikolaichuk
- Department of Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biomedicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Kacper Przykaza
- Department of Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biomedicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Tomaszewska-Gras
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31/33, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emilia Fornal
- Department of Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biomedicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Chin GJWL, Andrew AR, Abdul-Sani ER, Yong WTL, Misson M, Anton A. The effects of light intensity and nitrogen concentration to enhance lipid production in four tropical microalgae. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Banskota AH, Jones A, Hui JPM, Stefanova R, Burton IW. Analysis of Polar Lipids in Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) By-Products by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185856. [PMID: 36144592 PMCID: PMC9503808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar lipids were extracted from residual biomass of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) by-products with EtOH and partitioned into aqueous and chloroform fractions. The chloroform fractions were studied for their lipid composition using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by UHPLC/HRMS and NMR analyses. The 1H NMR and gravimetric yield of SPE indicated triacylglycerols covered ≥ 51.3% of the chloroform fraction of hemp seed hulls and hemp cake. UHPLC/HRMS analyses of remaining polar lipids led to the identification of nine diacylglycerols (DAGs), six lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), five lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs), eight phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and thirteen phosphatidylcholines (PCs) for the first time from hemp seed hulls. The regiospecificity of fatty acyl substitutes in glycerol backbone of individual phospholipids were assigned by analyzing the diagnostic fragment ions and their intensities. The heat-map analysis suggested that DAG 18:2/18:2, 1-LPC 18:2, 1-LPE 18:2, PE 18:2/18:2, and PC 18:2/18:2 were the predominant molecules within their classes, supported by the fact that linoleic acid was the major fatty acid covering > 41.1% of the total fatty acids determined by GC-FID analysis. The 31P NMR analysis confirmed the identification of phospholipids and suggested PC covers ≥ 37.9% of the total phospholipid present in hemp by-products. HPLC purification led to the isolation of 1,2-dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine and 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine. These two major PCs further confirmed the UHPLC/HRMS finding.
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Srimongkol P, Sangtanoo P, Songserm P, Watsuntorn W, Karnchanatat A. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment for developing economic and environmental sustainability: Current status and future prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:904046. [PMID: 36159694 PMCID: PMC9489850 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.904046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last several decades, concerns about climate change and pollution due to human activity has gained widespread attention. Microalgae have been proposed as a suitable biological platform to reduce carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, while also creating commercial sources of high-value compounds such as medicines, cosmetics, food, feed, and biofuel. Industrialization of microalgae culture and valorization is still limited by significant challenges in scaling up the production processes due to economic constraints and productivity capacities. Therefore, a boost in resource usage efficiency is required. This enhancement not only lowers manufacturing costs but also enhancing the long-term viability of microalgae-based products. Using wastewater as a nutrient source is a great way to reduce manufacturing costs. Furthermore, water scarcity is one of the most important global challenges. In recent decades, industrialization, globalization, and population growth have all impacted freshwater resources. Moreover, high amounts of organic and inorganic toxins in the water due to the disposal of waste into rivers can have severe impacts on human and animal health. Microalgae cultures are a sustainable solution to tertiary and quaternary treatments since they have the ability to digest complex contaminants. This review presents biorefineries based on microalgae from all angles, including the potential for environmental pollution remediation as well as applications for bioenergy and value-added biomolecule production. An overview of current information about microalgae-based technology and a discussion of the associated hazards and opportunities for the bioeconomy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piroonporn Srimongkol
- Center of Excellence in Bioconversion and Bioseparation for Platform Chemical Production, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Papassara Sangtanoo
- Center of Excellence in Bioconversion and Bioseparation for Platform Chemical Production, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pajareeya Songserm
- Center of Excellence in Bioconversion and Bioseparation for Platform Chemical Production, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wannapawn Watsuntorn
- Panyapiwat Institute of Management Demonstration School, Pakkred, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Aphichart Karnchanatat
- Center of Excellence in Bioconversion and Bioseparation for Platform Chemical Production, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Aphichart Karnchanatat,
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Lee JW, Lee MW, Jin CZ, Oh HM, Jin E, Lee HG. Inhibition of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis by down-regulation of MGD1 leads to membrane lipid remodeling and enhanced triacylglycerol biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:88. [PMID: 36030272 PMCID: PMC9419350 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Membrane lipid remodeling involves regulating the physiochemical modification of cellular membranes against abiotic stress or senescence, and it could be a trigger to increase neutral lipid content. In algae and higher plants, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) constitutes the highest proportion of total membrane lipids and is highly reduced as part of the membrane lipid remodeling response under several abiotic stresses. However, genetic regulation of MGDG synthesis and its influence on lipid synthesis has not been studied in microalgae. For development of an industrial microalgae strain showing high accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) by promoting membrane lipid remodeling, MGDG synthase 1 (MGD1) down-regulated mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr-mgd1) was generated and evaluated for its suitability for biodiesel feedstock.
Results
The Cr-mgd1 showed a 65% decrease in CrMGD1 gene expression level, 22% reduction in MGDG content, and 1.39 and 5.40 times increase in diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserines (DGTS) and TAG, respectively. The expression levels of most genes related to the decomposition of MGDG (plastid galactoglycerolipid degradation1) and TAG metabolism (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase1, phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and major lipid droplet protein) were increased. The imbalance of DGDG/MGDG ratio in Cr-mgd1 caused reduced photosynthetic electron transport, resulting in less light energy utilization and increased reactive oxygen species levels. In addition, endoplasmic reticulum stress was induced by increased DGTS levels. Thus, accelerated TAG accumulation in Cr-mgd1 was stimulated by increased cellular stress as well as lipid remodeling. Under high light (HL) intensity (400 µmol photons/m2/s), TAG productivity in Cr-mgd1–HL (1.99 mg/L/d) was 2.71 times higher than that in wild type (WT–HL). Moreover, under both nitrogen starvation and high light intensity, the lipid (124.55 mg/L/d), TAG (20.03 mg/L/d), and maximum neutral lipid (56.13 mg/L/d) productivity were the highest.
Conclusions
By inducing lipid remodeling through the mgd1 gene expression regulation, the mutant not only showed high neutral lipid content but also reached the maximum neutral lipid productivity through cultivation under high light and nitrogen starvation conditions, thereby possessing improved biomass properties that are the most suitable for high quality biodiesel production. Thus, this mutant may help understand the role of MGD1 in lipid synthesis in Chlamydomonas and may be used to produce high amounts of TAG.
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Calhoun S, Kamel B, Bell TA, Kruse CP, Riley R, Singan V, Kunde Y, Gleasner CD, Chovatia M, Sandor L, Daum C, Treen D, Bowen BP, Louie KB, Northen TR, Starkenburg SR, Grigoriev IV. Multi-omics profiling of the cold tolerant Monoraphidium minutum 26B-AM in response to abiotic stress. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Triacylglycerols and Other Lipids Profiling of Hemp By-Products. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072339. [PMID: 35408737 PMCID: PMC9000728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemp seed by-products, namely hemp cake (hemp meal) and hemp hulls were studied for their lipid content and composition. Total lipid content of hemp cake and hemp hulls was 13.1% and 17.5%, respectively. Oil extraction yields using hexane, on the other hand, were much lower in hemp cake (7.4%) and hemp hulls (12.1%). Oil derived from both hemp seeds and by-products were primarily composed of neutral lipids (>97.1%), mainly triacylglycerols (TAGs), determined by SPE and confirmed by NMR study. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid present in oils derived from hemp by-products, covering almost 55%, followed by α-linolenic acid, covering around 18% of the total fatty acids. For the first time, 47 intact TAGs were identified in the hemp oils using UPLC-HRMS. Among them, TAGs with fatty acid acyl chain 18:3/18:2/18:2 and 18:3/18:2/18:1 were the major ones, followed by TAGs with fatty acid acyl chain of 18:3/18:3/18:2, 18:2/18:2/16:0, 18:2/18:2/18:1, 18:3/18:2.18:0, 18:2/18:2/18:0, 18:2/18:1/18:1 and 18:3/18:2:16:0. Besides TAGs, low levels of terpenes, carotenoids and cannabidiolic acid were also detected in the oils. Moreover, the oils extracted from hemp by-products possessed a dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging property and their potencies were in a similar range compared to other vegetable oils.
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Cho E, Acter T, Uddin N, Kim S. Analysis of coffee bean with laser desorption ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Cho
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
| | - Thamina Acter
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences East West University Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Nizam Uddin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Faculty of Allied Health Science Daffodil International University Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
- Department of Chemistry Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
- Green Nano Materials Research Center Daegu South Korea
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10
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Zheng J, Yang C, Zheng X, Yan S, Qu F, Zhao J, Pei Y. Lipidomic, Transcriptomic, and BSA-660K Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Profiling Reveal Characteristics of the Cuticular Wax in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:794878. [PMID: 34899814 PMCID: PMC8652291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.794878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant epidermal wax helps protect plants from adverse environmental conditions, maintains the function of tissues and organs, and ensures normal plant development. However, the constituents of epidermal wax and the regulatory mechanism of their biosynthesis in wheat have not been fully understood. Wheat varieties with different wax content, Jinmai47 and Jinmai84, were selected to comparatively analyze their waxy components and genetic characteristics, using a combination of lipidomic, transcriptomic, and BSA-Wheat 660K chip analysis. Through lipidomic analysis, 1287 lipid molecules were identified representing 31 lipid subclasses. Among these, Diacylglycerols (DG), (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFA), wax ester (WE), Triacylglycerols (TG), and Monoradylglycerols (MG) accounted for 96.4% of the total lipids in Jinmai84 and 94.5% in Jinmai47. DG, OAHFA, and WE were higher in Jinmai84 than in Jinmai47 with the content of OAHFA 2.88-fold greater and DG 1.66-fold greater. Transcriptome sequence and bioinformatics analysis revealed 63 differentially expressed genes related to wax biosynthesis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be involved with the OAHFA, DG, and MG of synthesis pathways, which enriched the wax metabolism pathway. Non-glaucous and glaucous bulks from a mapping population were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) via 660K chip analysis. Two loci centered on chromosomes 2D and 4B were detected and the locus on 4B is likely novel. These data improve understanding of complex lipid metabolism for cuticular wax biosynthesis in wheat and lay the foundation for future detailed investigation of mechanisms regulating wax metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chenkang Yang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xingwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Suxian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Fei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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11
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Moreno Osorio JH, Pollio A, Frunzo L, Lens PNL, Esposito G. A Review of Microalgal Biofilm Technologies: Definition, Applications, Settings and Analysis. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.737710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-based algal cultivation has many advantages over the conventional suspended growth methods and has received increased attention as a potential platform for algal production, wastewater treatment (nutrient removal), and a potential pathway to supply feedstock for microalgae-based biorefinery attempts. However, the attached cultivation by definition and application is a result of a complex interaction between the biotic and abiotic components involved. Therefore, the entire understanding of the biofilm nature is still a research challenge due to the need for real-time analysis of the system. In this review, the state of the art of biofilm definition, its life cycle, the proposed designs of bioreactors, screening of carrier materials, and non-destructive techniques for the study of biofilm formation and performance are summarized. Perspectives for future research needs are also discussed to provide a primary reference for the further development of microalgal biofilm systems.
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12
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Sikorskaya TV, Efimova KV, Imbs AB. Lipidomes of phylogenetically different symbiotic dinoflagellates of corals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112579. [PMID: 33166751 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The structural base of all membranes of symbiotic dinoflagellates (SD) is composed of glycolipids and betaine lipids, whereas triacylglycerols (TG) constitute an energy reserve and are involved in biosynthesis of glycolipids. Since data on the SD lipidome and the host's influence on symbionts' lipidome are scanty, we analyzed and compared the lipidomes of SD isolated from the zoantharian Palythoa tuberculosa and the alcyonarian Sinularia heterospiculata. A sequencing of nuclear gene regions showed that both cnidarians hosted the dinoflagellates Cladocopium sp. (subclades C1 and C3), but the zoantharian also contained the dinoflagellates Durusdinium trenchii (clade D). The presence of the thermotolerant D. trenchii resulted in a higher unsaturation of mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG and DGDG), but a lower unsaturation of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). The same features were earlier described for same SD from a reef-building coral. Hence, the profile of glycolipid molecules, which form SD thylakoid membranes, seems to be species-specific and does not depend on the host's taxonomic position. In contrast, the betaine lipid molecular species profile of diacylglyceryl-3-O-carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC), which forms SD cell membranes, can be influenced by the host. The profiles of the TG molecular species from freshly isolated SD have been determined for the first time. These molecular species can be divided on the basis of the acyl group in sn-2 position. The TG with 16:0 acyl group in sn-2 position may enrich total TG of a cnidarian colony and originate from SD cytoplasm. In contrast, TG 18:3/18:4/18:3 may be biosynthetically related with DGDG and concentrated in SD plastoglobules. Our data may be useful for further investigations of natural and technogenic variations in microalgal lipids and symbiont-host interactions in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Sikorskaya
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Kseniya V Efimova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey B Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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R. C S, Kipkemboi PK, Rop K. Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Solution Properties of Sesame Fatty Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28643-28655. [PMID: 33195917 PMCID: PMC7658934 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The search for alternative, biodegradable, and sustainable raw materials to replace finite petrochemicals is an area of great interest. Triglycerides obtained from oilseed crops are such potential raw materials. In this study, sesame oil was trans-esterified to sesame fatty methyl esters (SEFAMEs) that were used as precursors in the synthesis of sesame fatty methyl esters sulfonate (SEFAMESO) surfactant. SEFAME and SEFAMESO surfactants were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), 1H NMR, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. HPLC-MS, 1H NMR, and FTIR spectra indicated successful trans-esterification and conversion of SEFAMEs to SEFAMESO. Solution properties of the SEFAMESO surfactant including hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value, Krafft point, foam-ability, critical micelle concentration (CMC), counterion degree of binding and thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°mic, ΔH°mic, ΔS°mic, ΔH°mic,* and T C were evaluated. The CMC values of SEFAMESO at 298.15 K were relatively lower than that of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) standard, and these values decreased to a minimum at 303.15 K and then increased with an increase in temperature. ΔG°mic values were negative indicating a spontaneous micellization process. ΔH°mic and ΔS°mic values revealed that micellization was entropy-driven at low temperatures and both entropy- and enthalpy-driven at high temperatures. ΔH°mic,* values were negative suggesting formation of stable micelles. The evaluated properties revealed the potential application of the synthesized surfactant as a cleansing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soy R. C
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, 30100 Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Pius K. Kipkemboi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, 30100 Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Kiplangat Rop
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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Isolation of Microalgae from Mediterranean Seawater and Production of Lipids in the Cultivated Species. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111601. [PMID: 33158015 PMCID: PMC7692243 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation and identification of novel microalgae strains with high lipid productivity is one of the most important research topics to have emerged recently. However, practical production processes will probably require the use of local strains adapted to commanding climatic conditions. The present manuscript describes the isolation of 96 microalgae strains from seawater located in Bay M’diq, Morocco. Four strains were identified using the 18S rDNA and morphological identification through microscopic examination. The biomass and lipid productivity were compared and showed good results for Nannochloris sp. (15.93 mg/L/day). The lipid content in the four species, namely Nannochloropsis gaditana, Nannochloris sp., Phaedactylum tricornutum and Tetraselmis suecica, was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS ) highlighting the identification of up to 77 compounds.
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Wang Y, Tibbetts SM, Berrue F, McGinn PJ, MacQuarrie SP, Puttaswamy A, Patelakis S, Schmidt D, Melanson R, MacKenzie SE. A Rat Study to Evaluate the Protein Quality of Three Green Microalgal Species and the Impact of Mechanical Cell Wall Disruption. Foods 2020; 9:E1531. [PMID: 33114413 PMCID: PMC7694116 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the protein quality of microalgae species Chlorella vulgaris (CV), Chlorella sorokiniana (CS), and Acutodesmus obliquus (AO) and assess the impact of mechanical cell wall disruption. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, around 156 g after adaptation, were placed in metabolic cages and fed experimental diets that were either protein-free or contained 10% protein solely from one of the undisrupted or disrupted CV, CS, and AO. After 3 days, feces were collected for a period of 5 days and analyzed together with diet samples for crude protein contents. Apparent protein digestibility, true protein digestibility, amino acid score, and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score were calculated. In vitro protein digestibility was measured using the pepsin-pancreatin method and the in vitro protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score was calculated. The crude protein contents of CV, CS, and AO were 53.5, 50.2, and 40.3%, respectively. The amino acid score of the first limiting amino acid was 1.10, 1.27, and 0.86, true protein digestibility was 64.7, 59.3, and 37.9% and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score was 0.63, 0.64, and 0.29, respectively, for CV, CS, and AO. Mechanical cell disruption significantly improved protein digestibility without a substantial impact on the amino acid profile and score, resulting in the increase of protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score to 0.77, 0.81, and 0.46, respectively, for disrupted CV, CS, and AO. There was a strong correlation between in vitro protein digestibility and apparent protein digestibility (r = 0.986), and also between in vitro protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score and in vivo protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (r = 0.994). The results suggest that the CV and CS are acceptable sources of protein for humans and animals and quality can be markedly improved by mechanical cell wall disruption. Additionally, in vitro protein digestibility measured using the pepsin-pancreatin method may be used to screen protein product candidates, save animals, reduce cost, and accelerate product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Wang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Sean M. Tibbetts
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 270 Sandy Cove Road, Ketch Harbor, NS B3V 1K9, Canada; (S.M.T.); (P.J.M.); (S.P.M.); (S.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Fabrice Berrue
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Y8, Canada; (F.B.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Patrick J. McGinn
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 270 Sandy Cove Road, Ketch Harbor, NS B3V 1K9, Canada; (S.M.T.); (P.J.M.); (S.P.M.); (S.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Scott P. MacQuarrie
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 270 Sandy Cove Road, Ketch Harbor, NS B3V 1K9, Canada; (S.M.T.); (P.J.M.); (S.P.M.); (S.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Anil Puttaswamy
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Shane Patelakis
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 270 Sandy Cove Road, Ketch Harbor, NS B3V 1K9, Canada; (S.M.T.); (P.J.M.); (S.P.M.); (S.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Dominique Schmidt
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Ronald Melanson
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 270 Sandy Cove Road, Ketch Harbor, NS B3V 1K9, Canada; (S.M.T.); (P.J.M.); (S.P.M.); (S.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Sabrena E. MacKenzie
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Y8, Canada; (F.B.); (S.E.M.)
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Reza AM, Tavakoli J, Zhou Y, Qin J, Tang Y. Synthetic fluorescent probes to apprehend calcium signalling in lipid droplet accumulation in microalgae—an updated review. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Zheng H, Yang R, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang J, Sun H. Characterization of pharmaceutic structured triacylglycerols by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry and its application to structured fat emulsion injection. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8557. [PMID: 31429125 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Structured triacylglycerols (STAGs) are a complex mixture of triacylglycerols which are esterified by long-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids with the same glycerol molecular backbone. As a kind of lipid pharmaceutic excipients, STAGs are used in the pharmaceutical industry as major components of structured fat emulsion injections and play an important role in pharmaceutic energy material because they improve nutritional status with faster elimination in a safe way. The composition and proportion of triacylglycerols in STAGs are closely related to the stability of pharmaceutical preparations and curative effects in the clinic. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize pharmaceutic STAGs using a rapid and accurate method. METHODS An analytical method for rapid and accurate determination of triacylglycerols in pharmaceutic STAGs was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMS). Triacylglycerol components could be well separated on a Waters Xterra MS C8 (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm) column. Four-dimensional HPLC/HRMS data (high-resolution m/z, MS2 data, retention time and isotopic intensity distribution) were used to identify triacylglycerols using Lipid Data Analyzer (LDA) software and the LIPID MAPS database. Then, these identified triacylglycerol components were relatively quantified by their corresponding normalized peak areas using representative standard curves of structurally similar standard substances. RESULTS Forty-seven kinds of triacylglycerol components in pharmaceutic STAGs and structured fat emulsion injection were identified and relatively quantified by this method. It has been shown that their retention times are in good correlation with the number of carbon atoms and carbon-carbon double bonds. The main components in pharmaceutic STAGs and structured fat emulsion injection were triacylglycerols containing both medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids, while the other components, including triacylglycerols containing three medium-chain fatty acids and triacylglycerols containing three long-chain fatty acids, were relatively low. CONCLUSIONS This study has provided a rapid and accurate approach for the identification and quality control of pharmaceutic STAGs and structured fat emulsion injection and this approach can be extended to other lipid pharmaceutic excipients and used as an effective and reasonable control to guarantee the quality of pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- National Institute For Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Jue Wang
- National Institute For Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Sun
- National Institute For Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
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Li X, Chen K, He Y. In situ and non-destructive detection of the lipid concentration of Scenedesmus obliquus using hyperspectral imaging technique. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Seppänen-Laakso T, Nygren H, Rischer H. UPLC-ELSD Analysis of Algal Lipid Classes and Derivatization of Bound and Free Fatty Acids and Sterols for GC-MS Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 1980:223-232. [PMID: 29159730 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Constituents of microalgae and sample preparation for UPLC-ELSD and GC-MS analyses are described. Bound fatty acids from acylglycerols, alkylacylglycerols, galactosyldiacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, and sterol esters are derivatized by using transesterification with sodium methoxide to form fatty acid methyl esters. Compounds containing free hydroxyl groups, either present originally or formed during previous step, like free fatty acids, sterols, α-tocopherol, phytol, and nonesterified alkoxyglycerols, are trimethylsilylated. The compounds in algal lipid extract are subsequently derivatized by these two steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heli Nygren
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | - Heiko Rischer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland.
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20
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Benchtop flow NMR spectroscopy as an online device for the in vivo monitoring of lipid accumulation in microalgae. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Rapid screening of very long-chain fatty acids from microorganisms. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:460365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Kostyukevich Y, Acter T, Zherebker A, Ahmed A, Kim S, Nikolaev E. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:811-853. [PMID: 29603316 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic exchange approach is in use since the first observation of such reactions in 1933 by Lewis. This approach allows the investigation of the pathways of chemical and biochemical reactions, determination of structure, composition, and conformation of molecules. Mass spectrometry has now become one of the most important analytical tools for the monitoring of the isotopic exchange reactions. Investigation of conformational dynamics of proteins, quantitative measurements, obtaining chemical, and structural information about individual compounds of the complex natural mixtures are mainly based on the use of isotope exchange in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry. The most important reaction is the Hydrogen/Deuterium exchange, which is mainly performed in the solution. Recently we have developed the approach allowing performing of the Hydrogen/Deuterium reaction on-line directly in the ionization source under atmospheric pressure. Such approach simplifies the sample preparation and can accelerate the exchange reaction so that certain hydrogens that are considered as non-labile will also participate in the exchange. The use of in-ionization source H/D exchange in modern mass spectrometry for structural elucidation of molecules serves as the basic theme in this review. We will focus on the mechanisms of the isotopic exchange reactions and on the application of in-ESI, in-APCI, and in-APPI source Hydrogen/Deuterium exchange for the investigation of petroleum, natural organic matter, oligosaccharides, and proteins including protein-protein complexes. The simple scenario for adaptation of H/D exchange reactions into mass spectrometric method is also highlighted along with a couple of examples collected from previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kostyukevich
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Thamina Acter
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander Zherebker
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arif Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Green Nano Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
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Yu D, Rupasinghe TW, Boughton BA, Natera SH, Hill CB, Tarazona P, Feussner I, Roessner U. A high-resolution HPLC-QqTOF platform using parallel reaction monitoring for in-depth lipid discovery and rapid profiling. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1026:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Xu SL, Wei F, Xie Y, Lv X, Dong XY, Chen H. Research advances based on mass spectrometry for profiling of triacylglycerols in oils and fats and their applications. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1558-1568. [PMID: 29572876 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable oils and animal fats are dietary source of lipids that play critical and multiple roles in biological function. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the principal component of oils and fats with significant difference in profile among different oils and fats. TAG profiling is essential for nutritional evaluation, quality control and assurance of safety in oils and fats. However, analysis of TAGs is a challenging task because of the complicated composition of TAGs and their similar physicochemical properties in oils and fats. The rapid development of mass spectrometry (MS) technology in recent years makes it possible to analyze the composition, content and structure of TAGs in the study of the physical, chemical and nutritional properties of oils, fats and related products. This review described the research advancement based on MS for profiling of TAGs in oil, fat and their applications in food. The application of MS, including direct infusion strategies, and its combination with chromatography, gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS), in the analysis of TAGs were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of these analytical methods with relevant applications for TAGs analysis in food were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wei
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ya Xie
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Yan Dong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Řezanka T, Lukavský J, Vítová M, Nedbalová L, Sigler K. Lipidomic analysis of Botryococcus (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) - Identification of lipid classes containing very long chain fatty acids by offline two-dimensional LC-tandem MS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 148:29-38. [PMID: 29366853 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) were identified in four strains of the green alga Botryococcus braunii (Trebouxiophyceae). The algae contained a series of monoenoic fatty acids up to triacontenoic acid and further VLCFAs in amounts around 1% of total fatty acids. The separation of lipid classes using hydrophilic interaction chromatography revealed that the most abundant VLCFAs (28:2, 28:1 and 28:0) were contained in neutral lipids (triacylglycerols and/or diacylglycerols) and in phospholipids (phosphatidic acid and/or phosphatidylcholine). Using non-aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (NARP-LC/MS2) of the appropriate collected fractions, molecular species of triacylglycerols containing one or two VLCFAs were described and phosphatidylcholines containing VLCFAs were separated for the first time. Because the presence of Botryosphaerella sudetica (Chlorophyceae) as contaminant of Botryococcus braunii strain Droop 1950/807-1 placed some doubts on the results of previous studies, a strain of this green alga of was also analyzed. In contrast to Botryococcus, C16, a substantially lower proportion of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids and no VLCFAs were detected in Botryosphaerella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaromír Lukavský
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Vítová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Řezanka T, Kolouchová I, Gharwalová L, Palyzová A, Sigler K. Lipidomic Analysis: From Archaea to Mammals. Lipids 2018; 53:5-25. [PMID: 29446847 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are among the most important organic compounds found in all living cells, from primitive archaebacteria to flowering plants or mammalian cells. They form part of cell walls and constitute cell storage material. Their biosynthesis and metabolism play key roles in faraway topics such as biofuel production (third-generation biofuels produced by microorganisms, e.g. algae) and human diseases such as adrenoleukodystrophy, Zellweger syndrome, or Refsum disease. Current lipidomic analysis requires fast and accurate processing of samples and especially their characterization. Because the number of possible lipids and, more specifically, molecular species of lipids is of the order of hundreds to thousands, it is necessary to process huge amounts of data in a short time. There are two basic approaches to lipidomic analysis: shotgun and liquid chromatography-mass spectometry. Both methods have their pros and cons. This review deals with lipidomics not according to the type of ionization or the lipid classes analyzed but according to the types of samples (organisms) under study. Thus, it is divided into lipidomic analysis of archaebacteria, bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, plants, and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Kolouchová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Gharwalová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Palyzová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
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Aoki M, Sato N. Fatty Acid Content and Composition of Triacylglycerols of Chlorella kessleri. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2676. [PMID: 34179230 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are esters formed from one glycerol and three fatty acids. TAGs are induced to accumulate in algal cells under environmental stress conditions including nutrient-limitation, hyperosmosis, and low temperature, for the storage of metabolic energy and carbon, and also for the consumption of excess energy (e.g., Hirai et al., 2016 ; Hayashi et al., 2017 ). Beside their physiological significance, the commercial utilization of algal TAG has been expected for the production of biodiesel, the methyl esters of fatty acids, from the aspect of carbon-neutral conception. The amounts of TAGs can be determined through quantitative measurement of their constituent fatty acids. This protocol consists of the following three parts: the first is the extraction of total lipids from algal cells with the use of organic solvents, chloroform and methanol, according to the method of Bligh and Dyer (1959), the second is the separation of TAG from the other lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and the third is the production of methyl-esterified derivatives of their constitutive fatty acids and subsequent quantitation of them by capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). This protocol adapted from Sato and Tsuzuki (2011) is used for TAG analysis in a green alga, Chlorella kessleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohide Aoki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sato
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Řezanka T, Lukavský J, Nedbalová L, Sigler K. Lipidomic profile in three species of dinoflagellates (Amphidinium carterae, Cystodinium sp., and Peridinium aciculiferum) containing very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 139:88-97. [PMID: 28433954 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the identification of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) in three strains of dinoflagellates (Amphidinium carterae, Cystodinium sp., and Peridinium aciculiferum). The strains were cultivated and their lipidomic profiles were obtained by high resolution mass spectrometry with the aid of positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode by Orbitrap apparatus. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC/ESI) was used to separate major lipid classes of the three genera of dinoflagellates by neutral loss scan showing the ion [M + H-28:8]+, where 28:8 was octacosaoctaenoic acid, and by precursor ion scanning of ions at m/z 407, which was an ion corresponding to the structure of acyl of 28:8 acid (C27H39COO-). Based on these analyzes, it was found that out of more than a dozen lipid classes present in the total lipids, only two classes of neutral lipids, i.e. major triacylglycerols and minor diacylglycerols contain VLCPUFAs. In polar lipids, VLCPUFAs were identified only in phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) or in their lyso-forms (LPA and LPC). Further analysis of individual lipid classes by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) showed the presence of triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing VLCPUFAs, i.e. molecular species of the sn-28:7/28:8/28:8, sn-26:7/28:7/28:8, or sn-26:7/28:8/28:8 types. These TAGs are the longest and most unsaturated TAGs isolated from a natural source that have yet been synthesized. In the case of PA and PC, tandem MS identified sn-28:8/16:0-PA and sn-28:8/16:0-PC and the corresponding lyso-forms (28:8-LPC and 28:8-LPA). All these results indicate that TAGs containing VLCPUFAs are biosynthesized in dinoflagellates in the same manner as in higher eukaryotic organisms, which means that the PA, after conversion to DAG, serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of other phospholipids, e.g. PC, and, after further acylation, also of TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaromír Lukavský
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Biorefinery Res. Centre of Competence, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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29
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Avula SGC, Belovich JM, Xu Y. Determination of fatty acid methyl esters derived from algaeScenedesmus dimorphusbiomass by GC-MS with one-step esterification of free fatty acids and transesterification of glycerolipids. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2214-2227. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne M. Belovich
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Cleveland State University; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry; Cleveland State University; Cleveland Ohio
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Tibbetts SM, Yasumaru F, Lemos D. In vitro prediction of digestible protein content of marine microalgae (Nannochloropsis granulata) meals for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Kim J, Jung JM, Lee J, Kim KH, Choi TO, Kim JK, Jeon YJ, Kwon EE. Pyrogenic transformation of Nannochloropsis oceanica into fatty acid methyl esters without oil extraction for estimating total lipid content. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 212:55-61. [PMID: 27082269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study fundamentally investigated the pseudo-catalytic transesterification of dried Nannochloropsis oceanica into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) without oil extraction, which was achieved in less than 5min via a thermo-chemical pathway. This study presented that the pseudo-catalytic transesterification reaction was achieved in the presence of silica and that its main driving force was identified as temperature: pores in silica provided the numerous reaction space like a micro-reactor, where the heterogeneous reaction was developed. The introduced FAME derivatization showed an extraordinarily high tolerance of impurities (i.e., pyrolytic products and various extractives). This study also explored the thermal cracking of FAMEs derived from N. oceanica: the thermal cracking of saturated FAMEs was invulnerable at temperatures lower than 400°C. Lastly, this study reported that N. oceanica contained 14.4wt.% of dried N. oceanica and that the introduced methylation technique could be applicable to many research fields sharing the transesterification platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Environment and Energy at Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Jung
- Department of Environment and Energy at Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy at Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering at Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Tae O Choi
- Chloland Co. Ltd., 879-2 Gabae-ri, Dongbu-myeon, Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea; Department of Microbiology at Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kon Kim
- Research Institute of Petroleum Technology, Korea Petroleum Quality & Distribution Authority, Cheongju 28115, South Korea
| | - Young Jae Jeon
- Department of Microbiology at Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea.
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy at Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
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Cutignano A, Luongo E, Nuzzo G, Pagano D, Manzo E, Sardo A, Fontana A. Profiling of complex lipids in marine microalgae by UHPLC/tandem mass spectrometry. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hounslow E, Noirel J, Gilmour DJ, Wright PC. Lipid quantification techniques for screening oleaginous species of microalgae for biofuel production. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hounslow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; ChELSI Institute; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Josselin Noirel
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; LGBA; Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers; Paris France
| | - D. James Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Phillip C. Wright
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; ChELSI Institute; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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Li X, Jonikas MC. High-Throughput Genetics Strategies for Identifying New Components of Lipid Metabolism in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Subcell Biochem 2016; 86:223-247. [PMID: 27023238 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal lipid metabolism is of broad interest because microalgae accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols (TAGs) that can be used for biodiesel production (Durrett et al Plant J 54(4):593-607, 2008; Hu et al Plant J 54(4):621-639, 2008). Additionally, green algae are close relatives of land plants and serve as models to understand conserved lipid metabolism pathways in the green lineage. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas hereafter) is a powerful model organism for understanding algal lipid metabolism. Various methods have been used to screen Chlamydomonas mutants for lipid amount or composition, and for identification of the mutated loci in mutants of interest. In this chapter, we summarize the advantages and caveats for each of these methods with a focus on screens for mutants with perturbed TAG content. We also discuss technical opportunities and new tools that are becoming available for screens of mutants altered in TAG content or perturbed in other processes in Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Panchal S, Asati A, Satyanarayana GNV, Raghav A, Ahmad J, Patel DK. Ionic liquid based microextraction of targeted lipids from serum using UPLC-MS/MS with a chemometric approach: a pilot study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An ionic liquid based vortex assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction method followed by using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry have been used for the determination of fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Panchal
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-IITR Campus
- Lucknow
- India
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
| | - Ankita Asati
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-IITR Campus
- Lucknow
- India
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
| | - G. N. V. Satyanarayana
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
- Regulatory Toxicology Group
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow-226001
- India
| | - Alok Raghav
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Faculty of Medicine
- J. N. Medical College
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
| | - Jamal Ahmad
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Faculty of Medicine
- J. N. Medical College
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
| | - Devendra K. Patel
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- CSIR-IITR Campus
- Lucknow
- India
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
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36
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Shen PL, Wang HT, Pan YF, Meng YY, Wu PC, Xue S. Identification of Characteristic Fatty Acids to Quantify Triacylglycerols in Microalgae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:162. [PMID: 26941747 PMCID: PMC4761805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid profiles of lipids from microalgae are unique. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are generally enriched in polar lipids, whereas saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids constitute the majority of fatty acids in triacylglycerols (TAG). Each species has characteristic fatty acids, and their content is positively or negatively correlated with TAGs. The marine oleaginous diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was used as the paradigm to determine the quantitative relationship between TAG and characteristic fatty acid content. Fatty acid profiles and TAG content of Phaeodactylum tricornutum were determined in a time course. C16:0/C16:1 and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) were identified as characteristic fatty acids in TAGs and polar lipids, respectively. The percentage of those characteristic fatty acids in total fatty acids had a significant linear relationship with TAG content, and thus, the correlation coefficient presenting r (2) were 0.96, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively. The fatty acid-based method for TAG quantification could also be applied to other microalgae such as Nannochloropsis oceanica in which the r (2) of C16:0 and EPA were 0.94 and 0.97, respectively, and in Chlorella pyrenoidosa r (2)-values for C18:1 and C18:3 with TAG content were 0.91 and 0.99, repectively. This characteristic fatty acid-based method provided a distinct way to quantify TAGs in microalgae, by which TAGs could be measured precisely by immediate transesterification from wet biomass rather than using conventional methods. This procedure simplified the operation and required smaller samples than conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Li Shen
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yan-Fei Pan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian UniversityDalian, China
| | - Ying-Ying Meng
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian, China
| | - Pei-Chun Wu
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
- *Correspondence: Song Xue
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Sharma SK, Nelson DR, Abdrabu R, Khraiwesh B, Jijakli K, Arnoux M, O’Connor MJ, Bahmani T, Cai H, Khapli S, Jagannathan R, Salehi-Ashtiani K. An integrative Raman microscopy-based workflow for rapid in situ analysis of microalgal lipid bodies. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:164. [PMID: 26442756 PMCID: PMC4595058 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oils and bioproducts extracted from cultivated algae can be used as sustainable feedstock for fuels, nutritional supplements, and other bio-based products. Discovery and isolation of new algal species and their subsequent optimization are needed to achieve economical feasibility for industrial applications. Here we describe and validate a workflow for in situ analysis of algal lipids through confocal Raman microscopy. We demonstrate its effectiveness to characterize lipid content of algal strains isolated from the environment as well as algal cells screened for increased lipid accumulation through UV mutagenesis combined with Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). RESULTS To establish and validate our workflow, we refined an existing Raman platform to obtain better discrimination in chain length and saturation of lipids through ratiometric analyses of mixed fatty acid lipid standards. Raman experiments were performed using two different excitation lasers (λ = 532 and 785 nm), with close agreement observed between values obtained using each laser. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) experiments validated the obtained Raman spectroscopic results. To demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of the improved Raman platform, we carried out bioprospecting for algal species from soil and marine environments in both temperate and subtropical geographies to obtain algal isolates from varied environments. Further, we carried out two rounds of mutagenesis screens on the green algal model species, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to obtain cells with increased lipid content. Analyses on both environmental isolates and screened cells were conducted which determined their respective lipids. Different saturation states among the isolates as well as the screened C. reinhardtii strains were observed. The latter indicated the presence of cell-to cell variations among cells grown under identical condition. In contrast, non-mutagenized C. reinhardtii cells showed no significant heterogeneity in lipid content. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the utility of confocal Raman microscopy for lipid analysis on novel aquatic and soil microalgal isolates and for characterization of lipid-expressing cells obtained in a mutagenesis screen. Raman microscopy enables quantitative determination of the unsaturation level and chain lengths of microalgal lipids, which are key parameters in selection and engineering of microalgae for optimal production of biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- />Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - David R. Nelson
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Rasha Abdrabu
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Basel Khraiwesh
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Kenan Jijakli
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Marc Arnoux
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Matthew J. O’Connor
- />Core Technology Platform, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Tayebeh Bahmani
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Hong Cai
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sachin Khapli
- />Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ramesh Jagannathan
- />Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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38
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Talero E, García-Mauriño S, Ávila-Román J, Rodríguez-Luna A, Alcaide A, Motilva V. Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Microalgae in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6152-209. [PMID: 26437418 PMCID: PMC4626684 DOI: 10.3390/md13106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of onset of cancer is influenced by poorly controlled chronic inflammatory processes. Inflammatory diseases related to cancer development include inflammatory bowel disease, which can lead to colon cancer, or actinic keratosis, associated with chronic exposure to ultraviolet light, which can progress to squamous cell carcinoma. Chronic inflammatory states expose these patients to a number of signals with tumorigenic effects, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins release and ROS production. In addition, the participation of inflammasomes, autophagy and sirtuins has been demonstrated in pathological processes such as inflammation and cancer. Chemoprevention consists in the use of drugs, vitamins, or nutritional supplements to reduce the risk of developing or having a recurrence of cancer. Numerous in vitro and animal studies have established the potential colon and skin cancer chemopreventive properties of substances from marine environment, including microalgae species and their products (carotenoids, fatty acids, glycolipids, polysaccharides and proteins). This review summarizes the main mechanisms of actions of these compounds in the chemoprevention of these cancers. These actions include suppression of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, stimulation of antimetastatic and antiangiogenic responses and increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Talero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Sofía García-Mauriño
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Javier Ávila-Román
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Azahara Rodríguez-Luna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Antonio Alcaide
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Virginia Motilva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
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Yang D, Song D, Kind T, Ma Y, Hoefkens J, Fiehn O. Lipidomic Analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under Nitrogen and Sulfur Deprivation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137948. [PMID: 26375463 PMCID: PMC4574153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii accumulates lipids under complete nutrient starvation conditions while overall growth in biomass stops. In order to better understand biochemical changes under nutrient deprivation that maintain production of algal biomass, we used a lipidomic assay for analyzing the temporal regulation of the composition of complex lipids in C. reinhardtii in response to nitrogen and sulfur deprivation. Using a chip-based nanoelectrospray direct infusion into an ion trap mass spectrometer, we measured a diversity of lipid species reported for C. reinhardtii, including PG phosphatidylglycerols, PI Phosphatidylinositols, MGDG monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, DGDG digalactosyldiacylglycerols, SQDG sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, DGTS homoserine ether lipids and TAG triacylglycerols. Individual lipid species were annotated by matching mass precursors and MS/MS fragmentations to the in-house LipidBlast mass spectral database and MS2Analyzer. Multivariate statistics showed a clear impact on overall lipidomic phenotypes on both the temporal and the nutrition stress level. Homoserine-lipids were found up-regulated at late growth time points and higher cell density, while triacyclglycerols showed opposite regulation of unsaturated and saturated fatty acyl chains under nutritional deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yang
- Zhong Yuan Academy of Biological Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, 67 Dong Chang Xi Lu, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252000, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Song
- Department of Marine Science, College of Marine Science & Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology 29, the 13th St., TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Tobias Kind
- UC Davis Genome Center- Metabolomics, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
| | - Yan Ma
- UC Davis Genome Center- Metabolomics, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
| | - Jens Hoefkens
- Genedata Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- UC Davis Genome Center- Metabolomics, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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40
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Biochemical characterization of microalgal biomass from freshwater species isolated in Alberta, Canada for animal feed applications. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Acter T, Cho Y, Kim S, Ahmed A, Kim B, Kim S. Optimization and Application of APCI Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX MS) for the Speciation of Nitrogen Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1522-31. [PMID: 26115964 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study was performed to investigate the utility of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (APCI HDX MS) to identify the structures of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds. First, experiments were performed to determine the optimized experimental conditions, with dichloromethane and CH(3)OD found to be good cosolvents for APCI HDX. In addition, a positive correlation between the heated capillary temperature and the observed HDX signal was observed, and it was suggested that the HDX reaction occurred when molecules were contained in the solvent cluster. Second, 20 standard nitrogen-containing compounds were analyzed to investigate whether speciation could be determined based on the different types of ions produced from nitrogen-containing compounds with various functional groups. The number of exchanges occurring within the compounds correlated well with the number of active hydrogen atoms attached to nitrogen, and it was confirmed that APCI HDX MS could be used to determine speciation. The results obtained by APCI HDX MS were combined with the subsequent investigation of the double bond equivalence distribution and indicated that resins of shale oil extract contained mostly pyridine type nitrogen compounds. This study confirmed that APCI HDX MS can be added to previously reported chemical ionization, electrospray ionization, and atmospheric pressure photo ionization-based HDX methods, which can be used for structural elucidation by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamina Acter
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Stopka SA, Shrestha B, Maréchal É, Falconet D, Vertes A. Metabolic transformation of microalgae due to light acclimation and genetic modifications followed by laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation. Analyst 2015; 139:5945-53. [PMID: 25254963 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling of various microalga species and their genetic variants, grown under varied environmental conditions, has become critical to accelerate the exploration of phytoplankton biodiversity and biology. The accumulation of valuable metabolites, such as glycerolipids, is also sought in microalgae for biotechnological applications ranging from food, feed, medicine, cosmetics to bioenergy and green chemistry. In this report we describe the direct analysis of metabolites and lipids in small cell populations of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, using laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with ion mobility separation (IMS). These microorganisms are capable of redirecting energy storage pathways from starch to neutral lipids depending on environmental conditions and nutrient availability. Metabolite and lipid productions were monitored in wild type (WT), and genetically modified C. reinhardtii strains with an impaired starch pathway. Lipids, such as triacylglycerols (TAG) and diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), were monitored over time under altered light conditions. More than 200 ions related to metabolites, e.g., arginine, cysteine, serine, palmitate, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, etc., were detected. The lipid profiles at different light intensities for strains with impaired starch pathway (Sta1 and Sta6) contained 26 glycerolipids, such as DGTS, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), as well as 33 TAG species. Results were obtained over a 72 hour time period under high and low light conditions for the WT species and the two mutants. Our results indicate that LAESI-IMS-MS can be utilized for the rapid analysis of increased TAG production at elevated light intensities. Compared to WT, the Sta6 strain showed 2.5 times higher lipid production at 72 hours under high light conditions. The results demonstrate our ability to rapidly observe numerous changes in metabolite and lipid levels in microalgal population. These capabilities are expected to facilitate the exploration of genetically altered microalgal strains for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Zhu S, Wang Y, Shang C, Wang Z, Xu J, Yuan Z. Characterization of lipid and fatty acids composition of Chlorella zofingiensis in response to nitrogen starvation. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:205-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Characterization of Shrimp Oil from Pandalus borealis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:3849-76. [PMID: 26096274 PMCID: PMC4483660 DOI: 10.3390/md13063849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, was recovered from the cooking water of shrimp processing facilities. The oil contains significant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids in triglyceride form, along with substantial long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). It also features natural isomeric forms of astaxanthin, a nutritional carotenoid, which gives the oil a brilliant red color. As part of our efforts in developing value added products from waste streams of the seafood processing industry, we present in this paper a comprehensive characterization of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) and astaxanthin esters that predominate in the shrimp oil by using HPLC-HRMS and MS/MS, as well as 13C-NMR. This approach, in combination with FAME analysis, offers direct characterization of fatty acid molecules in their intact forms, including the distribution of regioisomers in TAGs. The information is important for the standardization and quality control, as well as for differentiation of composition features of shrimp oil, which could be sold as an ingredient in health supplements and functional foods.
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Extraction of Lipids from Chlorella saccharophila Using High-Pressure Homogenization Followed by Three Phase Partitioning. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:1613-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Paudel A, Jessop MJ, Stubbins SH, Champagne P, Jessop PG. Extraction of lipids from microalgae using CO2-expanded methanol and liquid CO2. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 184:286-290. [PMID: 25537138 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of CO2-expanded methanol (cxMeOH) and liquid carbon dioxide (lCO2) is proposed to extract lipids from Botryococcus braunii. When compressed CO2 dissolves in methanol, the solvent expands in volume, decreases in polarity and so increases in its selectivity for biodiesel desirable lipids. Solid phase extraction of the algal extract showed that the cxMeOH extracted 21 mg of biodiesel desirable lipids per mL of organic solvent compared to 3mg/mL using either neat methanol or chloroform/methanol mixture. The non-polar lCO2 showed a high affinity for non-polar lipids. Using lCO2, it is possible to extract up to 10% neutral lipids relative to the mass of dry algae. Unlike extractions using conventional solvents, these new methods require little to no volatile, flammable, or chlorinated organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Paudel
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael J Jessop
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Spencer H Stubbins
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Pascale Champagne
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Philip G Jessop
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Kim SH, Ahn HM, Lim SR, Hong SJ, Cho BK, Lee H, Lee CG, Choi HK. Comparative lipidomic profiling of two Dunaliella tertiolecta strains with different growth temperatures under nitrate-deficient conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:880-887. [PMID: 25549757 DOI: 10.1021/jf502967k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic changes that occur in Dunaliella tertiolecta upon exposure to low temperatures and nitrate deficiency were analyzed by exploring the fatty acid composition and lipid profile of two strains that were acclimated to different temperatures. The results indicate that the levels of linolenic acid (C18:3) and diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) were significantly higher in the low-temperature (15 °C) strain (SCCAP K-0591) than in a strain grown at 21 °C (UTEX LB999). In addition, DGTS accumulated in LB999 under nitrate-deficient conditions, while the levels of most lipids, including DGTS, remained almost consistent in K-0591. The higher levels of DGTS in K-0591 suggest that DGTS could play a role in adaptation to low temperatures and nitrate deficiency in this organism. The results of this research could be applied to the development of new microalgal strains with tolerance of low temperature and nitrate deficiency by metabolic engineering targeted to DGTS species.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Ranjith Kumar R, Hanumantha Rao P, Arumugam M. Lipid Extraction Methods from Microalgae: A Comprehensive Review. FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH 2015; 2. [DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Hu N, Wei F, Lv X, Wu L, Dong XY, Chen H. Profiling of triacylglycerols in plant oils by high-performance liquid chromatography–atmosphere pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry using a novel mixed-mode column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 972:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ultrastructure and composition of the Nannochloropsis gaditana cell wall. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 13:1450-64. [PMID: 25239976 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00183-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Marine algae of the genus Nannochloropsis are promising producers of biofuel precursors and nutraceuticals and are also harvested commercially for aquaculture feed. We have used quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and carbohydrate analyses to characterize the architecture of the Nannochloropsis gaditana (strain CCMP 526) cell wall, whose recalcitrance presents a significant barrier to biocommodity extraction. The data indicate a bilayer structure consisting of a cellulosic inner wall (~75% of the mass balance) protected by an outer hydrophobic algaenan layer. Cellulase treatment of walls purified after cell lysis generates highly enriched algaenan preparations without using the harsh chemical treatments typically used in algaenan isolation and characterization. Nannochloropsis algaenan was determined to comprise long, straight-chain, saturated aliphatics with ether cross-links, which closely resembles the cutan of vascular plants. Chemical identification of >85% of the isolated cell wall mass is detailed, and genome analysis is used to identify candidate biosynthetic enzymes.
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