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Peñailillo L, Miranda-Fuentes C, Gutiérrez S, García-Vicencio S, Jannas-Vela S, Acevedo CC, Peñailillo RS. Systemic Inflammation but not Oxidative Stress Is Associated with Physical Performance in Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1450:121-130. [PMID: 37548871 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2023_784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients manifest muscle dysfunction and impaired muscle oxidative capacity, which result in reduced exercise capacity and poor health status. The aim of this study was to compare the physical performance, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress of patients with moderate COPD, and to associate physical performance with inflammatory and oxidative stress plasma markers. Twenty CONTROL (n = 10) and moderate COPD (n = 10) patients participated in this study. Systematic inflammation and oxidative stress plasma markers, maximal aerobic capacity (VO2peak), and maximal isometric strength (MVIC) of the knee extensor (KE) muscles were measured. VO2peak was 31.3% greater in CONTROL compared to COPD (P = 0.006). The MVIC strength of the KE was 43.9% greater in CONTROL compared to COPD (P = 0.002). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was 79.6% greater in COPD compared to CONTROL (P < 0.001). Glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) activity was 27.5% lesser in COPD compared to CONTROL (P = 0.05). TNF-α concentration was correlated with KE MVC strength (R = -0.48; P = 0.045) and VO2peak (R = -0.58; P = 0.01). Meanwhile, malondialdehyde (MDA) and GPx activity were not associated with KE strength or VO2peak (P = 0.74 and P = 0.14, respectively). COPD patients showed lesser muscle strength and aerobic capacity than healthy control individuals. Furthermore, patients with COPD showed greater systemic inflammation and lesser antioxidant capacity than healthy counterparts. A moderate association was evident between levels of systemic inflammation and physical performance variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Miranda-Fuentes
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Gutiérrez
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián García-Vicencio
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, Evry, France
- Human Motion Analysis, Humanfab, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Cristian Campos Acevedo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Reyna S Peñailillo
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
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Bio S, Nunes B. Twists and turns of an oyster's life: effects of different depuration periods on physiological biochemical functions of oysters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:29601-29614. [PMID: 33559825 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture activities are often established in the vicinity of highly populated, potentially contaminated areas. Animals cultured at such locations, namely bivalves, are frequently used as test organisms in ecotoxicological testing. In this case, a period of depuration is required to allow the normalization of physiological processes, which are likely to be altered after exposure to a multiplicity of waterborne contaminants occurring in the wild. One of the most important species in modern marine aquaculture is the oyster species Crassostrea gigas. The aim of this study was to assess if the current depuration time frame of 24 h (adopted by most aquaculture facilities), is long enough to permit oysters to revert potential toxic effects exerted by environmental contaminants, allowing their use in laboratory-based ecotoxicological studies. The selected approach involved the monitoring of biochemical (antioxidant defence, oxidative damage, phase II metabolism, and neurological homeostasis) and physiological (condition index) parameters, along a period of 42 days. The obtained results showed that a period of 24 h does not revert any of the potential toxic effects caused by environmental contaminants to which animals may have been previously subjected; even a period of 42 days was not long enough for the oysters to completely normalize the levels of their antioxidant defences, namely total GPx activity, which increased over time. Lipid peroxidation was also increased during the depuration period, and the activity of the metabolic isoenzymes GSTs was significantly decreased. Furthermore, AChE activity measured in the adductor muscle of oysters was increased over time. These assumptions suggest that a period of depuration longer than 24 h is mandatory to obtain adequate test organisms of this oyster species, to be used for ecotoxicological testing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bio
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Electrophiles modulate glutathione reductase activity via alkylation and upregulation of glutathione biosynthesis. Redox Biol 2018; 21:101050. [PMID: 30654300 PMCID: PMC6348771 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells evolved robust homeostatic mechanisms to protect against oxidation or alkylation by electrophilic species. Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol, protects cellular components from oxidation and is maintained in a reduced state by glutathione reductase (GR). Nitro oleic acid (NO2-OA) is an electrophilic fatty acid formed under digestive and inflammatory conditions that both reacts with GSH and induces its synthesis upon activation of Nrf2 signaling. The effects of NO2-OA on intracellular GSH homeostasis were evaluated. In addition to upregulation of GSH biosynthesis, we observed that NO2-OA increased intracellular GSSG in an oxidative stress-independent manner. NO2-OA directly inhibited GR in vitro by covalent modification of the catalytic Cys61, with kon of (3.45 ± 0.04) × 103 M−1 s−1, koff of (4.4 ± 0.4) × 10−4 s−1, and Keq of (1.3 ± 0.1) × 10−7 M. Akin to NO2-OA, the electrophilic Nrf2 activators bardoxolone-imidazole (CDDO-Im), bardoxolone-methyl (CDDO-Me) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) also upregulated GSH biosynthesis while promoting GSSG accumulation, but without directly inhibiting GR activity. In vitro assays in which GR was treated with increasing GSH concentrations and GSH depletion experiments in cells revealed that GR activity is finely regulated via product inhibition, an observation further supported by theoretical (kinetic modeling of cellular GSSG:GSH levels) approaches. Together, these results describe two independent mechanisms by which electrophiles modulate the GSH/GSSG couple, and provide a novel conceptual framework to interpret experimentally determined values of GSH and GSSG.
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Djanaguiraman M, Boyle DL, Welti R, Jagadish SVK, Prasad PVV. Decreased photosynthetic rate under high temperature in wheat is due to lipid desaturation, oxidation, acylation, and damage of organelles. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:55. [PMID: 29621997 PMCID: PMC5887265 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High temperature is a major abiotic stress that limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Variation in levels of a wide range of lipids, including stress-related molecular species, oxidative damage, cellular organization and ultrastructural changes were analyzed to provide an integrated view of the factors that underlie decreased photosynthetic rate under high temperature stress. Wheat plants of cultivar Chinese Spring were grown at optimum temperatures (25/15 °C, maximum/minimum) until the onset of the booting stage. Thereafter, plants were exposed to high temperature (35/25 °C) for 16 d. RESULTS Compared with optimum temperature, a lower photosynthetic rate was observed at high temperature which is an interplay between thylakoid membrane damage, thylakoid membrane lipid composition, oxidative damage of cell organelle, and stomatal and non-stomatal limitations. Triacylglycerol levels were higher under high temperature stress. Polar lipid fatty acyl unsaturation was lower at high temperature, while triacylglycerol unsaturation was the same at high temperature and optimum temperature. The changes in lipid species indicates increases in activities of desaturating, oxidizing, glycosylating and acylating enzymes under high temperature stress. Cumulative effect of high temperature stress led to generation of reactive oxygen species, cell organelle and membrane damage, and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense system. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with recent findings demonstrating that reactive oxygen species are formed from and are removed by thylakoid lipids, the data suggest that reactive oxygen species production, reactive oxygen species removal, and changes in lipid metabolism contribute to decreased photosynthetic rate under high temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Djanaguiraman
- Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - D. L. Boyle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - R. Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - S. V. K. Jagadish
- Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - P. V. V. Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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5
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Djanaguiraman M, Belliraj N, Bossmann SH, Prasad PVV. High-Temperature Stress Alleviation by Selenium Nanoparticle Treatment in Grain Sorghum. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2479-2491. [PMID: 31458542 PMCID: PMC6641442 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) in the mitigation of high-temperature (HT) stress in crops is not known. The uptake, toxicity and physiological and biological effects of Se-NPs under HT were investigated in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Se-NPs of size 10-40 nm were synthesized and characterized to indicate nanocrystalline structure. A toxicity assay showed that Se-NPs concentration inducing 50% cell mortality (TC50) was 275 mg L-1. Translocation study indicated that Se-NPs can move from root to shoot of sorghum plants. Foliar spray of 10 mg L-1 Se-NPs during the booting stage of sorghum grown under HT stress stimulated the antioxidant defense system by enhancing antioxidant enzymes activity. Furthermore, it decreased the concentration of signature oxidants. Se-NPs facilitated higher levels of unsaturated phospholipids. Se-NPs under HT stress improved the pollen germination percentage, leading to a significantly increased seed yield. The increased antioxidant enzyme activity and decreased content of oxidants in the presence of Se-NPs were greater under HT (38/28 °C) than under optimum temperature conditions (32/22 °C). In conclusion, Se-NPs can protect sorghum plants by enhanced antioxidative defense system under HT stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Djanaguiraman
- Department
of Agronomy, Throckmorton Plant Science Center and Department of
Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- Department
of Nano Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Coimbatore, TN 641003, India
| | - N. Belliraj
- Department
of Nano Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Coimbatore, TN 641003, India
| | - Stefan H. Bossmann
- Department
of Agronomy, Throckmorton Plant Science Center and Department of
Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - P. V. Vara Prasad
- Department
of Agronomy, Throckmorton Plant Science Center and Department of
Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- E-mail: . Tel: +1 785 532 3746. Fax: +1 785 532 6094
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Farhat Z, Browne RW, Bonner MR, Tian L, Deng F, Swanson M, Mu L. How do glutathione antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant status respond to air pollution exposure? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:287-293. [PMID: 29324239 PMCID: PMC5899033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate how antioxidant enzyme activity and overall antioxidant capacity respond to short-term changes in exposure to air pollution. 201 participants were recruited before- and followed up during- and after- the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Serum levels of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione S-transferases (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured. We used linear mixed-effects models to compare changes in antioxidant enzymes across the three periods after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Among all participants, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels decreased by 12.0% when air pollution dropped by 50-60% during the Olympics and increased by 6.5% when air pollution levels rose after the Olympics. The magnitude of increase among males, smokers, and older individuals was relatively smaller compared to females, nonsmokers, and younger individuals. Among all participants, total antioxidant status (TAS) significantly decreased by 6.23% during the games and continued to decrease by 4.41% after the games. However, among females, nonsmokers, and younger participants, there was an increase in TAS response to the elevated air pollution levels. Our study observed strong responses in GPx and TAS levels to the short-term decrease and increase of air pollution levels and responses varied among subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Farhat
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Richard W Browne
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lili Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Furong Deng
- Furong Deng, Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mya Swanson
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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7
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Pritsos KL, Perez CR, Muthumalage T, Dean KM, Cacela D, Hanson-Dorr K, Cunningham F, Bursian SJ, Link JE, Shriner S, Horak K, Pritsos CA. Dietary intake of Deepwater Horizon oil-injected live food fish by double-crested cormorants resulted in oxidative stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:62-67. [PMID: 28688517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill released 134 million gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico making it the largest oil spill in US history and exposing fish, birds, and marine mammals throughout the Gulf of Mexico to its toxicity. Fish eating waterbirds such as the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) were exposed to the oil both by direct contact with the oil and orally through preening and the ingestion of contaminated fish. This study investigated the effects of orally ingestedMC252 oil-contaminated live fish food by double-crested cormorants on oxidative stress. Total, reduced, and oxidized glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the liver tissues of control and treated cormorants. The results suggest that ingestion of the oil-contaminated fish resulted in significant increase in oxidative stress in the liver tissues of these birds. The oil-induced increase in oxidative stress could have detrimental impacts on the bird's life-history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Cristina R Perez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | | | | | - Katie Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS/Wildlife Services' National Wildlife Research Center, MS, United States
| | - Fred Cunningham
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS/Wildlife Services' National Wildlife Research Center, MS, United States
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Susan Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katherine Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Chris A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, United States.
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8
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Zhang L, Ning M, Xu Y, Wang C, Zhao G, Cao Q, Zhang J. Predicting the Cytotoxic Potency of Cigarette Smoke by Assessing the Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitory Capacity of Cigarette Smoke Extract. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030348. [PMID: 27007390 PMCID: PMC4809011 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of the cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity. TrxR is a selenoenzyme with a selenocysteine (Sec) residue exposed on the enzyme’s surface. This unique Sec residue is particularly susceptible to modification by numerous types of electrophiles, leading to inactivation of TrxR and consequent cytotoxicity. Cigarette smoke contains various electrophiles, and the present study showed that CSE could inhibit intracellular TrxR through causing crosslinking and alkylation of TrxR1. TrxR inhibitory capacities of various CSEs were evaluated by using mouse-liver homogenate. Among the CSEs prepared from 18 commercial cigarette brands, TrxR inhibitory capacities of the maximum and the minimum had a 2.5-fold difference. Importantly, CSE’s inhibitory capacity greatly paralleled its cytotoxic potency in all cell lines used. Compared to cytotoxic assays, which have been widely used for evaluating cigarette toxicity but are not suitable for simultaneously examining a large number of cigarette samples, the present method was simple and rapid with a high-throughput feature and thus could be used as an auxiliary means to predict the cytotoxicity of a large number of cigarette samples, making it possible to extensively screen numerous agricultural and industrial measures that potentially affect cigarette safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjie Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Technology Center, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial CO., LTD., Hefei 230088, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Min Ning
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Technology Center, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial CO., LTD., Hefei 230088, China.
| | - Yingbo Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Technology Center, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial CO., LTD., Hefei 230088, China.
| | - Chenghui Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Technology Center, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial CO., LTD., Hefei 230088, China.
| | - Guangshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Qingqing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Yeager RP, Kushman M, Chemerynski S, Weil R, Fu X, White M, Callahan-Lyon P, Rosenfeldt H. Proposed Mode of Action for Acrolein Respiratory Toxicity Associated with Inhaled Tobacco Smoke. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:347-64. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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10
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Blair SL, Epstein SA, Nizkorodov SA, Staimer N. A Real-Time Fast-Flow Tube Study of VOC and Particulate Emissions from Electronic, Potentially Reduced-Harm, Conventional, and Reference Cigarettes. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2015; 49:816-827. [PMID: 26726281 PMCID: PMC4696598 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2015.1076156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-free electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), which are currently not regulated by the FDA, have become widespread as a "safe" form of smoking. One approach to evaluate the potential toxicity of e-cigarettes and other types of potentially "reduced-harm" cigarettes is to compare their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including reactive organic electrophillic compounds such as acrolein, and particulate matter to those of conventional and reference cigarettes. Our newly designed fast-flow tube system enabled us to analyze VOC composition and particle number concentration in real-time by promptly diluting puffs of mainstream smoke obtained from different brands of combustion cigarettes and e-cigarettes. A proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTRMS) was used to analyze real-time cigarette VOC emissions with a 1 s time resolution. Particles were detected with a condensation particle counter (CPC). This technique offers real-time analysis of VOCs and particles in each puff without sample aging and does not require any sample pretreatment or extra handling. Several important determining factors in VOC and particle concentration were investigated: (1) puff frequency; (2) puff number; (3) tar content; (4) filter type. Results indicate that electronic cigarettes are not free from acrolein and acetaldehyde emissions and produce comparable particle number concentrations to those of combustion cigarettes, more specifically to the 1R5F reference cigarette. Unlike conventional cigarettes, which emit different amounts of particles and VOCs each puff, there was no significant puff dependence in the e-cigarette emissions. Charcoal filter cigarettes did not fully prevent the emission of acrolein and other VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Blair
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Scott A. Epstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- corresponding authors: and
| | - Norbert Staimer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- corresponding authors: and
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11
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Yang H, Kim GD, Park HR, Park YS. Comparative mRNA and microRNA expression profiling of methylglyoxal-exposed human endothelial cells. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-013-7207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Balestri F, Moschini R, Cappiello M, Del-Corso A, Mura U. Impact on enzyme activity as a new quality index of wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 117:76-84. [PMID: 23353880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define a new indicator for the quality of wastewaters that are released into the environment. A quality index is proposed for wastewater samples in terms of the inertness of wastewater samples toward enzyme activity. This involves taking advantage of the sensitivity of enzymes to pollutants that may be present in the waste samples. The effect of wastewater samples on the rate of a number of different enzyme-catalyzed reactions was measured, and the results for all the selected enzymes were analyzed in an integrated fashion (multi-enzymatic sensor). This approach enabled us to define an overall quality index, the "Impact on Enzyme Function" (IEF-index), which is composed of three indicators: i) the Synoptic parameter, related to the average effect of the waste sample on each component of the enzymatic sensor; ii) the Peak parameter, related to the maximum effect observed among all the effects exerted by the sample on the sensor components; and, iii) the Interference parameter, related to the number of sensor components that are affected less than a fixed threshold value. A number of water based samples including public potable tap water, fluids from urban sewage systems, wastewater disposal from leather, paper and dye industries were analyzed and the IEF-index was then determined. Although the IEF-index cannot discriminate between different types of wastewater samples, it could be a useful parameter in monitoring the improvement of the quality of a specific sample. However, by analyzing an adequate number of waste samples of the same type, even from different local contexts, the profile of the impact of each component of the multi-enzymatic sensor could be typical for specific types of waste. The IEF-index is proposed as a supplementary qualification score for wastewaters, in addition to the certification of the waste's conformity to legal requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Balestri
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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