1
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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. In-line coupling of capillary-channeled polymer fiber columns with optical absorbance and multi-angle light scattering detection for the isolation and characterization of exosomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3325-3333. [PMID: 38592443 PMCID: PMC11106132 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered much interest due to their fundamental role in intracellular communication and their potential utility in clinical diagnostics and as biotherapeutic vectors. Of particular relevance is the subset of EVs referred to as exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm, which contain incredible amounts of information about their cell of origin, which can be used to track the progress of disease. As a complementary action, exosomes can be engineered with therapeutic cargo to selectively target diseases. At present, the lack of highly efficient methods of isolation/purification of exosomes from diverse biofluids, plants, and cell cultures is a major bottleneck in the fundamental biochemistry, clinical analysis, and therapeutic applications. Equally impactful, the lack of effective in-line means of detection/characterization of isolate populations, including concentration and sizing, is limiting in the applications. The method presented here couples hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) performed on polyester capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber columns followed by in-line optical absorbance and multi-angle light scattering (MALS) detection for the isolation and characterization of EVs, in this case present in the supernatant of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures. Excellent correlation was observed between the determined particle concentrations for the two detection methods. C-CP fiber columns provide a low-cost platform (< $5 per column) for the isolation of exosomes in a 15-min workflow, with complementary absorbance and MALS detection providing very high-quality particle concentration and sizing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0973, USA.
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2
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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. Quantitative Recoveries of Exosomes and Monoclonal Antibodies from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultures by Use of a Single, Integrated Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Method. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17886-17893. [PMID: 37995145 PMCID: PMC11095952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cultured cell lines are very commonly used for the mass production of therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In particular, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are widely employed due to their high tolerance to variations in experimental conditions and their ability to grow in suspension or serum free media. CHO cell lines are known for their ability to produce high titers of biotherapeutic products such as immunoglobulin G (IgG). An emergent alternative means of treating diseases, such as cancer, is the use of gene therapies, wherein genetic cargo is "packaged" in nanosized vesicular structures, referred to as "vectors". One particularly attractive vector option is extracellular vesicles (EVs), of which exosomes are of greatest interest. While exosomes can be harvested from virtually any human body fluid, bovine milk, or even plants, their production in cell cultures is an attractive commercial approach. In fact, the same CHO cell types employed for mAb production also produce exosomes as a natural byproduct. Here, we describe a single integrated 2D liquid chromatography (2DLC) method for the quantitative recovery of both exosomes and antibodies from a singular sample aliquot. At the heart of the method is the use of polyester capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as the first dimension column, wherein exosomes/EVs are captured from the supernatant sample and subsequently determined by multiangle light scattering (MALS), while the mAbs are captured, eluted, and quantified using a protein A-modified C-CP fiber column in the second dimension, all in a 10 min workflow. These efforts demonstrate the versatility of the C-CP fiber phases with the capacity to harvest both forms of therapeutics from a single bioreactor, suggesting an appreciable potential impact in the field of biotherapeutics production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
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3
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Wysor SK, Kenneth Marcus R. Alleviation of the necessity for supernatant prefiltering in the protein a recovery of Monoclonal antibodies from Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1230:123919. [PMID: 37950970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein A (ProA) chromatography is a mainstay in the analytical and preparative scale isolation/purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). One area of interest is continuous processing or continuous chromatography, where ProA chromatography is used in the large-scale purification of mAbs. However, filtration is required prior to all ProA isolations to remove large particulates in cell culture supernatant, consisting of a mixture of cell debris, host cell contaminants, media components, etc. Currently, in-line filters are used to remove particles in the supernatant, requiring replacement over time due to fouling; regardless of the scale. Here we demonstrate the ProA isolation of unfiltered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell media using capillary-channel polymer (C-CP) fiber stationary phases modified with S. aureus Protein A (rSPA). The base polymer of the analytical scale C-CP columns costs ∼$5 per 30 cm column, and when modified with ProA, the base cost is ∼$25 per 30 cm column, a cost-effective option in comparison to analytical-scale commercial columns. To directly sample unfiltered media, a 5 cm gap was created at the head of the C-CP column, where the large particulates are trapped, while molecular solutes flow through the capillary channels without sacrifice in analytical performance, mAb loading capacity, or backpressure increases. The binding capacity of the gap ProA C-CP column was ∼ 2 mg mL-1 of IgG per bed volume. The same analytical column could be operated after processing a total of ∼ 56 column bed volumes of supernatant (>25 analytical cycles) without the need for caustic clean-in-place processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA.
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4
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Islam MKB, Kenneth Marcus R. Loading characteristics of streptavidin on polypropylene capillary channeled polymer fibers and capture performance towards biotinylated proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6711-6721. [PMID: 37740120 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of higher-throughput, potentially lower-cost means to isolate proteins, for a variety of end uses, is of continuing emphasis. Polypropylene (PP) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber columns are modified with the biotin-binding protein streptavidin (SAV) to capture biotinylated proteins. The loading characteristics of SAV on fiber supports were determined using breakthrough curves and frontal analysis. Based on adsorption data, a 3-min on-column loading at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min-1 (295.2 cm h-1) with a SAV feed concentration of 0.5 mg mL-1 produces a SAV loading capacity of 1.4 mg g-1 fiber. SAV has an incredibly high affinity for the small-molecule biotin (10-14 M), such that this binding relationship can be exploited by labeling a target protein with biotin via an Avi-tag. To evaluate the capture of the biotinylated proteins on the modified PP surface, the biotinylated versions of bovine serum albumin (b-BSA) and green fluorescent protein (b-GFP) were utilized as probe species. The loading buffer composition and flow rate were optimized towards protein capture. The non-ionic detergent Tween-20 was added to the deposition solutions to minimize non-specific binding. Values of 0.25-0.50% (v/v) Tween-20 in PBS exhibited better capture efficiency, while minimizing the non-specific binding for b-BSA and b-GFP, respectively. The C-CP fiber platform has the potential to provide a fast and low-cost method to capture targeted proteins for applications including protein purification or pull-down assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khalid Bin Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0973, USA.
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5
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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. Two-dimensional separation of water-soluble polymers using size exclusion and reversed phase chromatography employing capillary-channeled polymer fiber columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464051. [PMID: 37209520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials are readily available, durable materials that have piqued the interest of many diverse fields, ranging from biomedical engineering to construction. The physiochemical properties of a polymer dictate the behavior and function, where large polydispersity among polymer properties can lead to problems; however, current polymer analysis methods often only report results for one particular property. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) applications have become increasingly popular due to the ability to implement two chromatographic modalities in one platform, meaning the ability to simultaneously address multiple physiochemical aspects of a polymer sample, such as functional group content and molar mass. The work presented employs size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed-phase (RP) chromatography, through two coupling strategies: SEC x RP and RP x RP separations of the water-soluble polymers poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA). Capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber (polyester and polypropylene) stationary phases were used for the RP separations. Particularly attractive is the fact that they are easily implemented as the second dimension in 2DLC workflows due to their low backpressure (<1000 psi at ∼70 mm sec-1) and fast separation times. In-line multi-angle light scattering (MALS) was also implemented for molecular weight determinations of the polymer samples, with the molecular weight of PMA ranging from 5 × 104 to 2 × 105 g mol-1, while PSSA ranges from 105 to 108 g mol-1. While the orthogonal pairing of SEC x RP addresses polymer sizing and chemistry, this approach is limited by long separation times (80 min), the need for high solute concentrations (PMA = 1.79 mg mL-1 and PSSA = 0.175 mg mL-1 to yield comparable absorbance responses) due to on-column dilution and subsequently limited resolution in the RP separation space. With RP x RP couplings, separation times were significantly reduced (40 min), with lower sample concentrations (0.595 mg mL-1 of PMA and 0.05 mg mL-1 of PSSA) required. The combined RP strategy provided better overall distinction in the chemical distribution of the polymers, yielding 7 distict species versus 3 for the SEC x RP coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA.
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6
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Wysor SK, Hall KA, Marcus RK. Rapid metal speciation of cell culture media using reversed-phase separations and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3311. [PMID: 36308722 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture media metal content is critical in mammalian cell growth and monoclonal antibody productivity. The variability in metal concentrations has multiple sources of origin. As such, there is a need to analyze media before, during, and after production. Furthermore, it is not the simple presence of a given metal that can impact processes, but also their chemical form that is, speciation. To a first approximation, it is instructive to simply and quickly ascertain if the metals exist as inorganic (free metal) ions or are part of an organometallic complex (ligated). Here we present a simple workflow involving the capture of ligated metals on a fiber stationary phase with passage of the free ions to an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for quantification; the captured species are subsequently eluted for quantification. This first level of speciation (free vs. ligated) can be informative towards sources of contaminant metal species and means to assess bioreactor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Katja A Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Determination of the Loading Capacity and Recovery of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Embryonic Kidney Cells and Urine Matrices on Capillary-Channeled Polymer (C-CP) Fiber Columns. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50–1000 nm membranous vesicles secreted from all cells that play important roles in many biological processes. Exosomes, a smaller-sized subset of EVs, have become of increasing interest in fundamental biochemistry and clinical fields due to their rich biological cargos and their roles in processes such as cell-signaling, maintaining homeostasis, and regulating cellular functions. To be implemented effectively in fundamental biochemistry and clinical diagnostics fields of study, and for their proposed use as vectors in gene therapies, there is a need for new methods for the isolation of large concentrations of high-purity exosomes from complex matrices in a timely manner. To address current limitations regarding recovery and purity, described here is a frontal throughput and recovery analysis of exosomes derived from human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell cultures and human urine specimens using capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber stationary phases via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using the C-CP fiber HPLC method for EV isolations, the challenge of recovering purified EVs from small sample volumes imparted by the traditional techniques was overcome while introducing significant benefits in processing, affordability (~5 $ per column), loading (~1012 particles), and recovery (1011–1012 particles) from whole specimens without further processing requirements.
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Billotto LS, Marcus RK. Comparative Analysis of Trilobal Capillary‐Channeled Polymer Fiber Columns with Superficially Porous and Monolithic Phases Towards Reversed‐Phase Protein Separations. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3811-3826. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lacey S. Billotto
- Department of Chemistry Biosystems Research Complex Clemson University
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry Biosystems Research Complex Clemson University
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9
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Huang S, McClain RT, Marcus RK. Comparison of the separation of proteins of wide-ranging molecular weight via trilobal polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber, commercial superficiously porous, and commercial size exclusion columns. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1502-1513. [PMID: 35172038 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reversed phase and size-exclusion chromatography methods are commonly used for protein separations, though based on distinctly different principles. Reversed phase methods yield hydrophobicity-based (loosely-termed) separation of proteins on porous supports, but tend to be limited to proteins with modest molecular weights based on mass transfer limitations. Alternatively, size-exclusion provides complementary benefits in the separation of higher-mass proteins based on entropic, not enthalpic, processes, but tend to yield limited peak capacities. In this study, microbore columns packed with a novel trilobal polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber were used in a reversed phase modality for the separation of polypeptides and proteins of molecular weights ranging from 1.4 to 660 kDa. Chromatographic parameters including gradient times, flow rates and trifluoroacetic acid concentrations in the mobile phase were optimized to maximize resolution and throughput. Following optimization, the performance of the trilobal fiber column was compared to two commercial-sourced columns, a superficially porous C4-derivatized silica and size exclusion, both of which are sold specifically for protein separations and operated according to the manufacturer-specified conditions. In comparison to the commercial columns, the fiber-based column yielded better separation performance across the entirety of the suite, at much lower cost and shorter separation times. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, 29634, Clemson, SC
| | - Ray T McClain
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, 29634, Clemson, SC
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10
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Huang S, Ji X, Jackson KK, Lubman DM, Ard MB, Bruce TF, Marcus RK. Rapid separation of blood plasma exosomes from low-density lipoproteins via a hydrophobic interaction chromatography method on a polyester capillary-channeled polymer fiber phase. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338578. [PMID: 34049630 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound, cell-secreted vesicles, with sizes ranging from 30 to 150 nm. Exosomes in blood plasma have become proposed targets as measurable indicators of disease conditions. Current methods for plasma-based exosome isolation are time-consuming, complex, and have high operational costs. One of the most commonly reported shortcomings of current isolation protocols is the co-extraction of lipoproteins (e.g. low-density lipoproteins, LDLs) with the target exosomes. This report describes the use of a rapid, single-operation hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) procedure on a polyester (PET) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber column, demonstrating the ability to efficiently purify exosomes. The method has previously been demonstrated for isolation of exosomes from diverse biological matrices, but questions were raised about the potential co-elution of LDLs. In the method described herein, a step-gradient procedure sequentially elutes spiked lipoproteins and blood plasma-originating exosomes in 10 min, with the LDLs excluded from the desired exosome fraction. Mass spectrometry (MS) was used to characterize an impurity in the primary LDL material, identifying the presence of exosomal material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to identify the various elution components. The method serves both as a rapid means of high purity exosome isolation as well as a screening tool for the purity of LDL samples with respect to extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- Department of Surgery, Medical Science Research Building I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kaylan K Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, Medical Science Research Building I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mary B Ard
- Georgia Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Georgia Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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11
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Hall KA, Paing HW, Marcus RK. Quantitative trace metal determinations in cell culture media using LS-APGD-MS and ICP-OES with free/bound species differentiation following polymer fiber separations. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1945-1954. [PMID: 33913969 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge-mass spectrometry (LS-APGD-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were employed for the quantification of trace metals in cell culture media and their capabilities compared. The LS-APGD is interfaced here to a compact mass spectrometer (Advion CMS) towards the development of an at-bioreactor process monitoring strategy. Both techniques have been previously employed for the quantification of trace metals in samples of various complexities, making them a natural choice for this application. They have also demonstrated comparable analytical figures of merit including limits of detection (LOD), matrix tolerance, etc. While cell culture media is a complex sample, the ICP-OES technique was unaffected by the matrix. However, the LS-APGD-MS suffered from increases in spectral background. Despite this, both techniques achieved appropriate LODs for all metals analyzed in this work (Cu, Fe, Zn, Co, Mn, Ni; LOD < 100 ng mL-1), except for Mn and Ni via LS-APGD-MS. To overcome the increased background seen on the LS-APGD-MS, a capillary channeled polymer (C-CP) polypropylene (PPY) fiber stationary phase was employed as an on-line separation for the removal of organic components prior to sample introduction into the plasma. It was further determined that Ni was retained on the column, preventing the detection of this element via LS-APGD-MS, and insights into metal speciation were discussed. Following implementation of this on-line separation strategy, the agreement between the techniques was acceptable for all analytes, and was excellent for Cu, Fe, and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Hall
- Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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12
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Huang S, Bruce TF, Ding H, Wei Y, Marcus RK. Rapid isolation of lentivirus particles from cell culture media via a hydrophobic interaction chromatography method on a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2985-2994. [PMID: 33608753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviruses are increasingly used as gene delivery vehicles for vaccines and immunotherapies. However, the purification of clinical-grade lentivirus vectors for therapeutic use is still troublesome and limits preclinical and clinical experiments. Current purification methods such as ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration are time consuming and do not remove all of the impurities such as cellular debris, membrane fragments, and denatured proteins from the lentiviruses. The same challenges exist in terms of their analytical characterization. Presented here is the novel demonstration of the chromatographic isolation of virus particles from culture media based on the hydrophobicity characteristics of the vesicles. A method was developed to isolate lentivirus from media using a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method performed on a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer (PET C-CP) stationary phase and a standard liquid chromatography apparatus. The method is an extension of the approach developed in this laboratory for the isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to verify and quantify lentiviruses in elution fractions. Load and elution mobile phase compositions were optimized to affect high efficiency and throughput. The process has been visualized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fiber surfaces following media injection, the elution of proteinaceous material, and the elution of lentiviruses. This effort has yielded a rapid (<10 min), low-cost (< $15 per column, providing multiple separations), and efficient method for the isolation/purification of lentivirus particles from cell culture media at the analytical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Yanzhang Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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13
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Ji X, Huang S, Zhang J, Bruce TF, Tan Z, Wang D, Zhu J, Marcus RK, Lubman DM. A novel method of high-purity extracellular vesicle enrichment from microliter-scale human serum for proteomic analysis. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:245-256. [PMID: 33169421 PMCID: PMC8018574 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid, low-cost, and simple separation strategy to separate extracellular vesicles (EVs) from a small amount of serum (i.e.,<100 μL) with minimal contamination by serum proteins and lipoprotein particles to meet the high purity requirement for EV proteome analysis. EVs were separated by a novel polyester capillary channel polymer (PET C-CP) fiber phase/hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method which is rapid and can process small size samples. The collected EV fractions were subjected to a post-column cleanup protocol using a centrifugal filter to perform buffer exchange and eliminate potential coeluting non-EV proteins while minimizing EV sample loss. Downstream characterization demonstrated that our current strategy can separate EVs with the anticipated exosome-like particle size distribution and high yield (∼1 × 1011 EV particles per mL of serum) in approximately 15 min. Proteome profiling of the EVs reveals that a group of genuine EV components were identified that have significantly less high-abundance blood proteins and lipoprotein particle contamination in comparison to traditional separation methods. The use of this methodology appears to address the major challenges facing EV separation for proteomics analysis. In addition, the EV post-column cleanup protocol proposed in the current work has the potential to be combined with other separation methods, such as ultracentrifugation (UC), to further purify the separated EV samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ji
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Terri F. Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Zhijing Tan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donglin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - David M. Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Qian X, An N, Ren Y, Yang C, Zhang X, Li L. Immunosuppressive Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-derived Exosomes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:411-427. [PMID: 32935222 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become important seed cells in therapy because of their immunosuppressive function and anti-inflammatory effects. MSCs exert immunosuppressive effects through direct contact or paracrine action. The paracrine functions of MSCs are at least partially mediated by exosomes, which are membrane vesicles, carrying abundant proteins, nucleic acids and other active molecules. MSC-exos have heterogeneity. The exosomes from different donors, tissues generations of MSCs carry different bioactive molecules. These cargos are transferred to recipient cells by endocytosis or binding to proteins on the receptor surface to mediate intercellular communication between different cell types and affect the functions of the recipient cells. Exosomes play an important role in the regulation of the immune system. Exosomes derived from MSCs (MSC-exos) carry immunomodulatory effectors or transmit active signal molecules to regulate the biological activities of immune cells and thus mediating immune suppression, especially on macrophages and T cells. Mitochondria and autophagy-related pathways are also associated with MSC-exos immunosuppressive effects. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan An
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifan Ren
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenxin Yang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China.
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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15
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Jackson KK, Powell RR, Bruce TF, Marcus RK. Solid-phase extraction of exosomes from diverse matrices via a polyester capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber stationary phase in a spin-down tip format. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4713-4724. [PMID: 32468278 PMCID: PMC8825614 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, a subset of the extracellular vesicle (EV) group of organelles, hold great potential for biomarker detection, therapeutics, disease diagnosis, and personalized medicine applications. The promise and potential of these applications are hindered by the lack of an efficient means of isolation, characterization, and quantitation. Current methods for exosome and EV isolation (including ultracentrifugation, microfiltration, and affinity-based techniques) result in impure recoveries with regard to remnant matrix species (e.g., proteins, genetic material) and are performed on clinically irrelevant time and volume scales. To address these issues, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber stationary phase is employed for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of EVs from various matrices using a micropipette tip-based format. The hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) processing and a spin-down workflow are carried out using a table-top centrifuge. Capture and subsequent elution of intact, biologically active exosomes are verified via electron microscopy and bioassays. The performance of this method was evaluated by capture and elution of exosome standards from buffer solution and three biologically relevant matrices: mock urine, reconstituted non-fat milk, and exosome-depleted fetal bovine serum (FBS). Recoveries were evaluated using UV-Vis absorbance spectrophotometry and ELISA assay. The dynamic binding capacity (50%) for the 1-cm-long (~ 5 μL bed volume) tips was determined using a commercial exosome product, yielding a value of ~ 7 × 1011 particles. The novel C-CP fiber spin-down tip approach holds promise for the isolation of exosomes and other EVs from various matrices with high throughput, low cost, and high efficiency. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylan K Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Rhonda R Powell
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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16
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Huang S, Wang L, Bruce TF, Marcus RK. Evaluation of exosome loading characteristics in their purification via a glycerol-assisted hydrophobic interaction chromatography method on a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer fiber phase. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2998. [PMID: 32246744 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-secreted vesicles, with sizes ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which play key roles in intercellular communication. There is intense interest in developing methods to isolate and quantify exosomes toward clinical diagnostics, fundamental studies of intercellular processes, and use of exosomes as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents. Current methods for exosomes isolation and quantification are time consuming and have operational high costs; few combine isolation and quantification into a singular operation unit. This report describes the use of hydrophobic interaction chromatography on a polyester capillary-channeled polymer fiber column, employing a step gradient for exosome elution, including use of glycerol as a solvent modifier. The entire procedure is completed in 8 min, while maintaining the structural integrity and biological activity of the isolated exosomes. Electron microscopy was used to verify the size and structural fidelity of single exosomes. Absorbance response curves for a commercial exosome sample were used for exosome quantification in the chromatographic separations. In order to determine the dynamic loading capacity for exosomes, different volumes of Dictyostelium discoideum cell culture milieu supernatant were loaded at different column lengths (5-30 cm) and loading flow rates (0.2-0.5 ml/min). A loading capacity of 5.4 × 1012 exosomes derived from D. discoideum milieu was obtained on a 0.8 × 300 mm column; yielding recoveries of over 80%. It is believed that this isolation and purification strategy holds many advantages toward the use of exosomes across a wide breadth of medical and biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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17
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Wang L, Marcus RK. Polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber column as the second dimension in a comprehensive two-dimensional RP × RP analysis of a mixture of intact proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2963-2979. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Wang L, Trang HK, Desai J, Dunn ZD, Richardson DD, Marcus RK. Fiber-based HIC capture loop for coupling of protein A and size exclusion chromatography in a two-dimensional separation of monoclonal antibodies. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1098:190-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Trang HK, Marcus RK. Application of polydopamine‐coated nylon capillary‐channeled polymer fibers as a stationary phase for mass spectrometric phosphopeptide analysis. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:215-224. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung K. Trang
- Clemson University Department of Chemistry Biosystems Research Complex Clemson SC USA
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Clemson University Department of Chemistry Biosystems Research Complex Clemson SC USA
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20
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Huang S, Wang L, Bruce TF, Marcus RK. Isolation and quantification of human urinary exosomes by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on a polyester capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6591-6601. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Wang L, Bruce TF, Huang S, Marcus RK. Isolation and quantitation of exosomes isolated from human plasma via hydrophobic interaction chromatography using a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer fiber phase. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1082:186-193. [PMID: 31472708 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are one class of extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm diameter) that are secreted by cells. These small vesicles hold a great deal of promise in disease diagnostics, as they display the same protein biomarkers as their originating cell. On a cellular level, exosomes are attributed to playing a key role in intercellular communication, and may eventually be exploited for targeted drug delivery. In order for exosomes to become useful in disease diagnostics, and as burgeoning drug delivery platforms, they must be isolated efficiently and effectively without compromising their structure. Plasma from peripheral blood is an excellent source of exosomes, as it is easily collected and the process does not normally cause undue discomfort to the patient. Unfortunately, blood plasma content is complex, containing abundant amounts of soluble proteins and aggregates, making exosomes extremely difficult to isolate in high purity from plasma. Most current exosome isolation methods have practical challenges including being too time-consuming and labor intensive, destructive to the exosomes, or too costly for use in clinical settings. To this end, this study examines the use of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers in a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) protocol to isolate exosomes from a human plasma sample. Initial results demonstrate the ability to isolate exosomes with comparable yields and size distributions and on a much faster time scale when compared to traditional isolation methods, while also alleviating concomitant proteins and other impurities. As a demonstration of the potential quantitative utility of the approach, a linear response (particles injected on-column vs peak area) using a commercial exosome standard was established using a standard UV absorbance detector. Based on the calibration function, the concentration of the original human plasma sample was determined and subsequently confirmed by NTA measurement. The potential for scalable separations covering sub-milliliter spin-down solid phase extraction tips to the preparative scale is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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22
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Trang HK, Jiang L, Marcus RK. Grafting polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate onto capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as a ligand binding platform: Applications in immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) protein separations. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:144-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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23
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Bruce TF, Slonecki TJ, Wang L, Huang S, Powell RR, Marcus RK. Exosome isolation and purification via hydrophobic interaction chromatography using a polyester, capillary-channeled polymer fiber phase. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:571-581. [PMID: 30548636 PMCID: PMC6881775 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including microvesicles and exosomes, are lipidic membrane-derived vesicles that are secreted by most cell types. Exosomes, one class of these vesicles that are 30-100 nm in diameter, hold a great deal of promise in disease diagnostics, as they display the same protein biomarkers as their originating cell. For exosomes to become useful in disease diagnostics, and as burgeoning drug delivery platforms, they must be isolated efficiently and effectively without compromising their structure. Most current exosome isolation methods have practical problems including being too time-consuming and labor intensive, destructive to the exosomes, or too costly for use in clinical settings. To this end, this study examines the use of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers in a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) protocol to isolate exosomes from diverse matrices of practical concern. Initial results demonstrate the ability to isolate extracellular vesicles enriched in exosomes with comparable yields and size distributions on a much faster time scale when compared to traditional isolation methods. As a demonstration of the potential analytical utility of the approach, extracellular vesicle recoveries from cell culture milieu and a mock urine matrix are presented. The potential for scalable separations covering submilliliter spin-down columns to the preparative scale is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri F. Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Tyler J. Slonecki
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Rhonda R. Powell
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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24
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Wang L, Marcus RK. Evaluation of protein separations based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography using polyethylene terephthalate capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber phases. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1585:161-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Wang L, Marcus RK. Overload Effects in Reversed Phase Protein Separations using Capillary‐Channeled Polymer Fiber Columns. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1221-1233. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University 102 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry Clemson University 102 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson South Carolina 29634
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26
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Wang L, Stevens KA, Haupt-Renaud P, Marcus RK. Dynamic evaluation of a trilobal capillary-channeled polymer fiber shape for reversed phase protein separations and comparison to the eight-channeled form. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1063-1073. [PMID: 29232068 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new, trilobal-shaped capillary-channeled polymer fiber is under development to address the issues of poor A-term performance of the previous eight-channeled form. The trilobal geometry should provide better packing homogeneity due to the fewer potential orientations of the symmetric fiber geometry. Comparisons of separation efficiency and peak shape were made between the two fiber shapes through several dynamic parameters. Column hydrodynamics were investigated with two marker compounds, uracil and bovine serum albumin, with van Deemter plots of those two compounds revealing differences in the packing qualities between the different fiber shapes. Parametric fitting to the van Deemter, Knox, and Giddings equations provides insights into the column physical structures. Separation quality for both shapes was evaluated across differences in fiber packing density, gradient rate, and mobile phase linear velocity for the reversed phase separation of a four protein mixture, containing ribonuclease A, cytochrome c, lysozyme, and myoglobin. The results of this study lay the ground work for future efforts in the use of trilobal fibers for the separation of biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Kathryn A Stevens
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Paul Haupt-Renaud
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, USA
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27
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Trang HK, Marcus RK. Application of protein A-modified capillary-channeled polymer polypropylene fibers to the quantitation of IgG in complex matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 142:49-58. [PMID: 28494339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers loaded with recombinant Staphyloccocus aureus protein A (rSPA) were used as an affinity chromatography stationary phase for the quantitation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in complex biological matrices. Optimization of the chromatographic method regarding mobile phase components and load/elution conditions was performed. The six-minute analysis, including a load step with 12mM phosphate at pH 7.4, an elution step with 0.025% phosphoric acid and a re-equilibration step, was employed for quantitation of IgG1 from 0.075 to 3.00mgmL-1 in an IgG-free CHO cell supernatant matrix. Quantification of IgG1 content in a different CHO cell line was accomplished using the external calibration curve as well as using a standard addition approach. The high level of agreement between the two approaches suggests that the protein A-modified C-CP fiber phase is immune from matrix effects due to concomitant species such as host cell proteins (HCPs), host cell DNA, media components and other leachables and extractables. The inter-day and intra-day precision of the method were 3.1 and 3.5%RSD respectively for a single column. Column-to-column variability was 1.31 and 6.62%RSD for elution time and peak area, respectively, across columns prepared in different batches. The method reported here is well-suited for IgG analysis in complex harvest cell culture media in both the development and production environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung K Trang
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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28
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Jiang L, Marcus RK. Microwave-assisted grafting polymerization modification of nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer fibers for enhanced weak cation exchange protein separations. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 954:129-139. [PMID: 28081807 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A weak cation exchange liquid chromatography stationary phase (nylon-COOH) was prepared by grafting polyacrylic acid on to native nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers via a microwave-assisted radical polymerization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of applying microwave-assisted grafting polymerization to affect nylon material for protein separation. The C-CP fiber surfaces were characterized by attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The anticipated carbonyl peak at 1722.9 cm-1 was found on the nylon-COOH fibers, but was not found on the native fiber, indicating the presence of the polyacrylic acid on nylon fibers after grafting. The nylon-COOH phase showed a ∼12× increase in lysozyme dynamic binding capacity (∼12 mg mL-1) when compared to the native fiber phase (∼1 mg mL-1). The loading capacity of the nylon-COOH phase is nearly independent of the lysozyme loading concentration (0.05-1 mg mL-1) and the mobile phase linear velocity (7.3-73 mm s-1). The reproducibility of the lysozyme recovery from the nylon-COOH (RSD = 0.3%, n = 10) and the batch-to-batch variability in the functionalization (RSD = 3%, n = 5) were also investigated, revealing very high levels of consistency. Fast baseline separations of myoglobin, α-chymotrypsinogen A, cytochrome c and lysozyme were achieved using the nylon-COOH column. It was found that a 5× increase in the mobile phase linear velocity (7.3-to-36.5 mm s-1) had little effect on the separation resolution. The microwave-assisted grafting polymerization has great potential as a generalized surface modification methodology across the applications of C-CP fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Jiang
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, United States.
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29
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Schwellenbach J, Zobel S, Taft F, Villain L, Strube J. Purification of Monoclonal Antibodies Using a Fiber Based Cation-Exchange Stationary Phase: Parameter Determination and Modeling. Bioengineering (Basel) 2016; 3:bioengineering3040024. [PMID: 28952586 PMCID: PMC5597267 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering3040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) currently dominate the market for protein therapeutics. Because chromatography unit operations are critical for the purification of therapeutic proteins, the process integration of novel chromatographic stationary phases, driven by the demand for more economic process schemes, is a field of ongoing research. Within this study it was demonstrated that the description and prediction of mAb purification on a novel fiber based cation-exchange stationary phase can be achieved using a physico-chemical model. All relevant mass-transport phenomena during a bind and elute chromatographic cycle, namely convection, axial dispersion, boundary layer mass-transfer, and the salt dependent binding behavior in the fiber bed were described. This work highlights the combination of model adaption, simulation, and experimental parameter determination through separate measurements, correlations, or geometric considerations, independent from the chromatographic cycle. The salt dependent binding behavior of a purified mAb was determined by the measurement of adsorption isotherms using batch adsorption experiments. Utilizing a combination of size exclusion and protein A chromatography as analytic techniques, this approach can be extended to a cell culture broth, describing the salt dependent binding behavior of multiple components. Model testing and validation was performed with experimental bind and elute cycles using purified mAb as well as a clarified cell culture broth. A comparison between model calculations and experimental data showed a good agreement. The influence of the model parameters is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schwellenbach
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen 37079, Germany.
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678, Germany.
| | - Steffen Zobel
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678, Germany.
| | - Florian Taft
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen 37079, Germany.
| | - Louis Villain
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen 37079, Germany.
| | - Jochen Strube
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678, Germany.
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30
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Fiber-based monolithic columns for liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6871-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Evaluation of loading characteristics and IgG binding performance of Staphylococcal protein A on polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fibers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Zhang LX, Jiang L, Willett DR, Kenneth Marcus R. Parallel, open-channel lateral flow (immuno) assay substrate based on capillary-channeled polymer films. Analyst 2016; 141:807-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01953b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Presented here is a novel implementation of polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) films, functionalized for bioaffinity separations and implemented as a platform for lateral flow (immuno) assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liuwei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
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33
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Schadock-Hewitt AJ, Bruce TF, Marcus RK. Evidence for the Intercalation of Lipid Acyl Chains into Polypropylene Fiber Matrices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10418-10425. [PMID: 26381380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Headgroup-functionalized lipids are being developed as ligand tethers for high selectivity separations on polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phases. Surface modification is affected under ambient conditions from aqueous solution. This basic methodology has promise in many areas where robust modifications are desired on hydrophobic surfaces. In order to understand the mode of adsorption of the lipid tail to the polypropylene surface, lipids labeled with the environmentally sensitive 7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl (NBD) fluorophore were used, with NBD covalently attached to the headgroup (NBD-PE) or the acyl chain (acyl NBD-PE) of the lipid. When modified with the acyl NBD-PE, fluorescence imaging of the fiber at excitation wavelengths increasing from 470 to 510 nm caused a 32 nm shift in emission toward the red edge of the absorption band, indicating that the NBD molecule (and thus the lipid tail) is motionally restricted. Fluorescence imaging on fibers modified with NBD-PE or the free NBD-Cl dye molecule yields no change in the emission response. The results of these imaging studies provide evidence that the acyl chain portions of the lipids intercalate into free volume of the polypropylene fiber structure, yielding a robust means of surface modification and the potential for high ligand densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby J Schadock-Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, and ‡Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Life Sciences Building, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, and ‡Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Life Sciences Building, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, and ‡Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Life Sciences Building, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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Jiang L, Marcus RK. Comparison of analytical protein separation characteristics for three amine-based capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) stationary phases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1373-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jiang L, Jin Y, Marcus RK. Polyethylenimine modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) capillary channeled-polymer fibers for anion exchange chromatography of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:200-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Manard BT, Jones SMH, Marcus RK. Capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers for the rapid extraction of proteins from urine matrices prior to detection with MALDI-MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:522-30. [PMID: 25450308 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While MS is a powerful tool for biomarker determinations, the high salt content and the small molecules present in urine poses incredible challenges. Separation/extraction methods must be employed for the isolation of target species at relevant concentrations. Micropipette tips packed with capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers are employed for the SPE of proteins from a synthetic and a certified urine matrix. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Extractions are performed utilizing a very simple centrifugation method to spin-down species through the C-CP fiber tips. Proteins adsorb to the hydrophobic polypropylene fibers and are eluted in a solvent suitable for MALDI-MS analysis. Figures of merit are determined for representative compounds β2-microglobulin, retinol binding protein, and transferrin. RESULTS The optimum protein processing included a 100 μL aqueous rinse and an elution solvent composition was 10 μL of 55:45 ACN:water (with triflouroacetic acid). MALDI-MS responses for the target proteins are improved from nondetectable levels to eventually yield LOD ranging from 5 to 180 nM in 1 μL aliquots. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE C-CP fiber tips offer a plethora of advantages including low materials costs, high throughput, microvolume processing, and the determination of sub-nanogram quantities of analyte; allowing determination of biomarkers that are otherwise undetectable in urine matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M H Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Jiang L, Schadock-Hewitt AJ, Zhang LX, Marcus RK. Evaluation of synthesized lipid tethered ligands for surface functionalization of polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phases. Analyst 2015; 140:1523-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straight forward approach to the synthesis of ligand tethered ligands (LTLs) circumvents the purchase of less-robust, PEG-phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Jiang
- Clemson University
- Department of Chemistry
- Biosystems Research Complex
- Clemson
- USA
| | | | - Lynn X. Zhang
- Clemson University
- Department of Chemistry
- Biosystems Research Complex
- Clemson
- USA
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Clemson University
- Department of Chemistry
- Biosystems Research Complex
- Clemson
- USA
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Jiang L, Marcus RK. Biotin-functionalized poly(ethylene terephthalate) capillary-channeled polymer fibers as HPLC stationary phase for affinity chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:939-51. [PMID: 25410640 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Native poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers have been used as the stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of proteins via reversed-phase and ion-exchange processes. Functionalization can be used to bring about greater selectivity through surface modification. PET fibers were treated with ethylenediamine to generate primary amine groups on the fiber surface, enabling subsequent covalent attachment of ligands. The ninhydrin test for primary amines revealed surface densities of 13.9-60.0 μmol m(-2) for PET fibers exposed for periods of 3-12 min. Here, 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid was linked to the EDA-treated PET fiber surface as a hydrophilic spacer, and then D-biotin was attached on the end of the spacer as an affinity ligand. The streptavidin binding capacity and binding homogeneity were studied on the biotin-functionalized PET C-CP fiber microbore column. The selectivity of the biotin surface functionalization was assessed by spiking lysate with Texas Red-labeled streptavidin and enhanced green fluorescent protein. Greater than 99% selectivity was realized. This ligand-coupling strategy from standard solid-phase peptide synthesis used in stationary phase functionalization creates great potential for PET C-CP fiber-packed HPLC columns to perform a variety of chromatographic separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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Wang Z, Marcus RK. Roles of interstitial fraction and load conditions on the dynamic binding capacity of proteins on capillary-channeled polymer fiber columns. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:97-109. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Wang
- Dept. of Chemistry; Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex; Clemson SC 29631
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Dept. of Chemistry; Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex; Clemson SC 29631
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40
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Schadock-Hewitt AJ, Marcus RK. Loading characteristics and chemical stability of headgroup-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid ligand tethers on polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer fibers. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3595-602. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry; Biosystems Research Complex; Clemson University; Clemson SC USA
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41
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Determination of pore size distributions in capillary-channeled polymer fiber stationary phases by inverse size-exclusion chromatography and implications for fast protein separations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1351:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Burdette CQ, Marcus RK. Solid phase extraction of proteins from buffer solutions employing capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as the stationary phase. Analyst 2014; 138:1098-106. [PMID: 23223274 DOI: 10.1039/c2an36126d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers are applied for solid phase extraction (SPE) of proteins from aqueous buffer solutions using a micropipette tip-based format. A process was developed in which centrifugation is used as the moving force for solution passage in the loading/washing steps instead of the previously employed manual aspiration. The complete procedure requires ~15 minutes, with the number of samples run in parallel limited only by the capacity of the centrifuge. The method performance was evaluated based on adsorption and elution characteristics of several proteins (cytochrome c, lysozyme, myoglobin, and glucose oxidase) from 150 mM phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solutions. Protein concentration ranges of ~2 to 100 μg mL(-1) were employed and the recovery characteristics determined through UV-Vis absorbance spectrophotometry for protein quantification. The protein loading capacities across the range of proteins was ~1.5 μg for the 5 mg fiber tips. Average recoveries from PBS were determined for each protein sample; cytochrome c ~86%, lysozyme ~80%, myoglobin ~86%, and glucose oxidase ~89%. Recoveries from more complex matrices, synthetic urine and synthetic saliva, were determined to be ~90%. A 10× dilution study for a fixed 1 μg protein application yielded 94 ± 3.2% recoveries. The C-CP tips provided significantly higher recoveries for myoglobin in a 150 mM PBS matrix in comparison to a commercially available protein SPE product, with the added advantages of low cost, rapid processing, and reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Q Burdette
- Biosystems Research Complex, Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Schadock-Hewitt AJ, Marcus RK. Initial evaluation of protein A modified capillary-channeled polymer fibers for the capture and recovery of immunoglobulin G. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:495-504. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry; Biosystems Research Complex; Clemson University; Clemson SC USA
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Schadock-Hewitt AJ, Pittman JJ, Christensen KA, Marcus RK. Head group-functionalized poly(ethyleneglycol)–lipid (PEG–lipid) surface modification for highly selective analyte extractions on capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers. Analyst 2014; 139:2108-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01899g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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45
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Randunu KM, Marcus RK. Initial evaluation of protein throughput and yield characteristics on nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber stationary phases by frontal analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1222-9. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Manoj Randunu
- Dept. of Chemistry; Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex; Clemson, SC 29634
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Dept. of Chemistry; Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex; Clemson, SC 29634
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Burdette CQ, Marcus RK. In-line desalting of proteins from buffer and synthetic urine solution prior to ESI-MS analysis via a capillary-channeled polymer fiber microcolumn. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:975-978. [PMID: 23463546 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Presented here is a novel in-line solid phase extraction (SPE) method utilizing a capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber microcolumn prior to introduction to an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The high permeability of the microcolumn allows for operation under syringe pump or HPLC driven flow, ultimately providing greater mass spectral clarity and accurate molecular weight determinations for different protein/buffer combinations. Studies presented here focus on the desalting of several target proteins from a standard phosphate buffered saline (PBS) matrix and a synthetic urine solution prior to ESI-MS determinations. In every case, responses for μM-level proteins in PBS improve from the situation of not permitting molecular weight determinations to values that are precise to better than ±10 Da, without internal standards, with relative improvements in the signal-to-background ratios (S/B) on the order of 3,000×. De-salting of a myoglobin-spiked (12 μM) synthetic urine results in equally-improved spectral quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Q Burdette
- Biosystems Research Complex, Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Randunu KM, Dimartino S, Marcus RK. Dynamic evaluation of polypropylene capillary-channeled fibers as a stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3270-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Dimartino
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre; University of Canterbury; Christchurch; New Zealand
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