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Abeywardena SBY, Yue Z, Wallace GG, Innis PC. Electrofluidic control for textile-based cell culture: Identification of appropriate conditions required to integrate cell culture with electrofluidics. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:1182-1197. [PMID: 38837242 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Electric field-driven microfluidics, known as electrofluidics, is a novel attractive analytical tool when it is integrated with low-cost textile substrate. Textile-based electrofluidics, primarily explored on yarn substrates, is in its early stages, with few studies on 3D structures. Further, textile structures have rarely been used in cellular analysis as a low-cost alternative. Herein, we investigated novel 3D textile structures and develop optimal electrophoretic designs and conditions that are favourable for direct 3D cell culture integration, developing an integrated cell culture textile-based electrofluidic platform that was optimised to balance electrokinetic performance and cell viability requirements. Significantly, there were contrasting electrolyte compositional conditions that were required to satisfy cell viability and electrophoretic mobility requiring the development of and electrolyte that satisfied the minimum requirements of both these components within the one platform. Human dermal fibroblast cell cultures were successfully integrated with gelatine methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel-coated electrofluidic platform and studied under different electric fields using 5 mM TRIS/HEPES/300 mM glucose. Higher analyte mobility was observed on 2.5% GelMA-coated textile which also facilitated excellent cell attachment, viability and proliferation. Cell viability also increased by decreasing the magnitude and time duration of applied electric field with good cell viability at field of up to 20 V cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujani B Y Abeywardena
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhilian Yue
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter C Innis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Schilly KM, Gunawardhana SM, Wijesinghe MB, Lunte SM. Biological applications of microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection: in vivo monitoring and cell analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6101-6119. [PMID: 32347360 PMCID: PMC8130646 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection (ME-EC) is a useful tool for the determination of redox active compounds in complex biological samples. In this review, a brief background on the principles of ME-EC is provided, including substrate types, electrode materials, and electrode configurations. Several different detection approaches are described, including dual-channel systems for dual-electrode detection and electrochemistry coupled with fluorescence and chemiluminescence. The application of ME-EC to the determination of catecholamines, adenosine and its metabolites, and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in microdialysis samples and cell lysates is also detailed. Lastly, approaches for coupling of ME-EC with microdialysis sampling to create separation-based sensors that can be used for near real-time monitoring of drug metabolism and neurotransmitters in freely roaming animals are provided. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelci M Schilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Shamal M Gunawardhana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Manjula B Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2010 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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Townsend AD, Sprague RS, Martin RS. Microfluidic device using a gold pillar array and integrated electrodes for on-chip endothelial cell immobilization, direct RBC contact, and amperometric detection of nitric oxide. ELECTROANAL 2019; 31:1409-1415. [PMID: 32999581 DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microfluidic device that can be used to detect interactions between red blood cells (RBCs) and endothelial cells using a gold pillar array (created by electrodeposition) and an integrated detection electrode. Endothelial cells can release nitric oxide (NO) via stimulation by RBC-derived ATP. These studies incorporate on-chip endothelial cell immobilization, direct RBC contact, and detection of NO in a single microfluidic device. In order to study the RBC-EC interactions, this work used a microfluidic device made of a PDMS chip with two adjacent channels and a polystyrene base with embedded electrodes for creating a membrane (via gold pillars) and detecting NO (at a glassy carbon electrode coated with platinum-black and Nafion). RBCs were pharmacologically treated with treprostinil in the absence and presence of glybenclamide, and ATP release was determined as was the resultant NO release from endothelial cells. Treprostinil treatment of RBCs resulted in ATP release that stimulated endothelial cells to release on average 1.8 ± 0.2 nM NO per endothelial cell (average ± SEM, n = 8). Pretreatment of RBCs with glybenclamide inhibited treprostinil-induced ATP release and, therefore, less NO was produced by the endothelial cells (0.92 ± 0.1 nM NO per endothelial cell, n = 7). In the future, this device can be used to study interactions between many other cell types (both adherent and non-adherent cell lines) and incorporate other detection schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63103
| | - Randy S Sprague
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63103
| | - R Scott Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63103
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Chen C, Townsend AD, Hayter EA, Birk HM, Sell SA, Martin RS. Insert-based microfluidics for 3D cell culture with analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018. [PMID: 29536154 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present an insert-based approach to fabricate scalable and multiplexable microfluidic devices for 3D cell culture and integration with downstream detection modules. Laser-cut inserts with a layer of electrospun fibers are used as a scaffold for 3D cell culture, with the inserts being easily assembled in a 3D-printed fluidic device for flow-based studies. With this approach, the number and types of cells (on the inserts) in one fluidic device can be customized. Moreover, after an investigation (i.e., stimulation) under flowing conditions, the cell-laden inserts can be removed easily for subsequent studies including imaging and cell lysis. In this paper, we first discuss the fabrication of the device and characterization of the fibrous inserts. Two device designs containing two (channel width = 260 μm) and four (channel width = 180 μm) inserts, respectively, were used for different experiments in this study. Cell adhesion on the inserts with flowing media through the device was tested by culturing endothelial cells. Macrophages were cultured and stimulated under different conditions, the results of which indicate that the fibrous scaffolds under flow conditions result in dramatic effects on the amount and kinetics of TNF-α production (after LPS stimulation). Finally, we show that the cell module can be integrated with a downstream absorbance detection scheme. Overall, this technology represents a new and versatile way to culture cells in a more in vivo fashion for in vitro studies with online detection modules. Graphical abstract This paper describes an insert-based microfluidic device for 3D cell culture that can be easily scaled, multiplexed, and integrated with downstream analytical modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengpeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Alexandra D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hayter
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Hannah M Birk
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Scott A Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, 3450 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - R Scott Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
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Gholizadeh S, Shehata Draz M, Zarghooni M, Sanati-Nezhad A, Ghavami S, Shafiee H, Akbari M. Microfluidic approaches for isolation, detection, and characterization of extracellular vesicles: Current status and future directions. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:588-605. [PMID: 28088752 PMCID: PMC5323331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived vesicles present in body fluids that play an essential role in various cellular processes, such as intercellular communication, inflammation, cellular homeostasis, survival, transport, and regeneration. Their isolation and analysis from body fluids have a great clinical potential to provide information on a variety of disease states such as cancer, cardiovascular complications and inflammatory disorders. Despite increasing scientific and clinical interest in this field, there are still no standardized procedures available for the purification, detection, and characterization of EVs. Advances in microfluidics allow for chemical sampling with increasingly high spatial resolution and under precise manipulation down to single molecule level. In this review, our objective is to give a brief overview on the working principle and examples of the isolation and detection methods with the potential to be used for extracellular vesicles. This review will also highlight the integrated on-chip systems for isolation and characterization of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Gholizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Shehata Draz
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Maryam Zarghooni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Alumni, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Alumni, Toronto, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Human Anatomy& Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada; Health Research Policy Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Shafiee
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC, Canada V8P 2C5; Center for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada; Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
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Townsend AD, Wilken GH, Mitchell KK, Martin RS, Macarthur H. Simultaneous analysis of vascular norepinephrine and ATP release using an integrated microfluidic system. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 266:68-77. [PMID: 27015793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympathetic nerves are known to release three neurotransmitters: norepinephrine, ATP, and neuropeptide Y that play a role in controlling vascular tone. This paper focuses on the co-release of norepinephrine and ATP from the mesenteric arterial sympathetic nerves of the rat. NEW METHOD In this paper, a quantification technique is described that allows simultaneous detection of norepinephrine and ATP in a near-real-time fashion from the isolated perfused mesenteric arterial bed of the rat. Simultaneous detection is enabled with 3-D printing technology, which is shown to help integrate the perfusate with different detection methods (norepinephrine by microchip-based amperometery and ATP by on-line chemiluminescence). RESULTS Stimulated levels relative to basal levels of norepinephrine and ATP were found to be 363nM and 125nM, respectively (n=6). The limit of detection for norepinephrine is 80nM using microchip-based amperometric detection. The LOD for on-line ATP detection using chemiluminescence is 35nM. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD In previous studies, the co-transmitters have been separated and detected with HPLC techniques. With HPLC, the samples from biological preparations have to be derivatized for ATP detection and require collection time before analysis. Thus real-time measurements are not made and the delay in analysis by HPLC can cause degradation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the method described in the paper can be used to successfully detect norepinephrine and ATP simultaneously and in a near-real-time fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, United States
| | - Gerald H Wilken
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Kyle K Mitchell
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, United States
| | - R Scott Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, United States
| | - Heather Macarthur
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States.
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7
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Periodic and complex waveform current oscillations of copper electrodissolution in phosphoric acid in an epoxy-based microchip flow cell. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Pentecost AM, Martin RS. Fabrication and Characterization of All-Polystyrene Microfluidic Devices with Integrated Electrodes and Tubing. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:2968-2976. [PMID: 28191042 PMCID: PMC5300304 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay00197h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new method of fabricating all-polystyrene devices with integrated electrodes and fluidic tubing is described. As opposed to expensive polystyrene (PS) fabrication techniques that use hot embossing and bonding with a heated lab press, this approach involves solvent-based etching of channels and lamination-based bonding of a PS cover, all of which do not need to occur in a clean room. PS has been studied as an alternative microchip substrate to PDMS, as it is more hydrophilic, biologically compatible in terms of cell adhesion, and less prone to absorption of hydrophobic molecules. The etching/lamination-based method described here results in a variety of all-PS devices, with or without electrodes and tubing. To characterize the devices, micrographs of etched channels (straight and intersected channels) were taken using confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Microchip-based electrophoresis with repetitive injections of fluorescein was conducted using a three-sided PS (etched pinched, twin-tee channel) and one-sided PDMS device. Microchip-based flow injection analysis, with dopamine and NO as analytes, was used to characterize the performance of all-PS devices with embedded tubing and electrodes. Limits of detection for dopamine and NO were 130 nM and 1.8 μM, respectively. Cell immobilization studies were also conducted to assess all-PS devices for cellular analysis. This paper demonstrates that these easy to fabricate devices can be attractive alternative to other PS fabrication methods for a wide variety of analytical and cell culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Pentecost
- Saint Louis University, Department of Chemistry, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - R. Scott Martin
- Saint Louis University, Department of Chemistry, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103
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Johnson AS, Mehl BT, Martin RS. Integrated hybrid polystyrene-polydimethylsiloxane device for monitoring cellular release with microchip electrophoresis and electrochemical detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:884-893. [PMID: 25663849 PMCID: PMC4318258 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay02569e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a polystyrene (PS)-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) hybrid device was developed to enable the integration of cell culture with analysis by microchip electrophoresis and electrochemical detection. It is shown that this approach combines the fundamental advantages of PDMS devices (the ability to integrate pumps and valves) and PS devices (the ability to permanently embed fluidic tubing and electrodes). The embedded fused-silica capillary enables high temporal resolution measurements from off-chip cell culture dishes and the embedded electrodes provide close to real-time analysis of small molecule neurotransmitters. A novel surface treatment for improved (reversible) adhesion between PS and PDMS is described using a chlorotrimethylsilane stamping method. It is demonstrated that a Pd decoupler is efficient at handling the high current (and cathodic hydrogen production) resulting from use of high ionic strength buffers needed for cellular analysis; thus allowing an electrophoretic separation and in-channel detection. The separation of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in highly conductive biological buffers was optimized using a mixed surfactant system. This PS-PDMS hybrid device integrates multiple processes including continuous sampling from a cell culture dish, on-chip pump and valving technologies, microchip electrophoresis, and electrochemical detection to monitor neurotransmitter release from PC 12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia S Johnson
- Saint Louis University, Department of Chemistry, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - Benjamin T Mehl
- Saint Louis University, Department of Chemistry, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - R Scott Martin
- Saint Louis University, Department of Chemistry, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103
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10
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Saylor RA, Lunte SM. A review of microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis for monitoring biological events. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:48-64. [PMID: 25637011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis is a powerful sampling technique that enables monitoring of dynamic processes in vitro and in vivo. The combination of microdialysis with chromatographic or electrophoretic methods with selective detection yields a "separation-based sensor" capable of monitoring multiple analytes in near real time. For monitoring biological events, analysis of microdialysis samples often requires techniques that are fast (<1 min), have low volume requirements (nL-pL), and, ideally, can be employed on-line. Microchip electrophoresis fulfills these requirements and also permits the possibility of integrating sample preparation and manipulation with detection strategies directly on-chip. Microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis has been employed for monitoring biological events in vivo and in vitro. This review discusses technical considerations for coupling microdialysis sampling and microchip electrophoresis, including various interface designs, and current applications in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Saylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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11
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Ng SR, O'Hare D. An iridium oxide microelectrode for monitoring acute local pH changes of endothelial cells. Analyst 2015; 140:4224-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00377f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A microelectrode on a chip was modified to detect the local pH changes of the attached endothelial cells under the stimulation of thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Rui Ng
- Department of Bioengineering
- Imperial College London
- UK SW7 2AZ
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Division of Bioengineering
| | - Danny O'Hare
- Department of Bioengineering
- Imperial College London
- UK SW7 2AZ
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12
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Andreasen SZ, Kwasny D, Amato L, Brøgger AL, Bosco FG, Andersen KB, Svendsen WE, Boisen A. Integrating electrochemical detection with centrifugal microfluidics for real-time and fully automated sample testing. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16858e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a robust, stable and low-noise experimental set-up for performing electrochemical detection on a centrifugal microfluidic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Z. Andreasen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Dorota Kwasny
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Letizia Amato
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Anna Line Brøgger
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Filippo G. Bosco
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Karsten B. Andersen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Winnie E. Svendsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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13
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Lemaître F, Guille Collignon M, Amatore C. Recent advances in Electrochemical Detection of Exocytosis. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Electrochemical detection of droplet contents in polystyrene microfluidic chip with integrated micro film electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Erkal JL, Selimovic A, Gross BC, Lockwood SY, Walton EL, McNamara S, Martin RS, Spence DM. 3D printed microfluidic devices with integrated versatile and reusable electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2023-32. [PMID: 24763966 PMCID: PMC4436701 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report two 3D printed devices that can be used for electrochemical detection. In both cases, the electrode is housed in commercially available, polymer-based fittings so that the various electrode materials (platinum, platinum black, carbon, gold, silver) can be easily added to a threaded receiving port printed on the device; this enables a module-like approach to the experimental design, where the electrodes are removable and can be easily repolished for reuse after exposure to biological samples. The first printed device represents a microfluidic platform with a 500 × 500 μm channel and a threaded receiving port to allow integration of either polyetheretherketone (PEEK) nut-encased glassy carbon or platinum black (Pt-black) electrodes for dopamine and nitric oxide (NO) detection, respectively. The embedded 1 mm glassy carbon electrode had a limit of detection (LOD) of 500 nM for dopamine and a linear response (R(2) = 0.99) for concentrations between 25-500 μM. When the glassy carbon electrode was coated with 0.05% Nafion, significant exclusion of nitrite was observed when compared to signal obtained from equimolar injections of dopamine. When using flow injection analysis with a Pt/Pt-black electrode and standards derived from NO gas, a linear correlation (R(2) = 0.99) over a wide range of concentrations (7.6-190 μM) was obtained, with the LOD for NO being 1 μM. The second application showcases a 3D printed fluidic device that allows collection of the biologically relevant analyte adenosine triphosphate (ATP) while simultaneously measuring the release stimulus (reduced oxygen concentration). The hypoxic sample (4.8 ± 0.5 ppm oxygen) released 2.4 ± 0.4 times more ATP than the normoxic sample (8.4 ± 0.6 ppm oxygen). Importantly, the results reported here verify the reproducible and transferable nature of using 3D printing as a fabrication technique, as devices and electrodes were moved between labs multiple times during completion of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayda L Erkal
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Lin X, Hu X, Bai Z, He Q, Chen H, Yan Y, Ding Z. A microfluidic chip capable of switching W/O droplets to vertical laminar flow for electrochemical detection of droplet contents. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 828:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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17
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Becirovic V, Doonan SR, Martin RS. Encapsulation of Fluidic Tubing and Microelectrodes in Microfluidic Devices: Integrating Off-Chip Process and Coupling Conventional Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2013; 5:4220-4229. [PMID: 24159363 PMCID: PMC3804350 DOI: 10.1039/c3ay40809d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an approach to fabricate epoxy or polystyrene microdevices with encapsulated tubing and electrodes is described. Key features of this approach include a fixed alignment between the fluidic tubing and electrodes, the ability to polish the device when desired, and the low dead volume nature of the fluidic interconnects. It is shown that a variety of tubing can be encapsulated with this approach, including fused silica capillary, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), with the resulting tubing/microchip interface not leading to significant band broadening or plug dilution. The applicability of the devices with embedded tubing is demonstrated by integrating several off-chip analytical methods to the microchip. This includes droplet transfer, droplet desegmentation, and microchip-based flow injection analysis. Off-chip generated droplets can be transferred to the microchip with minimal coalescence, while flow injection studies showed improved peak shape and sensitivity when compared to the use of fluidic interconnects with an appreciable dead volume. Importantly, it is shown that this low dead volume approach can be extended to also enable the integration of conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemical detection. This is accomplished by embedding fused silica capillary along with palladium (for grounding the electrophoresis voltage) and platinum (for detection) electrodes. With this approach, up to 128,000 theoretical plates for dopamine was possible. In all cases, the tubing and electrodes are housed in a rigid base; this results in extremely robust devices that will be of interest to researchers wanting to develop microchips for use by non-experts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Scott Martin
- Corresponding author: phone: 314-977-2836, fax: 314-977-2521,
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Selimovic A, Martin RS. Encapsulated electrodes for microchip devices: microarrays and platinized electrodes for signal enhancement. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2092-100. [PMID: 23670668 PMCID: PMC3760495 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present two new methodologies of improving the performance of microchip-based electrochemical detection in microfluidic devices. The first part describes the fabrication and characterization of epoxy-embedded gold microelectrode arrays that are evenly spaced and easily modified. Electrodepositions using a gold plating solution can be performed on the electrodes to result in a 3D pillar array that, when used with microchip-based flow injection analysis, leads to an eightfold increase in signal (when compared to a single electrode), with the LOD for catechol being 4 nM. For detecting analytically challenging molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), platinization of electrodes is commonly used to increase the sensitivity. It is shown here that microchip devices containing either the pillar arrays or more traditional glassy carbon electrodes can be modified with platinum black (Pt-black) for NO detection. In the case of using glassy carbon electrodes for NO detection, integration of the resulting platinized electrode with microchip-based flow analysis resulted in a ten times signal increase relative to use of a bare glassy carbon electrode. In addition, it is demonstrated that these electrodes can be coated with Nafion to impart selectivity toward NO over interfering species such as nitrite. The LOD for NO when using the Pt-black /Nafion-coated glassy carbon electrode was 9 nM. These electrodes can also be embedded in a polystyrene substrate, with the applicability of these sensitive and selective electrodes being demonstrated by monitoring the adenosine triphosphate-mediated release of NO from endothelial cells immobilized in a microfluidic network without any adhesion factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmira Selimovic
- Saint Louis University, Department of Chemistry, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - R. Scott Martin
- Saint Louis University, Department of Chemistry, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103
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Yakushenko A, Kätelhön E, Wolfrum B. Parallel On-Chip Analysis of Single Vesicle Neurotransmitter Release. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5483-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4006183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Yakushenko
- Institute of Bioelectronics
(PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich,
Germany
| | - Enno Kätelhön
- Institute of Bioelectronics
(PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich,
Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute of Bioelectronics
(PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich,
Germany
- IV. Institute of
Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074
Aachen, Germany
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