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Zouhal H, Rhibi F, Salhi A, Jayavel A, Hackney AC, Saeidi A, Govindasamy K, Tourny-Chollet C, Clark CCT, Abderrahman AB. The Effects of Exercise Training on Plasma Volume Variations: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 34638157 DOI: 10.1055/a-1667-6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on the acute and long-term effects of exercise training on PV, in both trained and untrained individuals and to examine associations between changes in %PVV and change in physical/physiological performance. Despite the status of participants and the exercise duration or intensity, all the acute studies reported a significant decrease of PV (effect size: 0.85<d<3.45, very large), and ranged between 7 and 19.9%. In untrained individuals, most of studies reported a significant increase of PV in response to different kind of training including endurance training and high intensity interval training (effect size: 0.19<d<3.52, small to very large), and ranged from 6.6 to 16%. However, in trained individuals the results are equivocal. We showed that acute exercise appears to induce a significant decrease of PV in both healthy untrained and trained individuals in response to several exercise modalities. Moreover, there is evidence that long-term exercise training induced a significant increase of PV in healthy untrained individuals. However, it seems that there is no consensus concerning the effect of long-term exercise training on PV in trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- University of Rennes 2, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France
| | - Fatma Rhibi
- University of Rennes 2, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France.,HP2 laboratory, INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Amal Salhi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Saïd, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Ayyappan Jayavel
- SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Kancheepuram (DT), Tamilnadu, India
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Departments of Exercise & Sport Science and Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United-Kingdom
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2
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Thevis M, Walpurgis K, Thomas A. DropWise: current role and future perspectives of dried blood spots (DBS), blood microsampling, and their analysis in sports drug testing. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:41-62. [PMID: 35938300 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For decades, blood testing has been an integral part of routine doping controls. The breadth of information contained in blood samples has become considerably more accessible for anti-doping purposes over the last 10 years through technological advancements regarding analytical instrumentation as well as enhanced sample collection systems. Particularly, microsampling of whole blood and serum, for instance as dried blood spots (DBS), has opened new avenues in sports drug testing and substantially increased the availability and cost-effectiveness of doping control specimens. Thus, microvolume blood specimens possess the potential to improve monitoring of blood hormone and drug levels, support evaluation of circulating drug concentrations in competition, and enhance the stability of labile markers and target analytes in blood passport analyses as well as peptide hormone and steroid ester detection. Further, the availability of the fraction of lysed erythrocytes for anti-doping purposes warrants additional investigation, considering the sequestering capability of red blood cells (RBCs) for certain substances, as a complementary approach in support of the clean sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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3
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Ohnuma K, Uchida T, Leung GNW, Ueda T, Obara T, Ishii H. Establishment of a post-race biomarkers database and application of pathway analysis to identify potential biomarkers in post-race equine plasma. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:915-928. [PMID: 33835667 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the context of doping control, conventional direct chemical testing detects only a limited scope of target substances in equine biological samples. To expand the ability to detect doping agents and their detection windows, metabolomics has recently become a common approach for monitoring alteration of biomarkers caused by doping agents in relevant metabolic pathways. In horse racing, remarkable changes in metabolic profiles between the rest state and racing are likely to affect the identification of doping biomarkers. Previously, we reported a limited number of significantly upregulated metabolites after racing, based on a non-targeted metabolomics approach using out-of-competition and post-race equine plasma samples. In this study, we performed a more thorough analysis of the data set, using pathway analysis to establish a post-race biomarkers database (PBD) that includes upregulated and downregulated metabolites, their fold changes, and relevant pathways, with the main objective of improving our understanding of changes in physiological status related to horse racing. Statistical analysis of the PBD revealed that two peak combinations of pentadecanoyl carnitine/galactosylglycerol (P/G) and heptadecanoyl carnitine/galactosylglycerol (H/G) could be used as potential biomarkers for the discrimination of the rest and post-race groups. To demonstrate the applicability of the PBD, we validated the post-race biomarkers P/G and H/G (highly involved in lipid metabolism) by a single-blind test. This strategy, which combines establishment of a biomarker database with pathway analysis, represents a powerful tool for discovering potential doping biomarkers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ohnuma
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Taiga Uchida
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ueda
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan.,Bioinformatics Team, Research Laboratory, H. U. Group Research Institute G.K., Hachioji, Japan
| | - Taku Obara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Bizjak DA, Grolle A, Urena JAN, Bloch W, Deitenbeck R, Grau M. Monitoring of RBC rheology after cryopreservation to detect autologous blood doping in vivo? A pilot study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 76:367-379. [PMID: 32675400 DOI: 10.3233/ch-200887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Autologous blood doping (ABD) is applied to improve performance capacity. ABD includes blood donation, red blood cell (RBC) storage at –80°C and re-infusion prior to or during competition. ABD is not directly detectable with current detection techniques. OBJECTIVE: Since cryopreservation is known to affect RBC physiology in vitro, the aim of the study was to examine whether these alterations are detectable in vivo. METHODS: Blood from six healthy male donors was transferred into conventional blood bags, cryopreserved, stored for 18 weeks at –80°C and re-infused with a RBC volume corresponding to ∼4% of total blood volume into respective donor. RBC physiology parameters were measured before blood donation/re-infusion, and 0/1/2/6/24/48/72 h and 1 w post re-infusion. RESULTS: RBC parameters and age markers were unaffected during intervention. RBC deformability increased from pre-blood-sampling to pre-re-infusion while deformability and viscosity values remained unaltered post re-infusion. RBC nitric oxide associated analytes, metabolic parameters and electrolyte concentrations remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: The data of this pilot study indicate that the increase in RBC deformability might be related to neoformation of RBC after blood donation. The lack of changes in tested parameters might be related to the low re-infused RBC volume which might explain differences to in vitro results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bizjak
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Grolle
- German Red Cross Blood Donation Service West, Hagen, Germany
| | | | - Wilhelm Bloch
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Marijke Grau
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
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Wong KS, Cheung HW, Choi TLS, Kwok WH, Curl P, Mechie SC, Prabhu A, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. Label-free Proteomics for Discovering Biomarker Candidates for Controlling Krypton Misuse in Castrated Horses (Geldings). J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1196-1208. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Salamin O, Kuuranne T, Saugy M, Leuenberger N. Erythropoietin as a performance-enhancing drug: Its mechanistic basis, detection, and potential adverse effects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 464:75-87. [PMID: 28119134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main hormone regulating red blood cell (RBC) production. The large-scale production of a recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) by biotechnological methods has made possible its widespread therapeutic use as well as its misuse in sports. Since the marketing of the first epoetin in 1989, the development has progressed to the third-generation analogs. However, the production of rHuEPO is costly, and the frequent administration of an injectable formula is not optimal for compliance of therapeutic patients. Hence, pharmaceutical industries are currently developing alternative approaches to stimulate erythropoiesis, which might offer new candidates for doping purposes. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) pathway is of particular interest. The introduction of new erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for clinical use requires subsequent development of anti-doping methods for detecting the abuse of these substances. The detection of ESAs is based on two different approaches, namely, the direct detection of exogenous substances and the indirect detection, for which the effects of the substances on specific biomarkers are monitored. Omics technologies, such as ironomics or transcriptomics, are useful for the development of new promising biomarkers for the detection of ESAs. Finally, the illicit use of ESAs associates with multiple health risks that can be irreversible, and an essential facet of anti-doping work is to educate athletes of these risks. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the evolution of ESAs, the research and implementation of the available detection methods, and the side effects associated with the misuse of ESAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Salamin
- Center for Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Center for Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Chen J, Liu F. Analysis of ABO chimera from peripheral red cells and reticulocytes by flow cytometry and micro gel column technique in patients post-ABO-incompatible HSCT. Clin Transplant 2017; 32. [PMID: 29226393 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Chen
- Institute of Hematology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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8
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Analytical progresses of the World Anti-Doping Agency Olympic laboratories: a 2016 update from London to Rio. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:2265-2279. [PMID: 27665839 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the biggest event in human sports, was held in Rio de Janeiro with more than 10,500 athletes from 206 countries over the world competing for the highest of sports honors, an Olympic medal. With the hope that the Olympic ideal accompanies all aspects of the XXXI Olympiad, WADA accredited antidoping laboratories use the spearhead of analytical technology as a powerful tool in the fight against doping. This review summarizes the main analytical developments applied in antidoping testing methodology combined with the main amendments on the WADA regulations regarding analytical testing starting from the 2012 London Olympics until the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.
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Salamin O, De Angelis S, Tissot JD, Saugy M, Leuenberger N. Autologous Blood Transfusion in Sports: Emerging Biomarkers. Transfus Med Rev 2016; 30:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Effect of 3-week high-intensity interval training on VO2max, total haemoglobin mass, plasma and blood volume in well-trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2349-56. [PMID: 26164709 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the haematological adaptations to high-intensity interval training (HIT), i.e. total haemoglobin mass (tHb-mass), blood volume (BV), and plasma volume (PV), and its effects on VO2max in well-trained athletes. METHODS Twenty-seven male and eight female well-trained (VO2max 63.7 ± 7.7 ml/min/kg) athletes were randomly assigned to the HIT (HITG, N = 19) or the control group (CG, N = 16). Over a 3-week period, the HITG performed 11 HIT sessions, consisting of four 4-min interval bouts at an exercise intensity of 90-95 % of the individual maximal heart rate (HRmax), separated by 4-min active recovery periods. Before and 5 ± 2 days after the intervention, tHb-mass, BV and PV were determined by the CO-rebreathing method. VO2max was assessed in a laboratory treadmill test. RESULTS tHb-mass (from 753 ± 124 to 760 ± 121 g), BV (from 5.6 ± 0.8 to 5.6 ± 0.9 l) and PV (from 3.2 ± 0.5 to 3.2 ± 0.5 l) remained unchanged after HIT and did not show an interaction (group × time). Within the HITG, VO2max improved from baseline by +3.5 % (p = 0.011), but remained unchanged in the CG. No interaction (group × time) was seen for VO2max. The HITG showed a significant reduction in HRmax compared to the baseline measurement (-2.3 %, p ≤ 0.001), but HRmax remained unchanged in the CG. There was a significant interaction (group × time) for HRmax (p = 0.006). Also, oxygen pulse significantly increased only in HITG from 22.9 ± 4.4 to 23.9 ± 4.2 ml/beat, with no interaction (p = 0.150). CONCLUSIONS Eleven HIT sessions added to usual training did neither improve VO2max nor haematological parameters compared to the CG.
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Pirro V, Girolami F, Spalenza V, Gardini G, Badino P, Nebbia C. Set-up of a multivariate approach based on serum biomarkers as an alternative strategy for the screening evaluation of the potential abuse of growth promoters in veal calves. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:702-11. [PMID: 25730172 PMCID: PMC4396443 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1011713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A chemometric class modelling strategy (unequal dispersed classes - UNEQ) was applied for the first time as a possible screening method to monitor the abuse of growth promoters in veal calves. Five serum biomarkers, known to reflect the exposure to classes of compounds illegally used as growth promoters, were determined from 50 untreated animals in order to design a model of controls, representing veal calves reared under good, safe and highly standardised breeding conditions. The class modelling was applied to 421 commercially bred veal calves to separate them into 'compliant' and 'non-compliant' with respect to the modelled controls. Part of the non-compliant animals underwent further histological and chemical examinations to confirm the presence of either alterations in target tissues or traces of illegal substances commonly administered for growth-promoting purposes. Overall, the congruence between the histological or chemical methods and the UNEQ non-compliant outcomes was approximately 58%, likely underestimated due to the blindness nature of this examination. Further research is needed to confirm the validity of the UNEQ model in terms of sensitivity in recognising untreated animals as compliant to the controls, and specificity in revealing deviations from ideal breeding conditions, for example due to the abuse of growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Veronica Spalenza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giulia Gardini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Paola Badino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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13
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Classic and alternative red blood cell storage strategies: seven years of "-omics" investigations. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2014; 13:21-31. [PMID: 25369599 DOI: 10.2450/2014.0053-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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