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Barros KA, Inaba M, Martins AO, Sulpice R. High-Throughput Extraction and Enzymatic Determination of Sugars and Fructans in Fructan-Accumulating Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2398:107-119. [PMID: 34674172 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1912-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fructans are carbohydrates present in more than 15% of flowering plants. They represent the major pool of carbohydrates in some species, especially when facing cold or drought. However, the functions of fructans with high or low degrees of polymerization (DP), their diurnal use, and the regulation of their synthesis and degradation in response to stresses still remain unclear. Here we present an enzymatic protocol adapted to 96-well microplates that simultaneously allows the determination of fructans and glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Moreover, the protocol allows to estimate the average DP of the fructans in the samples. The protocol is based on the enzymatic degradation of fructans into glucose and fructose and their subsequent conversion into gluconate 6-phosphate concomitant with the formation of NADH in the presence of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallyne A Barros
- NUI Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| | - Masami Inaba
- NUI Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| | - Auxiliadora Oliveira Martins
- NUI Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- NUI Galway, Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland.
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Zhu S, Liu P, Wu W, Li D, Shang EX, Guo S, Qian D, Yan H, Wang W, Duan JA. Multi-constituents variation in medicinal crops processing: Investigation of nine cycles of steam-sun drying as the processing method for the rhizome of Polygonatum cyrtonema. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114497. [PMID: 34871951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rhizome of Polygonatum cyrtonema (Polygonati Rhizoma) is widely consumed as medicine-homology-food in Asia for its tonic effect, which can be enhanced by traditional steam-sun drying for nine cycles. However, the multi-constituents variation in this process was unclear, and the necessity of nine cycles should be further discussed. In this study, the multiple constituents, including saccharides, amino acids, nucleosides and bases, lipids, saponins, homoisoflavones and cinnamamides, in P. cyrtonema treated with sun drying, heated air drying, each cycle of steam-heated air drying, infrared drying and microwave drying were compared. The results showed that the content of total saccharides increased in samples from one to four cycles of steam-heated air drying (365.0-945.6 mg/g) and decreased from four to nine (945.6-288.0 mg/g). The content of fructose increased in samples from one to six cycles (29.9-234.7 mg/g) and decreased from six to nine (234.7-177.7 mg/g). The abundance of most phospholipids and free fatty acids increased continuously from one to nine cycles while most of the amino acids, nucleosides and bases showed continuous declining trend. Principal component analysis showed that the samples treated with one to four cycles were wider in distance than four to nine, indicating the chemical composition tending to be stable after fourth steaming. If taking total saccharides, fructose, and phospholipids as the major quality indicator, four cycles of steam-heated air drying processing should be the ideal postharvest processing method to obtain better taste, flavor and functionality. Samples treated with heated-air drying and infrared drying were far in distance from steaming ones by hierarchical cluster analysis, which means these processing methods were not suitable to replace the traditional steam-sun drying process. Collectively, the above results will not only provide novel processing methods that will obtain the high active ingredients for P. cyrtonema, but also shed light on the optimization of processing technology for the industrial production of medicinal crops which need nine cycles of steam-sun drying processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of Functional Chemistry, Institute of Medicine and Chemical Engineering, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang 212028, China.
| | - Pei Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Dan Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Er-Xin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Verspreet J, Hansen AH, Harrison SJ, Vergauwen R, Van den Ende W, Courtin CM. Building a fructan LC–MS2 library and its application to reveal the fine structure of cereal grain fructans. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:343-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Nagy G, Peng T, Pohl NLB. Recent Liquid Chromatographic Approaches and Developments for the Separation and Purification of Carbohydrates. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 9:3579-3593. [PMID: 28824713 PMCID: PMC5558844 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay01094j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydate purification remains a bottleneck in securing analytical standards from natural sources or by chemical or enzymatic synthesis. This review highlights the scope and remaining limitations of recent approaches and methods development in liquid chromatography for robust and higher-throughput carbohydrate separation and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Tianyuan Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Levanase from Bacillus subtilis hydrolyses β-2,6 fructosyl bonds in bacterial levans and in grass fructans. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:514-21. [PMID: 26773563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A Levanase, LevB, from Bacillus subtilis 168, was expressed as a His6-tagged protein in Escherichia coli. The enzyme was purified and characterised for its activity and substrate specificity. LevB has a pH optimum of 6.0-6.5 and a maximum observed specific activity of 3 U mg(-1) using levan from Erwinia herbicola as substrate. Hydrolysis products were analysed by HPAEC, TLC, and NMR using chicory root inulin, mixed linkage fructans purified from ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and levan from E. herbicola as substrates. This revealed that LevB is an endolevanase that selectively cleaves the (β-2,6) fructosyl bonds and does not hydrolyse inulin. Ryegrass fructans and bacterial levan was hydrolysed partially releasing oligosaccharides, but together with exoinulinase, LevB hydrolysed both ryegrass fructans and bacterial levan to near completion. We suggest that LevB can be used as a tool to achieve more structural information on complex fructans and to achieve complete degradation and quantification of mixed linkage fructans.
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Iverson CD, Zhang Y, Lucy CA. Diazonium modification of porous graphitic carbon with catechol and amide groups for hydrophilic interaction and attenuated reversed phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:186-193. [PMID: 26506445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Porous graphitic carbon (PGC) is an increasingly popular and attractive phase for HPLC on account of its chemical and thermal stability, and its unique separation mechanism. However, native PGC is strongly hydrophobic and in some instances excessively retentive. As part of our effort to build a library of hydrophilic covalently modified PGC phases, we functionalized PGC with catechol and amide groups by means of aryl diazonium chemistry to produce two new phases. Successful grafting was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Under HILIC conditions, the Catechol-PGC showed up to 5-fold increased retention relative to unmodified PGC and selectivity that differed from four other HILIC phases. Under reversed phase conditions, the Amide-PGC reduced the retentivity of PGC by almost 90%. The chromatographic performance of Catechol-PGC and Amide-PGC is demonstrated by separations of nucleobases, nucleosides, phenols, alkaline pharmaceuticals, and performance enhancing stimulants. These compounds had retention factors (k) ranging from 0.5 to 13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Iverson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Charles A Lucy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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Verspreet J, Holmgaard Hansen A, Dornez E, Delcour JA, Van den Ende W, Harrison SJ, Courtin CM. LC-MS analysis reveals the presence of graminan- and neo-type fructans in wheat grains. J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Verspreet J, Holmgaard Hansen A, Dornez E, Delcour JA, Harrison SJ, Courtin CM. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of branched fructans produced in vitro with 13C-labeled substrates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2191-200. [PMID: 25178723 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fructans are carbohydrates predominantly based on fructose which are generally considered to be soluble dietary fibers with health-promoting properties. It is known that the nutritional properties of fructans are affected by their structure. This study focused on structural determination of branched fructans, as the most important dietary fructans are branched graminan-type fructans. METHODS Branched fructans were synthesized enzymatically by incubation of a heterologously expressed sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT) from Pachysandra terminalis with native or (13)C-labeled substrates. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used for the structural identification of branched fructans. The MS(2) fragmentation of these compounds is described for the first time. Analytes were charged by electrospray ionization in negative mode and a quadrupole mass analyzer was used for MS(2) analysis. RESULTS The MS(2) fragmentation patterns of branched and linear fructans were shown to differ and distinctive ion formation allowed differentiation between all branched fructan isomers formed. P. terminalis 6-SFT preferred extending the existing fructan branch rather than creating a new branch. CONCLUSIONS The MS(2) fragmentation patterns described in the current paper now allow rapid screening of large sample sets for the presence of branched, graminan-type fructans. Furthermore, the data enables the characterization of fructan-metabolizing enzymes by identification of the fructan structures produced by in vitro reactions as described here for P. terminalis 6-SFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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