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Miserli K, Boti V, Konstantinou I. Analysis of perfluorinated compounds in sewage sludge and hydrochar by UHPLC LTQ/Orbitrap MS and removal assessment during hydrothermal carbonization treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172650. [PMID: 38649038 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants have been recognized as important sinks for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) because of their ineffectiveness in removing them reflecting both water and sewage sludge discharge routes. Hydrothermal treatment represents an alternative technology for treating sludge to recover energy and other valuable products. In this study, 15 PFAS were determined in sludge and hydrochar substrates using sonication-solid phase extraction procedure and analyzed using LC-Orbitrap-High Resolution-MS/MS. The method was fully validated, exhibiting very good linearity, recoveries in the range of 48 to 126 %, low detection and quantification limits with expanded uncertainty and precision below 32 % and 21.9 %, respectively. The method was applied to sludge samples from the WWTP of Ioannina city (Greece), as well as to hydrothermally treated samples under various conditions. The most abundant PFAS were PFHxA (0.5-38.3 ng g-1) and PFOS (4.4-22.1 ng g-1). Finally, the hydrothermally treated sludge samples spiked with PFAS presented removal efficiencies for total PFAS of 86.9 %, 91.8 % and 95.7 % at three spiking levels namely 10, 50 and 200 ng g-1, respectively. Results indicated that PFCAs were almost completely removed, except for PFOA, while the concentrations of PFSAs increased in the produced hydrochar with the formation of several intermediates, as detected by HR-LC-MS/MS. The results of this study demonstrate the effect of hydrothermal treatment to the fate of PFAS in sewage sludge and contribute for further studies on design and scale up of hydrothermal carbonization technology as a management option for safer disposal of municipal wastewater sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Boti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research and Innovation Center, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Ioannis Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research and Innovation Center, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
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2
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Řimnáčová D, Bičáková O, Moško J, Straka P, Čimová N. The effect of carbonization temperature on textural properties of sewage sludge-derived biochars as potential adsorbents. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:120947. [PMID: 38718599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This article presents ways of recovering waste in the form of anaerobically digested and dried sewage sludge (average humidity approx. 6 wt%) by carbonization at various temperatures in the range of 400-900 °C. The resulting products, biochars, are investigated in terms of yield, surface properties and Raman spectra analysis. The sorption capacity of biochars differs depending on the carbonization temperature. The experimental amount of adsorbed CO2 slowly increases with the carbonization temperature from 0.212 mmol/g at 400 °C to the highest value of 0.415 mmol/g, which is achieved at 900 °C by slow carbonization at a rate of 10 °C/min. Additionally, there is a strong positive dependence of the adsorption capacity on the micropore volume. Higher carbonization temperatures support the powerful formation of micropores and improve their sorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Řimnáčová
- Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, 182 09 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Bičáková
- Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, 182 09 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Moško
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Department of Power Engineering, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Straka
- Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, 182 09 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Nikoleta Čimová
- Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, 182 09 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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3
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Sarvi M, Kainulainen A, Malk V, Kaseva J, Rasa K. Industrial pilot scale slow pyrolysis reduces the content of organic contaminants in sewage sludge. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:95-104. [PMID: 37651946 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis has been gaining global interest as a viable option for reducing organic contaminant levels in waste materials such as sewage sludge (SS) for their subsequent use as a soil amendment. However, publicly available knowledge on the capacity of pyrolysis to reduce the levels in SSs is mostly based on laboratory or bench scale studies. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of industrial pilot scale slow pyrolysis at two temperatures and retention times (450 °C, 1 h and 500 °C, 1.5 h) on a wide range of organic and inorganic contaminants in SSs. Pyrolysis at 500 °C decreased the concentrations of the detected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs, by 30-93 %), brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs; by 97-98 %) and most endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs, by 82-96 %) more efficiently than pyrolysis at 450 °C. Estrone and pharmaceuticals, with the exception of paracetamol, were removed to below quantification limits. Non-volatile inorganic contaminants concentrated to the chars (22-46 % increase). These results confirm that slow pyrolysis has the capacity to significantly reduce organic contaminant levels in SSs at an industrial scale, while content of inorganic contaminants depends mainly on the feedstock properties. Pyrolysis temperature of over 500 °C is advised to secure efficient removal of organic contaminants. However, it is anticipated that reactor design with good heat transfer and volatile removal could further improve the removal of organic contaminants from SSs. The results are especially valuable for sludge management operators planning to procure a pyrolysis plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Sarvi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Aino Kainulainen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Ilmalantori 1, FI-00240, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vuokko Malk
- South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences (Xamk), Patteristonkatu 2, FI-50100 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Janne Kaseva
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Kimmo Rasa
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
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Xu X, Du Z, Mou W, Deng R, Gu L. Role of humic substances and alkaline in phosphorus release from sludge pre-treated by (alkali-) hydrothermal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160099. [PMID: 36370781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of phosphorus (P) resources makes the recovery of P urgent. Sludge is a secondary resource rich in P, and the release of P from it is a key step for recovery. Hydrothermal (HT) is currently a popular method for sludge pretreatment, and its combination with alkaline (alkali-hydrothermal, AHT) could reduce the energy consumption in treatment. This study tried to compare their P release profiles in treating activated sludge in which organic P (OP) and non-apatite inorganic P (NAIP) were co-existence. Apart from the OP release in cell lysis, P release from NAIP brought by the joint effect of OH- and humic substances (HS) formed in treatment was focused. The results showed that, compared to HT treatment, more P was released when OH- participated (AHT), and the peak P release was observed at 160 °C. Variation of P distribution in the treated sludge revealed that more P was released from NAIP in AHT than in HT. HS formed in treatments was extracted and characterized. The amount and the structure of the HS varied significantly with the treatment conditions, and there was a linear correlation ship between PO43--P release and the humic acid (HA) amount in HS. Mechanism study indicated there was a synergism between HS and OH- in promoting PO43--P release from NAIP. This study linked HS produced by sludge with P release, which provided a new perspective for subsequent P recovery from sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xu
- Key laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environments, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, 174 Shapingba Road, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Zexuan Du
- Key laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environments, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, 174 Shapingba Road, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Wei Mou
- School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, PR China
| | - Rui Deng
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, PR China
| | - Li Gu
- Key laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environments, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, 174 Shapingba Road, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
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Miserli K, Kosma C, Konstantinou I. Determination of pharmaceuticals and metabolites in sludge and hydrochar after hydrothermal carbonization using sonication-QuEChERS extraction method and UHPLC LTQ/Orbitrap MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:1686-1703. [PMID: 35922598 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals (PhACs) are an important group of emerging contaminants that are released continuously in the environment from wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs). They can produce biological effects even though at very low concentrations. Conventional WWTPs are not able to remove or degrade completely emerging pollutants resulting in the presence of PhACs in sewage sludge after wastewater treatment. PhACs are found in sludge at low ppb-ppt levels, and their analysis and detection is a difficult task due to the complexity of sewage sludge matrices. Hydrothermal carbonization is currently being proposed as a suitable conversion technology for sewage sludge management to recover valuable products and to be used for soil amendment. In this work, a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based methodology with a dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS), operated in positive ionization mode, was adopted to investigate 33 multiclass pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge and in hydrochar produced after hydrothermal carbonization. The analytical method was first optimized studying various extraction parameters and finally validated in terms of linearity, recovery, intra and inter-day precisions, expanded uncertainty (%U)/Horrat ratio at three spiking levels, matrix-effects (ME), process efficiency (PE), and limits of detection and quantification. The developed methodology fulfilled all analytical requirements and was finally applied to sludge samples from the WWTP of Ioannina city where a group of antibiotics was detected at concentrations up to 15 ng g-1 and psychiatric drugs such as amisulpride, clozapine, and citalopram were detected at higher concentration levels up to 205, 87.4 and 63.2 ng g-1, respectively. The method was also applied to hydrothermally treated sludge sample under different reaction conditions. Most of the antibiotic compounds were not detected, and several psychiatric drugs such as mirtazapine, bupropion, valsartan, diazepam, and caffeine were found at concentrations below the LOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleopatra Miserli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Christina Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
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6
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Chen R, Sheng Q, Chen S, Dai X, Dong B. The three-stage effect of hydrothermal treatment on sludge physical-chemical properties: Evolution of polymeric substances and their interaction with physicochemical properties. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 211:118043. [PMID: 35026549 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is effective for the deep dewatering of sewage sludge (SS); however, the effective temperature generally exceeds 180 ℃, resulting in the production of refractory compounds in the sludge filtrates. To explore a new process based on HT, achieving ideal dehydration efficiency at lower temperatures, it is essential to identify the key sludge dewatering mechanism under different HT stages. In this study, the relationship between the properties of sludge polymeric substances (components and molecular structures) and the physical-chemical properties of sludge flocs during HT (120-260 ℃) was investigated. The results indicated that the SS surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity was mainly responsible for sludge dewaterability in the solubilization (120 ℃) and hydrolyzation stages (140-180 ℃), while the mechanically bound water and capillary force were the main limiting factors of sludge dewaterability during the carbonization stage (200-260 ℃). Moreover, in the solubilization stage (120 ℃), a plenty of high-Mw (Mw > 70 kDa) polymeric substances with numerous hydrophilic functional groups and a compact structure were released from the intracellular region to the outer layer, which improved the hydrophilicity of sludge floc surface and deteriorated the sludge dewaterability. With the hydrolysis of the polymeric substances (140-180 ℃, hydrolyzation stage), the destruction of proteins secondary structures and peptide chains exposed more hydrophobic groups, resulting in the release of bound water and improvement of sludge dewaterability. At HT temperatures of 200-260 ℃ (carbonization stage), dehydration and amine aldehyde condensation occurred, benefiting the formation of fixed carbon and smooth morphology structure of SS, reducing the capillary force-induced water-holding capacity of sludge flocs. The establishment of the three-stage influencing theory and the identification of key influencing factors are conducive to the further regulation and upgrading of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qian Sheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Sisi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; YANGTZE Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges, Corporation, Beijing 100038, PR China.
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7
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Xu M, Guo F, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Cao Y, Gui X, Xing Y. Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on surface physicochemical properties of lignite and its flotation response. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Riva F, Zuccato E, Pacciani C, Colombo A, Castiglioni S. A multi-residue analytical method for extraction and analysis of pharmaceuticals and other selected emerging contaminants in sewage sludge. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:526-535. [PMID: 33447838 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is a by-product of wastewater treatment processes, and may be employed in agriculture as a fertilizer or in forestry for land reclamation. It is an important source of nutrients but its reuse can arouse concern on account of the wide range of contaminants that are retained and may persist during treatments. Information on the emerging contaminants (ECs) in sewage sludge in Italy is limited. The present study developed and applied a reliable analytical method for the analysis of 44 ECs in sewage sludge. ECs were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction followed by a clean-up step on solid-phase cartridges. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used for analysis. The ECs, selected on the basis of their use and documented presence in the environment, were 42 pharmaceuticals belonging to 12 therapeutic categories and 2 perfluorinated substances. The method performance was good, with recoveries higher than 70%, good repeatability (<20%) and sensitivity in the low ng g-1 range, allowing measurement of the analytes selected. The method was applied for analysis of sludge from 12 wastewater treatment plants in Italy. The most abundant compounds were antibiotics, anti-inflammatories and antihypertensives and ranged up to 5 μg g-1 (ciprofloxacin). Seasonal differences were found for some antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs as well as some differences - in terms of concentration - with other European countries. This is the first Italian study to investigate the presence of a large number of ECs in sewage sludge and the results may be useful to drive future regulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Riva
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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9
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Oesterle P, Lindberg RH, Fick J, Jansson S. Extraction of active pharmaceutical ingredients from simulated spent activated carbonaceous adsorbents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:25572-25581. [PMID: 32356053 PMCID: PMC7329761 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) and activated biochar (ABC) are widely used as sorbents for micropollutant removal during water and wastewater treatment. Spent adsorbents can be treated in several ways, e.g., by incineration, disposal in landfills, or reactivation. Regeneration is an attractive and potentially more economically viable alternative to modern post-treatment practices. Current strategies for assessing the performance of regeneration techniques often involve only repeated adsorption and regeneration cycles, and rarely involve direct measurements of micropollutants remaining on the adsorbent after regeneration. However, the use of regenerated adsorbents containing such residual micropollutants could present an environmental risk. In this study, the extraction of eight active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) commonly found in treated effluents was evaluated using 10 solvents and sorption onto three different carbon materials. An optimized extraction method was developed involving ultrasonication in 1:1 methanol:dichloromethane with 5% formic acid. This method achieved recoveries of 60 to 99% per API for an API concentration of 2 μg/g char and 27 to 129% per API for an API concentration of 1 mg/g char. Experiments using a mixture of 82 common APIs revealed that the optimized protocol achieved extraction recoveries above 70% for 29 of these APIs. These results show that the new extraction method could be a useful tool for assessing the regenerative properties of different carbon sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Oesterle
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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10
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Analytical methodologies for the determination of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewage sludge: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1083:19-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Meng X, Huang Q, Xu J, Gao H, Yan J. A review of phosphorus recovery from different thermal treatment products of sewage sludge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42768-019-00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Melo TM, Bottlinger M, Schulz E, Leandro WM, Botelho de Oliveira S, Menezes de Aguiar Filho A, El-Naggar A, Bolan N, Wang H, Ok YS, Rinklebe J. Management of biosolids-derived hydrochar (Sewchar): Effect on plant germination, and farmers' acceptance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 237:200-214. [PMID: 30798039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization is a promising approach of biosolids management and its utilization as a soil amendment. This study evaluated the physical and chemical properties of hydrothermally converted biosolids (Sewchar) and its effect as a potential soil amendment on the growth of rice, beans, and radish. The germination experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a randomized design using five Sewchar doses (0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 Mg ha-1). The results showed that hydrothermal carbonization influences the physicochemical properties of the biosolids, such as promoting pore structure and trace elements below the threshold values for use in agriculture. The spectroscopic techniques demonstrated higher presence of oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., CO/OH) on surfaces of Sewchar than that of biosolids. The Sewchar doses of 10 Mg ha-1 and 60 Mg ha-1 yielded the highest dry biomass for beans and rice respectively. Increasing Sewchar doses negatively correlated with radish dry biomass, as indicated by linear regression equation fitting (p < 0.05). Thus, biomass responses to Sewchar application into the soil varied with Sewchar dose and type of plant. For a proper environmental management, a survey was conducted to assess farmers' perception and acceptance of Sewchar as a soil amendment. The survey revealed that younger farmers who had higher education qualifications were more prone to use Sewchar as soil amendment. Additionally, farmers who would not use Sewchar as soil amendment attributed the highest level of importance to economic criteria, such as fertilizer and freight prices. In the future, studies on a longer term under field conditions should be performed to elucidate the interactions between Sewchar and soil properties on plant growth and to ensure the safe use of Sewchar as a soil amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Medeiros Melo
- University of Wuppertal, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskichstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Michael Bottlinger
- Trier University of Applied Sciences, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Department of Hydrothermal Carbonization, 55761 Birkenfeld, Germany.
| | - Elke Schulz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Soil Ecology, D-06120, Halle, Germany.
| | - Wilson Mozena Leandro
- Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Department of Agronomy, 74690-900, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Ali El-Naggar
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt.
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, Level 1, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskichstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Sejong University, Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Huang R, Zhang B, Saad EM, Ingall ED, Tang Y. Speciation evolution of zinc and copper during pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization treatments of sewage sludges. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 132:260-269. [PMID: 29331913 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermal and hydrothermal treatments are promising techniques for sewage sludge management that can potentially facilitate safe waste disposal, energy recovery, and nutrient recovery/recycling. Content and speciation of heavy metals in the treatment products affect the potential environmental risks upon sludge disposal and/or application of the treatment products. Therefore, it is important to study the speciation transformation of heavy metals and the effects of treatment conditions. By combining synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy/microscopy analysis and sequential chemical extraction, this study systematically characterized the speciation of Zn and Cu in municipal sewage sludges and their chars derived from pyrolysis (a representative thermal treatment technique) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC; a representative hydrothermal treatment technique). Spectroscopy analysis revealed enhanced sulfidation of Zn and Cu by anaerobic digestion and HTC treatments, as compared to desulfidation by pyrolysis. Overall, changes in the chemical speciation and matrix properties led to reduced mobility of Zn and Cu in the treatment products. These results provide insights into the reaction mechanisms during pyrolysis and HTC treatments of sludges and can help evaluate the environmental/health risks associated with the metals in the treatment products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixiang Huang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30324-0340, USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30324-0340, USA
| | - Emily M Saad
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30324-0340, USA
| | - Ellery D Ingall
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30324-0340, USA
| | - Yuanzhi Tang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30324-0340, USA.
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14
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Huang R, Fang C, Zhang B, Tang Y. Transformations of Phosphorus Speciation during (Hydro)thermal Treatments of Animal Manures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3016-3026. [PMID: 29431994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) in animal manures is an important P pool for P recycling and reclamation. In recent years, thermochemical techniques have gained much interests for effective waste treatment and P recycling. This study comparatively characterized the transformation of P during two representative thermochemical treatments (pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization, HTC) of four animal manures (swine, chicken, beef, and dairy manures) by combining nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and sequential extraction. For both pyrolysis and HTC treatments, degradation of organic phosphate and crystallization of Ca phosphate minerals were observed and were highly dependent on treatment temperature. Extensive crystallization of Ca phosphate minerals occurred at temperatures above 450 °C during pyrolysis, compared to the lower temperature (175 and 225 °C) requirements during HTC. As a result, P was immobilized in the hydrochars and high temperature pyrochars, and was extracted primarily by HCl. Because Ca is the dominating P-complexing cation in all four manures, all manures showed similar P speciation and transformation behaviors during the treatments. Results from this work provided deeper insights into the thermochemical processes occurred during the pyrolysis and HTC treatments of biological wastes, as well as guidance for P reclamation and recycling from these wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixiang Huang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30324-0340 , United States
| | - Ci Fang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30324-0340 , United States
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Bei Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30324-0340 , United States
| | - Yuanzhi Tang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30324-0340 , United States
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Ciofi L, Renai L, Rossini D, Ancillotti C, Falai A, Fibbi D, Bruzzoniti MC, Santana-Rodriguez JJ, Orlandini S, Del Bubba M. Applicability of the direct injection liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric analytical approach to the sub-ng L−1 determination of perfluoro-alkyl acids in waste, surface, ground and drinking water samples. Talanta 2018; 176:412-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Ezzariai A, Barret M, Merlina G, Pinelli E, Hafidi M. Evaluation of the antibiotics effects on the physical and chemical parameters during the co-composting of sewage sludge with palm wastes in a bioreactor. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 68:388-397. [PMID: 28655462 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate thermal and physicochemical parameters of sewage sludge-palm waste mixtures contaminated by different families of antibiotics (tetracyclines, macrolides and fluoroquinolones) during co-composting. Sludge was spiked with chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), roxithromycin (RXY), enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Antibiotics were spiked at a low level, medium level, high level and a control without antibiotics was conducted. The results showed that the organic matter degradation was delayed and the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio was affected by an increase of the antibiotics concentration. The presence of antibiotics, especially at high level, delayed the coming of the temperature maxima, and disturbed the thermophilic phase. The calorific model showed that the heat release is affected during the thermophilic phase when high antibiotics concentrations were used. In addition, the microbiological approach showed that the adsorption of antibiotics on the rachis could be probably responsible of the fungi inhibition especially during the maturation phase. Therefore, the medium and high levels of antibiotics affected the thermal, physical and chemical parameters as well as the compost quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Ezzariai
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Environnement (Unité associée au CNRST, URAC 32), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP 2390 Marrakech, Morocco; Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, EcoLab, ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle et environnement), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Maialen Barret
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, EcoLab, ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle et environnement), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Georges Merlina
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, EcoLab, ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle et environnement), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eric Pinelli
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, EcoLab, ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle et environnement), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mohamed Hafidi
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Environnement (Unité associée au CNRST, URAC 32), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP 2390 Marrakech, Morocco.
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Huang R, Fang C, Lu X, Jiang R, Tang Y. Transformation of Phosphorus during (Hydro)thermal Treatments of Solid Biowastes: Reaction Mechanisms and Implications for P Reclamation and Recycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10284-10298. [PMID: 28876917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for all organisms, thus playing unique and critical roles at the food-energy-water nexus. Most P utilized by human activities eventually converges into various solid biowastes, such as crop biomass, animal manures, and sewage sludges. Therefore, integration of efficient P recovery practices into solid biowaste management will not only significantly reduce the dependence on limited geological P resources but also reduce P runoff and related water contamination issues associated with traditional waste management strategies. This study reviews the applications of (hydro)thermal techniques for the treatment of solid biowastes, which can greatly facilitate P recovery in addition to waste volume reduction, decontamination, and energy recovery. Research showed that P speciation (including molecular moiety, complexation state, and mineralogy) can experience significant changes during (hydro)thermal treatments, and are impacted by treatment techniques and conditions. Changes in P speciation and overall properties of the products can alter the mobility and bioavailability of P, and subsequent P reclamation and recycling efficiency of the treatment products. This review summarizes recent progresses in this direction, identifies the challenges and knowledge gaps, and provides a foundation for future research efforts targeting at sustainable management of nutrient-rich biowastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixiang Huang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0340, United States
| | - Ci Fang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0340, United States
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaowei Lu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Rongfeng Jiang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanzhi Tang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0340, United States
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Wang L, Li A, Chang Y. Relationship between enhanced dewaterability and structural properties of hydrothermal sludge after hydrothermal treatment of excess sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 112:72-82. [PMID: 28131971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal treatment is an effective method to enhance the deep dewaterability of excess sludge with low energy consumption. In this study, an insight into the relationship between enhanced dewaterability and structural properties of the produced hydrothermal sludge was presented, aiming at better understanding the effect of hydrothermal process on excess sludge dewatering performance. The results indicated that hydrothermal effect induced the transformation of surface water to interstitial and free water by lowering the binding strength between adjacent water and solid particles and that free water became the main form for moisture existence in hydrothermal sludge as temperature was higher than 180 °C. Increase in temperature of hydrothermal treatment generated a significant size reduction of sludge flocs but treated sludge with a higher rigidity, which not only strengthened the network of hydrothermal sludge but also destroyed the binding of EPS with water. Hydrothermal process caused crevice and pore structures of excess sludge to disappear gradually, which was a main driving force of water removal as temperature was below 150 °C. With the temperature of hydrothermal treatment exceeding 180 °C, the morphology of hydrothermal sludge became rough which linked closely to the solid precipitation of condensation polymerization, and further became smooth at higher temperature (210 °C) due to the coal-like structures with higher aromaticities, indicating that hydrothermal reaction pathways began to play a main role in enhanced dewaterability. Hydrothermal treatment led to more alkyl and aromatic carbon, but lower O-alkyl, carboxyl and carbonyl carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- College of Environment & Resources, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Aimin Li
- School of Environmental Science & Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuzhi Chang
- Environmental Monitoring Center, Jining Environmental Protection Bureau, Ulanqab 012000, Inner Mongolia, China
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Loos G, Van Schepdael A, Cabooter D. Quantitative mass spectrometry methods for pharmaceutical analysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150366. [PMID: 27644982 PMCID: PMC5031633 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative pharmaceutical analysis is nowadays frequently executed using mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization coupled to a (hybrid) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer is generally used in combination with solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography. Furthermore, isotopically labelled standards are often used to correct for ion suppression. The challenges in producing sensitive but reliable quantitative data depend on the instrumentation, sample preparation and hyphenated techniques. In this contribution, different approaches to enhance the ionization efficiencies using modified source geometries and improved ion guidance are provided. Furthermore, possibilities to minimize, assess and correct for matrix interferences caused by co-eluting substances are described. With the focus on pharmaceuticals in the environment and bioanalysis, different separation techniques, trends in liquid chromatography and sample preparation methods to minimize matrix effects and increase sensitivity are discussed. Although highly sensitive methods are generally aimed for to provide automated multi-residue analysis, (less sensitive) miniaturized set-ups have a great potential due to their ability for in-field usage.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Loos
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Micro-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for the analysis of antineoplastic drugs from wipe samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8221-8229. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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vom Eyser C, Schmidt TC, Tuerk J. Fate and behaviour of diclofenac during hydrothermal carbonization. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:280-286. [PMID: 27018520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has become an esteemed method to convert sewage sludge into biochar. Besides dewatering and disinfection the process is suggested to reduce the micropollutant load, which would be beneficial for the use of biochar as fertilizer. This study was designed to examine reduction of micropollutants and formation of transformation products during HTC using the example of diclofenac. We investigated compounds' removal at HTC conditions in inert experiments and in real samples. Results showed that HTC temperature (>190 °C) and pressure (∼15 bar) have the potential to fully degrade diclofenac in inert experiments and spiked sewage sludge (>99%) within 1 h. However, interfering effects hinder full removal in native samples resulting in 44% remaining diclofenac. Additionally, a combination of suspected-target and non-target analysis using LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS resulted in the determination of six transformation products. These products have been reported in biochar from HTC for the first time, although other studies described them for other processes like advanced oxidation. Based on the detected transformation products, we proposed a degradation mechanism reflecting HTC reactions such as dehydroxylation and decarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C vom Eyser
- Institut für Energie-und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - T C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - J Tuerk
- Institut für Energie-und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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Huang R, Tang Y. Speciation Dynamics of Phosphorus during (Hydro)Thermal Treatments of Sewage Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14466-74. [PMID: 26633236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
(Hydro)thermal treatments of sewage sludge from wastewater treatment process can significantly reduce waste volume and transform sludge into valuable products such as pyrochar and hydrochar. Given the global concern with phosphorus (P) resource depletion, P recycling/reclamation from or direct soil application of the derived chars can be potential P recycling practices. In order to evaluate P recyclability as well as the selection and optimization of treatment techniques, it is critical to understand the effects of different treatment techniques and conditions on P speciation and distribution. In the present study, we systematically characterized P speciation in chars derived from thermal (i.e., pyrolysis) and hydrothermal treatments of municipal sewage sludge using complementary chemical extraction and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy methods. P species in the raw activated sludge was dominated by orthophosphate and long-chain polyphosphates, whereas increased amounts of pyrophosphate and short-chain polyphosphates formed after pyrolysis at 250-600 °C. In contrast, hydrothermal treatments resulted in the production of only inorganic orthophosphate in the hydrochar. In addition to the change of molecular speciation, thermal treatments also altered the physical state and extractability of different P species in the pyrochars from pyrolysis, with both total P and polyphosphate being less extractable with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Results from this study suggest that P speciation and availability in sludge-derived chars are tunable by varying treatment techniques and conditions, and provide fundamental knowledge basis for the design and selection of waste management strategies for better nutrient (re)cycling and reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixiang Huang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30324-0340, United States
| | - Yuanzhi Tang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30324-0340, United States
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vom Eyser C, Palmu K, Schmidt TC, Tuerk J. Pharmaceutical load in sewage sludge and biochar produced by hydrothermal carbonization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 537:180-6. [PMID: 26282751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the removal of twelve pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), which has emerged as a technology for improving the quality of organic waste materials producing a valuable biochar material. In this study, the HTC converted sewage sludge samples to a biochar product within 4h at a temperature of 210 °C and a resulting pressure of about 15 bar. Initial pharmaceutical load of the sewage sludge was investigated as well as the residual concentrations in biochar produced from spiked and eight native sewage sludge samples from three waste water treatment plants. Additionally, the solid contents of source material and product were compared, which showed a considerable increase of the solid content after filtration by HTC. All pharmaceuticals except sulfamethoxazole, which remained below the limit of quantification, frequently occurred in the investigated sewage sludges in the μg/kg dry matter (DM) range. Diclofenac, carbamazepine, metoprolol and propranolol were detected in all sludge samples with a maximum concentration of 800 μg/kgDM for metoprolol. HTC was investigated regarding its contaminant removal efficiency using spiked sewage sludge. Pharmaceutical concentrations were reduced for seven compounds by 39% (metoprolol) to≥97% (carbamazepine). In native biochar samples the four compounds phenazone, carbamazepine, metoprolol and propranolol were detected, which confirmed that the HTC process can reduce the load of micropollutants. In contrast to the other investigated compounds phenazone concentration increased, which was further addressed in thermal behaviour studies including three structurally similar potential precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C vom Eyser
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - K Palmu
- Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Str. 42, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - T C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - J Tuerk
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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