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Rohilla K, Pandey MK. Computational Approach to Elucidating Insulin-Protamine Binding Interactions and Dynamics in Insulin NPH Formulations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4857-4869. [PMID: 38313521 PMCID: PMC10831847 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Insulin NPH is an intermediate-acting insulin. Its protracted action profile is due to the formation of microcrystalline suspensions when insulin is complexed with a basic peptide protamine, zinc ion, and phenolic ligands. Despite advancements in analytical techniques, the binding epitope and binding mode of the protamine in the insulin-protamine complex are still unknown. In this study, we used bioinformatics tools such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to compute the binding sites and energetics of the insulin-protamine complex. We have taken four naturally occurring protamine peptides that are independently docked with the insulin R6 hexamer and subjected them to 200 ns MD simulations to observe the dynamics of the complexes and estimate the binding energies. The arginine-rich protamine peptides were found to bind on the surface of the insulin hexamer through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions well supported by the calculated negative binding energies. The overall structure of the insulin hexamer was retained upon binding, highlighting its dynamic stability in the complex. Furthermore, the residues at the termini of the protamine peptides in the complex were seen to be highly dynamic, which stabilize toward the end of the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan
Kumar Rohilla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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Liu S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Su Y, Chen B, Wang Y, Xu M, Qiao K, Li S, Liu Z. Isolation and Purification of Protamine from the Cultured Takifugu flavidus and Its Physicochemical Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:263. [PMID: 38202846 PMCID: PMC10780564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Protamine is a cationic peptide derived from fish sperm and has several important functional properties: antibacterial properties, acting as a carrier for injectable insulin and as a heparin antagonist, combatting fatigue, etc. Thus, it has been widely used in medicinal applications and food products. Cultured Takifugu flavidus is a type of pufferfish with a delicious taste that is popular in China, and its production is increasing significantly. Therefore, protamine was extracted via acid extraction from the sperm of Takifugu flavidus and further isolated and purified via sephadex gel chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and desalination chromatography. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of protamine were investigated. The results showed that the sperm of the cultured T. flavidus were non-toxic, and the extracted and purified protamine had high contents of arginine (36.90%) and lysine (27.02%), respectively. The secondary structure of protamine was mainly β-folded and irregularly curled. Additionally, protamine exhibited high thermal stability with a denaturation temperature of 176 °C. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the structural analysis, bioactivity, and resource development of pufferfish protamine and help to promote the development of the pufferfish industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (K.Q.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yihui Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yongchang Su
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (K.Q.)
| | - Bei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (K.Q.)
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (K.Q.)
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (K.Q.)
| | - Kun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (K.Q.)
| | - Shuigen Li
- Fujian Fisheries Technical Extension Station, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, National Research and Development Center for Marine Fish Processing (Xiamen), Xiamen 361013, China; (S.L.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.W.); (M.X.); (K.Q.)
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Wang K, Dai W, Qian K, Scott B, Chen K. A Precise qNMR Method for the Rapid Quantification of Lot-to-Lot Variations in Multiple Quality Attributes of Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium. AAPS J 2023; 25:50. [PMID: 37147461 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) is an orphan drug with anticoagulant activity. PPS is prepared from the chemical processing of xylan extracted from beechwood tree to yield a mixture of 4-6 kDa polysaccharides. The chain is mainly composed of sulfated xylose (Xyl) with branched 4-O-methyl-glucuronate (MGA). During generic drug development, the quality attributes (QAs) including monosaccharide composition, modification, and length need to be comparable to those found in the reference list drug (RLD). However, the range of QA variation of the RLD PPS has not been well characterized. Here, multiple PPS RLD lots were studied using quantitative NMR (qNMR) and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) to quantitate the components in the mixture and to probe both inter- and intra-lot precision variability. The DOSY precision assessed using coefficient of variation (CV) was 6%, comparable to PPS inter-lot CV of 5%. The QAs obtained from 1D qNMR were highly precise with a precision CV < 1%. The inter-lot MGA content was 4.8 ± 0.1%, indicating a very consistent botanical raw material source. Other process-related chemical modification including aldehyde at 0.51 ± 0.04%, acetylation at 3.3 ± 0.2% and pyridine at 2.08 ± 0.06%, varied more than MGA content. The study demonstrated that 1D qNMR is a quick and precise method to reveal ranges of variation in multiple attributes of RLD PPS which can be used to assess equivalency with generic formulations. Interestingly, the synthetic process appeared to introduce more variations to the PPS product than the botanical source of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, 20993, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Weixiang Dai
- Division of Lifecycle API, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Keduo Qian
- Division of Lifecycle API, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Barbara Scott
- Division of Lifecycle API, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, 20993, Silver Spring, USA.
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Rudd TR, Mauri L, Marinozzi M, Stancanelli E, Yates EA, Naggi A, Guerrini M. Multivariate analysis applied to complex biological medicines. Faraday Discuss 2019; 218:303-316. [PMID: 31123736 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biological medicine (or biologicals) is a term for a medicinal compound that is derived from a living organism. By their very nature, they are complex and often heterogeneous in structure, composition and biological activity. Some of the oldest pharmaceutical products are biologicals, for example insulin and heparin. The former is now produced recombinantly, with technology being at a point where this can be considered a defined chemical entity. This is not the case for the latter, however. Heparin is a heterogeneous polysaccharide that is extracted from the intestinal mucosa of animals, primarily porcine, although there is also a significant market for non-porcine heparin due to social and economical reasons. In 2008 heparin was adulterated with another sulfated polysaccharide. Unfortunately this event was disastrous and resulted in a global public health emergency. This was the impetuous to apply modern analytical techniques, principally NMR spectroscopy, and multivariate analyses to monitor heparin. Initially, traditional unsupervised multivariate analysis (principal component analysis (PCA)) was applied to the problem. This was able to distinguish animal heparins from each other, and could also separate adulterated heparin from what was considered bona fide heparin. Taught multivariate analysis functions by training the analysis to look for specific patterns within the dataset of interest. If this approach was to be applied to heparin, or any other biological medicine, it would have to be taught to find every possible alien signal. The opposite approach would be more efficient; defining the complex heterogeneous material by a library of bona fide spectra and then filtering test samples with these spectra to reveal alien features that are not consistent with the reference library. This is the basis of an approach termed spectral filtering, which has been applied to 1D and 2D-NMR spectra, and has been very successful in extracting the spectral features of adulterants in heparin, as well as being able to differentiate supposedly biosimilar products. In essence, the filtered spectrum is determined by subtracting the covariance matrix of the library spectra from the covariance matrix of the library spectra plus the test spectrum. These approaches are universal and could be applied to biological medicines such as vaccine polysaccharides and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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Glauser BF, Santos GRC, Silva JD, Tovar AMF, Pereira MS, Vilanova E, Mourão PAS. Chemical and pharmacological aspects of neutralization of heparins from different animal sources by protamine. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1789-1799. [PMID: 29968421 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Bovine (HBI) and porcine (HPI) heparins differ in structure and anticoagulant activity. Protamine-neutralization was evaluated on a variety of physical-chemical methods. HBI requires more protamine than HPI to fully neutralize its anticoagulant activity. Protamine preferentially removes higher-sulfated chains of HBI while HPI is evenly precipitated. SUMMARY Background Protamine neutralization is an essential step for the safe use and inactivation of the unfractionated heparin (UFH) that is widely employed in surgical and non-surgical procedures involving extracorporeal circulation. Objective To compare protamine neutralization of different pharmaceutical-grade UFHs prepared from porcine or bovine intestine (HPI and HBI, respectively). HBI has approximately half the anticoagulant potency of HPI, mostly as consequence of its fraction enriched with N-sulfated α-glucosamine disaccharides. Methods Protamine neutralization of HPI and HBI was evaluated with in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo assays. We also performed in-depth assessments of the complexation of protamine with these distinct UFHs by using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Results HPI and HBI interact similarly with protamine on a mass/mass basis; however, HBI requires more protamine than HPI to have its anticoagulant activity fully neutralized, because of its lower potency, which entails the use of higher doses. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra revealed that HPI precipitates homogeneously with protamine. On the other hand, the low-sulfated fraction of HBI, enriched with N-sulfated α-glucosamine, precipitates at higher concentrations of protamine than the fraction more like HPI, with a preponderance of N,6-disulfated α-glucosamine disaccharides. Finally, mass spectroscopy spectra showed that some of the different peptide components of protamine interact preferentially with the heparins, irrespective of their animal origin. Conclusion Our results have important medical implications, indicating that protamine neutralization of HBI, determined exclusively by point-of-care coagulation assessments, must fail because of its lower-sulfated fraction with reduced anticoagulant activity that could remain in the circulation after the neutralization procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Glauser
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G R C Santos
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Laboratório Brasileiro de Controle de Dopagem, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J D Silva
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A M F Tovar
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M S Pereira
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Vilanova
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P A S Mourão
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rathore D, Faustino A, Schiel J, Pang E, Boyne M, Rogstad S. The role of mass spectrometry in the characterization of biologic protein products. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:431-449. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1469982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Rathore
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anneliese Faustino
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - John Schiel
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Eric Pang
- Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael Boyne
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- COUR Pharmaceuticals Development Company, Northbrook, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Rogstad
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Fisher AC, Lee SL, Harris DP, Buhse L, Kozlowski S, Yu L, Kopcha M, Woodcock J. Advancing pharmaceutical quality: An overview of science and research in the U.S. FDA's Office of Pharmaceutical Quality. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:390-402. [PMID: 27773853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Failures surrounding pharmaceutical quality, particularly with respect to product manufacturing issues and facility remediation, account for the majority of drug shortages and product recalls in the United States. Major scientific advancements pressure established regulatory paradigms, especially in the areas of biosimilars, precision medicine, combination products, emerging manufacturing technologies, and the use of real-world data. Pharmaceutical manufacturing is increasingly globalized, prompting the need for more efficient surveillance systems for monitoring product quality. Furthermore, increasing scrutiny and accelerated approval pathways provide a driving force to be even more efficient with limited regulatory resources. To address these regulatory challenges, the Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ) in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) harbors a rigorous science and research program in core areas that support drug quality review, inspection, surveillance, standards, and policy development. Science and research is the foundation of risk-based quality assessment of new drugs, generic drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and biotechnology products including biosimilars. This is an overview of the science and research activities in OPQ that support the mission of ensuring that safe, effective, and high-quality drugs are available to the American public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Fisher
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Sau L Lee
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
| | - Daniel P Harris
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Lucinda Buhse
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Steven Kozlowski
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Lawrence Yu
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Michael Kopcha
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Janet Woodcock
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
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Simple NMR methods for evaluating higher order structures of monoclonal antibody therapeutics with quinary structure. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:398-407. [PMID: 27344629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs constitute the largest class of protein therapeutics currently on the market. Correctly folded protein higher order structure (HOS), including quinary structure, is crucial for mAb drug quality. The quinary structure is defined as the association of quaternary structures (e.g., oligomerized mAb). Here, several commonly available analytical methods, i.e., size-exclusion-chromatography (SEC) FPLC, multi-angle light scattering (MALS), circular dichroism (CD), NMR and multivariate analysis, were combined and modified to yield a complete profile of HOS and comparable metrics. Rituximab and infliximab were chosen for method evaluation because both IgG1 molecules are known to be homologous in sequence, superimposable in Fab crystal structure and identical in Fc structure. However, herein the two are identified to be significantly different in quinary structure in addition to minor secondary structure differences. All data collectively showed rituximab was mostly monomeric while infliximab was in mono-oligomer equilibrium driven by its Fab fragment. The quinary structure differences were qualitatively inferred from the less used but more reproducible dilution-injection-SEC-FPLC curve method. Quantitative principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on NMR spectra of either the intact or the in-situ enzymatic-digested mAb samples. The cleavage reactions happened directly in NMR tubes without further separation, which greatly enhanced NMR spectra quality and resulted in larger inter- and intra-lot variations based on PCA. The new in-situ enzymatic digestion method holds potential in identifying structural differences on larger therapeutic molecules using NMR.
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Rogstad S, Pang E, Sommers C, Hu M, Jiang X, Keire DA, Boyne MT. Modern analytics for synthetically derived complex drug substances: NMR, AFFF–MALS, and MS tests for glatiramer acetate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8647-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bio-layer interferometry of a multivalent sulfated virus nanoparticle with heparin-like anticoagulant activity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5843-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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