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Wei X, Pan Y, Zhang Z, Cui J, Yin R, Li H, Qin J, Li AJ, Qiu R. Biomonitoring of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid: Current insights and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132814. [PMID: 37890382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides globally, raising concerns about its potential impact on human health. Biomonitoring studies play a crucial role in assessing human exposure to glyphosate and providing valuable insights into its distribution and metabolism in the body. This review aims to summarize the current trends and future perspectives in biomonitoring of glyphosate and its major degradation product of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). A comprehensive literature search was conducted, focusing on studies published between January 2000 and December 2022. The findings demonstrated that glyphosate and AMPA have been reported in different human specimens with urine as the dominance. Sample pretreatment techniques of solid-phase and liquid-liquid extractions coupled with liquid/gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry have achieved matrix elimination and accurate analysis. We also examined and compared the exposure characteristics of these compounds among different regions and various populations, with significantly higher levels of glyphosate and AMPA observed in Asian populations and among occupational groups. The median urinary concentration of glyphosate in children was 0.54 ng/mL, which was relatively higher than those in women (0.28 ng/mL) and adults (0.12 ng/mL). It is worth noting that children may exhibit increased susceptibility to glyphosate exposure or have different exposure patterns compared to women and adults. A number of important perspectives were proposed in order to further facilitate the understanding of health effects of glyphosate and AMPA, which include, but are not limited to, method standardization, combined exposure assessment, attention for vulnerable populations, long-term exposure effects and risk communication and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanan Pan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingyi Cui
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Renli Yin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huashou Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junhao Qin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Adela Jing Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Wang X, Yang M, Xiao H, Liu D, Pan L, Zhang L, Yang Y, Lu Q, Liu Y, Yang X, Yang B. Determination of nicotine in newborn meconium by high-Resolution ambient mass spectrometry using wooden-Tip spray. Front Chem 2023; 11:1122137. [PMID: 36742034 PMCID: PMC9892440 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to nicotine that are mainly produced from tobacco smoke has been reported to affect infants. Therefore, nicotine exposure is one of important health concerns for newborn screening. Detecting nicotine and its metabolites such as cotinine in meconium were widely used to evaluate the tobacco exposure of pregnancy. In this study, disposable wooden tips were applied for touch sampling of meconium from newborn infants, and then were directly mounted on mass spectrometer (MS) to perform rapid screening of nicotine and cotinine. Choice of extraction/spray solvents was optimized. The limits of detection, reproducibility, linear response for direct analysis of meconium were also investigated. It is found the limits of detection (S/N = 3) to be as low as 0.36 ng/mg and 1.18 ng/mg for nicotine and cotinine, respectively, while the limits of quantitation (S/N = 10) to be 1.19 ng/mg and 3.94 ng/mg for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were found to be at 8.4%-19.8% (n = 6) for nicotine and cotinine, a good linear range from 5-500 ng/mL (R 2 > 0.99). These analytical performances are well-accepted levels for ambient mass spectrometer analysis. In this study, evaluation of nicotine and cotinine in 22 puerpera volunteers were conducted by the established wooden-tip spray mass spectrometry (WTS-MS). These results showed that wooden-tip spray mass spectrometry would be useful for newborn screening of nicotine and cotinine in meconium with high reproducibility, speed, sensitivity, and specificity. Owing to the use of disposable wooden tips that involves no sample preparation and no chromatographic separation, our results show that wooden-tip spray mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for determination of nicotine in newborn meconium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Danping Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Liuyang Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Bicheng Yang, ; Xiao Yang, ; Yanqiu Liu,
| | - Xiao Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Bicheng Yang, ; Xiao Yang, ; Yanqiu Liu,
| | - Bicheng Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Bicheng Yang, ; Xiao Yang, ; Yanqiu Liu,
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Bekhti N, Castelli F, Paris A, Guillon B, Junot C, Moiron C, Fenaille F, Adel-Patient K. The Human Meconium Metabolome and Its Evolution during the First Days of Life. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050414. [PMID: 35629918 PMCID: PMC9147484 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Meconium represents the first newborn stools, formed from the second month of gestation and excreted in the first days after birth. As an accumulative and inert matrix, it accumulates most of the molecules transferred through the placenta from the mother to the fetus during the last 6 months of pregnancy, and those resulting from the metabolic activities of the fetus. To date, only few studies dealing with meconium metabolomics have been published. In this study, we aimed to provide a comprehensive view of the meconium metabolic composition using 33 samples collected longitudinally from 11 healthy newborns and to analyze its evolution during the first 3 days of life. First, a robust and efficient methodology for metabolite extraction was implemented. Data acquisition was performed using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), using two complementary LC-HRMS conditions. Data preprocessing and treatment were performed using the Workflow4Metabolomics platform and the metabolite annotation was performed using our in-house database by matching accurate masses, retention times, and MS/MS spectra to those of pure standards. We successfully identified up to 229 metabolites at a high confidence level in human meconium, belonging to diverse chemical classes and from different origins. A progressive evolution of the metabolic profile was statistically evidenced, with sugars, amino acids, and some bacteria-derived metabolites being among the most impacted identified compounds. Our implemented analytical workflow allows a unique and comprehensive description of the meconium metabolome, which is related to factors, such as maternal diet and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihel Bekhti
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.B.); (F.C.); (B.G.); (C.J.)
| | - Florence Castelli
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.B.); (F.C.); (B.G.); (C.J.)
| | - Alain Paris
- UMR7245 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Blanche Guillon
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.B.); (F.C.); (B.G.); (C.J.)
| | - Christophe Junot
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.B.); (F.C.); (B.G.); (C.J.)
| | | | - François Fenaille
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.B.); (F.C.); (B.G.); (C.J.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (K.A.-P.)
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.B.); (F.C.); (B.G.); (C.J.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (K.A.-P.)
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Determination of Prenatal Substance Exposure Using Meconium and Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020055. [PMID: 35202242 PMCID: PMC8875502 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and to validate a toxicological untargeted screening relying on LC-HRMS in meconium including the detection of the four main classes of drugs of abuse (DoA; amphetamines, cannabinoids, opioids and cocaine). The method was then applied to 29 real samples. Analyses were performed with a liquid chromatography system coupled to a benchtop Orbitrap operating in a data-dependent analysis. The sample amount was 300 mg of meconium extracted twice by solid phase extraction following two distinct procedures. Raw data were processed using the Compound Discoverer 3.2 software (Thermo). The method was evaluated and validated on 15 compounds (6-MAM, morphine, buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, methadone, EDDP, amphetamine, MDA, MDMA, methamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, THC, 11-OH-THC, THC-COOH). Limits of detection were between 0.5 and 5 pg/mg and limits of identification between 5 and 50 pg/mg. Mean matrix effect was between −79 and −19% (n = 6) and mean overall recovery between 18 and 73% (n = 6) at 100 pg/mg. The application allows the detection of 88 substances, including 47 pharmaceuticals and 15 pharmaceutical metabolites, cocaine and its metabolites, THC and its metabolites, and natural (morphine, codeine) and synthetic (methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, norfentanyl) opioids. This method is now used routinely for toxicological screening in high-risk pregnancies
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Rouget F, Bihannic A, Cordier S, Multigner L, Meyer-Monath M, Mercier F, Pladys P, Garlantezec R. Petroleum and Chlorinated Solvents in Meconium and the Risk of Hypospadias: A Pilot Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:640064. [PMID: 34150682 PMCID: PMC8206475 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.640064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypospadias is a male congenital malformation that occurs in ~2 of 1,000 births. The association between hypospadias and fetal exposure to environmental chemicals has been studied, but the results are inconsistent. Although several petroleum and chlorinated solvents are suspected to have teratogenic effects, their role in the occurrence of hypospadias has been little studied and never using biomarkers of exposure. We aimed to evaluate the association between fetal exposure to petroleum and chlorinated solvents measured in meconium and the occurrence of hypospadias. Methods: We conducted a pilot case-control study in the maternity of the University Hospital of Rennes (France). Eleven cases of hypospadias and 46 controls were recruited between October 2012 and January 2014. Data from hospital records and maternal self-reported questionnaires, including socio-demographic characteristics and occupational and non-occupational exposure to chemicals, were collected. Meconium samples were collected using a standardized protocol. Levels of petroleum solvents (toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and p, m, and o xylene), certain metabolites (mandelic acid, hippuric acid, methylhippuric acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid, S-benzylmercapturic acid, and phenylglyoxylic acid), and two chlorinated solvents (trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene) were measured in meconium by gas and liquid chromatography, both coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between the concentration of each chemical and the occurrence of hypospadias were analyzed using exact logistic regressions adjusted for maternal age, educational level, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and alcohol, and tobacco consumption during pregnancy. Results are presented with odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Quantification rates for petroleum and chlorinated solvents or metabolites ranged from 2.2% (for methylhippuric acid) to 77.1% (for trichloroethylene) of the meconium samples. We found a significant association between the quantification of phenylglyoxylic acid (metabolite of styrene and ethylbenzene) in the meconium and a higher risk of hypospadias (OR = 14.2, 95% CI [2.5-138.7]). The risk of hypospadias was non-significantly elevated for most of the other solvents and metabolites. Conclusion: This exploratory study, on a limited number of cases, suggests an association between petroleum solvents and hypospadias. Additional studies are needed to confirm these results and identify the determinants for the presence of these solvents in meconium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Rouget
- CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.,Brittany Registry of Congenital Anomalies, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Adèle Bihannic
- Brittany Registry of Congenital Anomalies, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | | | - Fabien Mercier
- LERES, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Patrick Pladys
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Garlantezec
- CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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Cassoulet R, Haroune L, Abdelouahab N, Gillet V, Baccarelli AA, Cabana H, Takser L, Bellenger JP. Monitoring of prenatal exposure to organic and inorganic contaminants using meconium from an Eastern Canada cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:44-51. [PMID: 30654248 PMCID: PMC6615730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating in utero exposure to inorganic and multiclass organic contaminants is critical to better evaluate potential harmful effects on prenatal and postnatal development. The analysis of meconium, the first bowel discharge of the newborn, has been proposed as a non-invasive way to assess cumulative prenatal exposure. The aim of this study was to implement an analytical method for quantifying 72 targeted organic compounds, including pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds and daily life xenobiotics, in meconium in addition to selected elements (17 elements). We report initial monitoring results based on the analysis of 396 meconium samples from an Eastern Canada cohort (Quebec, Canada). Element contents in meconium were analysed by mass spectrometry after digestion in nitric acid and peroxide. Targeted organic compounds were extracted and purified from meconium samples by a solid-liquid extraction followed by a dispersive-SPE purification before tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Concentrations of targeted elements were within the range of concentration reported in European and US studies but were lower than concentrations found in a developing country cohort (i.e., Pb, Cd). Out of the 72 targeted organic compounds, 31 were detected at least once and 30 were quantified. Compounds with the highest frequency of detection were caffeine, detected in all samples (from 2.80 to 6186 ng g-1), followed by acetaminophen detected in 53% of the samples (up to ~402 µg g-1) and methyl paraben detected in 20% of the samples (up to ~10 µg g-1). Pesticides were detected in low frequencies (< 2%) and low concentration (< 35 ng g-1). Results show that meconium can be used to monitor prenatal exposure of foetus to a wide array of inorganic and organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Cassoulet
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lounes Haroune
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadia Abdelouahab
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Virginie Gillet
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States
| | - Hubert Cabana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Engineering, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Larissa Takser
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bellenger
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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Yang BC, Wang F, Yang X, Zou W, Wang JC, Zou Y, Liu FY, Liu H, Huang OP. Medical swab touch spray-mass spectrometry for newborn screening of nicotine and cotinine in meconium. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:1237-1242. [PMID: 27723220 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Newborn screening is one of public health concerns designed to screen infants shortly after birth. Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke such as nicotine has been reported to affect babies. Levels of nicotine and cotinine in meconium were widely used to evaluate the tobacco exposure of foetuses during pregnancy in a polluted environment. In this study, medical swabs were applied by using touch spray-mass spectrometry (TS-MS) to collect meconium from newborn infants for detection of nicotine and cotinine. Parameters such as choice of spray solvents, solvent volume and collision energy for screening of nicotine and cotinine were optimized. The limits of detection, reproducibility and matrix effect for analysis of meconium were also investigated. In this study, the levels of nicotine and cotinine in 54 puerpera volunteers were screened by TS-MS and were validated by using traditional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. These results showed that medical swab TS-MS would be useful for newborn screening of nicotine and cotinine in meconium with high reproducibility, speed, sensitivity and specificity. The use of disposable medical swabs involves no sample preparation and no chromatographic separation, significantly reducing the cost and time required for screening a large number of clinical sample. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Cheng Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Jia-Chun Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Fa-Ying Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Huai Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Ou-Ping Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
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Development of liquid chromatography methods coupled to mass spectrometry for the analysis of substances with a wide variety of polarity in meconium. Talanta 2015; 138:231-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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