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Yang J, Sun W, Sun M, Cui Y, Wang L. Current Research Status of Azaspiracids. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:79. [PMID: 38393050 PMCID: PMC10890026 DOI: 10.3390/md22020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence and impact of toxins have been detected in various regions worldwide ever since the discovery of azaspiracids (AZAs) in 1995. These toxins have had detrimental effects on marine resource utilization, marine environmental protection, and fishery production. Over the course of more than two decades of research and development, scientists from all over the world have conducted comprehensive studies on the in vivo metabolism, in vitro synthesis methods, pathogenic mechanisms, and toxicology of these toxins. This paper aims to provide a systematic introduction to the discovery, distribution, pathogenic mechanism, in vivo biosynthesis, and in vitro artificial synthesis of AZA toxins. Additionally, it will summarize various detection methods employed over the past 20 years, along with their advantages and disadvantages. This effort will contribute to the future development of rapid detection technologies and the invention of detection devices for AZAs in marine environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lianghua Wang
- Basic Medical College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.Y.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Y.C.)
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2
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McRae G, Leek DM, Meija J, Shurmer B, Lehotay SJ, Polzer J, Melanson JE, Mester Z. Production and certification of BOTS-1: bovine muscle-certified reference material for incurred veterinary drug residues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:759-771. [PMID: 37326831 PMCID: PMC10766801 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A freeze-dried bovine muscle-certified reference material (CRM), known as BOTS-1 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.4224/crm.2018.bots-1 ), containing incurred residues of commonly used veterinary drugs was produced and certified for the mass fraction of eight veterinary drug residues. Value assignment was carried out using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods in conjunction with isotope dilution and standard addition approaches involving stable isotope internal standards. Data from the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety in Germany (BVL) were used for value assignment. Results for two drug residues were also obtained through an international inter-laboratory comparison CCQM-K141/P178 organized under the auspices of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Quantitative NMR (1H-qNMR) was used to characterize primary standards of all veterinary drugs certified. The certified mass fractions of the veterinary drug residues were 490 ± 100 µg/kg for chlorpromazine, 44 ± 4.4 µg/kg for ciprofloxacin, 3.3 ± 1.4 µg/kg for clenbuterol, 9.5 ± 0.8 µg/kg for dexamethasone, 57 ± 4.8 µg/kg for enrofloxacin, 3.0 ± 0.4 µg/kg for meloxicam, 12.4 ± 1.2 µg/kg for ractopamine, and 2290 ± 120 µg/kg for sulfadiazine with expanded uncertainties quoted (95% confidence) which include the effects due to between-bottle inhomogeneity, instability during long-term storage and transportation, and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnet McRae
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Donald M Leek
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Juris Meija
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bryn Shurmer
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2R3, Canada
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Joachim Polzer
- German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Mauerstrasse 39-42, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zoltan Mester
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
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3
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Wright EJ, Meija J, McCarron P, Miles CO. Preparation of 18O-labelled azaspiracids for accurate quantitation using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5973-5983. [PMID: 37530793 PMCID: PMC10556123 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of polyether marine algal toxins known to accumulate in shellfish, posing a risk to human health and the seafood industry. Analysis of AZAs is typically performed using LC-MS, which can suffer from matrix effects that significantly impact the accuracy of measurement results. While the use of isotopic internal standards is an effective approach to correct for these effects, isotopically labelled standards for AZAs are not currently available. In this study, 18O-labelled AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3 were prepared by reaction with H218O under acidic conditions, and the reaction kinetics and sites of incorporation were studied using LC-HRMS/MS aided by mathematical analysis of their isotope patterns. Analysis of the isotopic incorporation in AZA1 and AZA3 indicated the presence of four exchangeable oxygen atoms. Excessive isomerization occurred during preparation of 18O-labelled AZA2, suggesting a role for the 8-methyl group in the thermodynamic stability of AZAs. Neutralized mixtures of 18O-labelled AZA1 and AZA3 were found to maintain their isotopic and isomeric integrities when stored at -20 °C and were used to develop an isotope-dilution LC-MS method which was applied to reference materials of shellfish matrices containing AZAs, demonstrating high accuracy and excellent reproducibility. Preparation of isotopically labelled compounds using the isotopic exchange method, combined with the kinetic analysis, offers a feasible way to obtain isotopically labelled internal standards for a wide variety of biomolecules to support reliable quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J. Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - Juris Meija
- National Research Council, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
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Deolindo CTP, Kleemann CR, Bosch-Orea C, Molognoni L, Daguer H, Hoff RB, Costa ACO. Sample pooling and incurred samples improve analytical throughput and quality control of lipophilic phycotoxins screening in bivalve mollusks. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5023-5034. [PMID: 37349647 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMBs) are one of the main risks associated with the consumption of mussels and oysters. Sanitary and analytical control programs are developed to detect the occurrence of these toxins in seafood before they reach toxic levels. To ensure quick results, methods must be easy and fast to perform. In this work, we demonstrated that incurred samples were a viable alternative to validation and internal quality control studies for the analysis of LMBs in bivalve mollusks. These samples were used to optimize, validate, and monitor a simple and fast ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure. An internal quality control material containing okadaic acid (227 ± 46 µg kg-1) was produced and characterized. This material had its homogeneity and stability verified and was included as a quality control in all batches of analytical routine. Besides, a sample pooling protocol for extracts analysis was developed, based on tests for COVID-19. Up to 10 samples could be analyzed simultaneously, reducing the instrumental time of analysis by up to 80%. The UAE and sample pooling approaches were then applied to more than 450 samples, of which at least 100 were positive for the okadaic acid group of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Turnes Pasini Deolindo
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Cristian Rafael Kleemann
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Cristina Bosch-Orea
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Molognoni
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária, Setor Laboratorial Avançada em Santa Catarina (SLAV/SC/LFDA/RS), São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88034-100, Brazil.
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Estevez P, Gago-Martinez A. Contribution of Mass Spectrometry to the Advances in Risk Characterization of Marine Biotoxins: Towards the Characterization of Metabolites Implied in Human Intoxications. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020103. [PMID: 36828418 PMCID: PMC9964301 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant spread and prevalence of algal toxins and, in particular, marine biotoxins have been observed worldwide over the last decades. Marine biotoxins are natural contaminants produced during harmful algal blooms being accumulated in seafood, thus representing a threat to human health. Significant progress has been made in the last few years in the development of analytical methods able to evaluate and characterize the different toxic analogs involved in the contamination, Liquid Chromatography coupled to different detection modes, including Mass Spectrometry, the method of choice due to its potential for separation, identification, quantitation and even confirmation of the different above-mentioned analogs. Despite this, the risk characterization in humans is still limited, due to several reasons, including the lack of reference materials or even the limited access to biological samples from humans intoxicated during these toxic events and episodes, which hampered the advances in the evaluation of the metabolites responsible for the toxicity in humans. Mass Spectrometry has been proven to be a very powerful tool for confirmation, and in fact, it is playing an important role in the characterization of the new biotoxins analogs. The toxin metabolization in humans is still uncertain in most cases and needs further research in which the implementation of Mass Spectrometric methods is critical. This review is focused on compiling the most relevant information available regarding the metabolization of several marine biotoxins groups, which were identified using Mass Spectrometry after the in vitro exposition of these toxins to liver microsomes and hepatocytes. Information about the presence of metabolites in human samples, such as human urine after intoxication, which could also be used as potential biomarkers for diagnostic purposes, is also presented.
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Samdal IA, Sandvik M, Vu J, Sukenthirarasa MS, Kanesamurthy S, Løvberg KLE, Kilcoyne J, Forsyth CJ, Wright EJ, Miles CO. Preparation and characterization of an immunoaffinity column for the selective extraction of azaspiracids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1207:123360. [PMID: 35839625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of azaspiracids (AZAs) in shellfish may cause food poisoning in humans. AZAs can accumulate in shellfish filtering seawater that contains marine dinoflagellates such as Azadinium and Amphidoma spp. More than 60 AZA analogues have been identified, of which AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3 are regulated in Europe. Shellfish matrices may complicate quantitation by ELISA and LC-MS methods. Polyclonal antibodies have been developed that bind specifically to the C-26-C-40 domain of the AZA structure and could potentially be used for selectively extracting compounds containing this substructure. This includes almost all known analogues of AZAs, including AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3. Here we report preparation of immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) columns for clean-up and concentration of AZAs. The IAC columns were prepared by coupling polyclonal anti-AZA IgG to CNBr-activated sepharose. The columns were evaluated using shellfish extracts, and the resulting fractions were analyzed by ELISA and LC-MS. The columns selectively bound over 300 ng AZAs per mL of gel without significant leakage, and did not retain the okadaic acid, cyclic imine, pectenotoxin and yessotoxin analogues that were present in the applied samples. Furthermore, 90-92% of the AZAs were recovered by elution with 90% MeOH, and the columns could be re-used without significant loss of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Jennie Vu
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Merii S Sukenthirarasa
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sinthuja Kanesamurthy
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore H91 R673, County Galway, Ireland
| | - Craig J Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220, United States
| | - Elliott J Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
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7
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Wright EJ, Beach DG, McCarron P. Non-target analysis and stability assessment of reference materials using liquid Chromatography‒High-Resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1201:339622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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A Generic LC-HRMS Screening Method for Marine and Freshwater Phycotoxins in Fish, Shellfish, Water, and Supplements. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110823. [PMID: 34822607 PMCID: PMC8619867 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycotoxins occur in various marine and freshwater environments, and can accumulate in edible species such as fish, crabs, and shellfish. Human exposure to these toxins can take place, for instance, through consumption of contaminated species or supplements and through the ingestion of contaminated water. Symptoms of phycotoxin intoxication include paralysis, diarrhea, and amnesia. When the cause of an intoxication cannot directly be found, a screening method is required to identify the causative toxin. In this work, such a screening method was developed and validated for marine and freshwater phycotoxins in different matrices: fish, shellfish, water, and food supplements. Two LC methods were developed: one for hydrophilic and one for lipophilic phycotoxins. Sample extracts were measured in full scan mode with an Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer. Additionally, a database was created to process the data. The method was successfully validated for most matrices, and in addition, regulated lipophilic phycotoxins, domoic acid, and some paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins could be quantified in shellfish. The method showed limitations for hydrophilic phycotoxins in sea water and for lipophilic phycotoxins in food supplements. The developed method is a screening method; in order to confirm suspected compounds, comparison with a standard or an additional analysis such as NMR is required.
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Sandvik M, Miles CO, Løvberg KLE, Kryuchkov F, Wright EJ, Mudge EM, Kilcoyne J, Samdal IA. In Vitro Metabolism of Azaspiracids 1-3 with a Hepatopancreatic Fraction from Blue Mussels ( Mytilus edulis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11322-11335. [PMID: 34533950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of biotoxins produced by the marine dinoflagellates Azadinium and Amphidoma spp. that can accumulate in shellfish and cause food poisoning in humans. Of the 60 AZAs identified, levels of AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3 are regulated in shellfish as a food safety measure based on occurrence and toxicity. Information about the metabolism of AZAs in shellfish is limited. Therefore, a fraction of blue mussel hepatopancreas was made to study the metabolism of AZA1-3 in vitro. A range of AZA metabolites were detected by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry analysis, most notably the novel 22α-hydroxymethylAZAs AZA65 and AZA66, which were also detected in naturally contaminated mussels. These appear to be the first intermediates in the metabolic conversion of AZA1 and AZA2 to their corresponding 22α-carboxyAZAs (AZA17 and AZA19). α-Hydroxylation at C-23 was also a prominent metabolic pathway, producing AZA8, AZA12, and AZA5 as major metabolites of AZA1-3, respectively, and AZA67 and AZA68 as minor metabolites via double-hydroxylation of AZA1 and AZA2, but only low levels of 3β-hydroxylation were observed in this study. In vitro generation of algal toxin metabolites, such as AZA3, AZA5, AZA6, AZA8, AZA12, AZA17, AZA19, AZA65, and AZA66 that would otherwise have to be laboriously purified from shellfish, has the potential to be used for the production of standards for analytical and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Sandvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | | | - Fedor Kryuchkov
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Elliott J Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
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Wilkins AL, Rundberget T, Sandvik M, Rise F, Knudsen BK, Kilcoyne J, Reguera B, Rial P, Wright EJ, Giddings SD, Boundy MJ, Rafuse C, Miles CO. Identification of 24- O-β-d-Glycosides and 7-Deoxy-Analogues of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin-1 and -2 in Extracts from Dinophysis Blooms, Dinophysis and Prorocentrum Cultures, and Shellfish in Europe, North America and Australasia. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080510. [PMID: 34437381 PMCID: PMC8402559 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two high-mass polar compounds were observed in aqueous side-fractions from the purification of okadaic acid (1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (2) from Dinophysis blooms in Spain and Norway. These were isolated and shown to be 24-O-β-d-glucosides of 1 and 2 (4 and 5, respectively) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and enzymatic hydrolysis. These, together with standards of 1, 2, dinophysistoxin-1 (3), and a synthetic specimen of 7-deoxy-1 (7), combined with an understanding of their mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns, were then used to identify 1–5, the 24-O-β-d-glucoside of dinophysistoxin-1 (6), 7, 7-deoxy-2 (8), and 7-deoxy-3 (9) in a range of extracts from Dinophysis blooms, Dinophysis cultures, and contaminated shellfish from Spain, Norway, Ireland, Canada, and New Zealand. A range of Prorocentrum lima cultures was also examined by liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS) and was found to contain 1, 3, 7, and 9. However, although 4–6 were not detected in these cultures, low levels of putative glycosides with the same exact masses as 4 and 6 were present. The potential implications of these findings for the toxicology, metabolism, and biosynthesis of the okadaic acid group of marine biotoxins are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair L. Wilkins
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (A.L.W.); (T.R.); (M.S.)
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Thomas Rundberget
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (A.L.W.); (T.R.); (M.S.)
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (A.L.W.); (T.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Brent K. Knudsen
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway H91 R673, Ireland;
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO, CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; (B.R.); (P.R.)
| | - Pilar Rial
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO, CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; (B.R.); (P.R.)
| | - Elliott J. Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (S.D.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Sabrina D. Giddings
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (S.D.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Michael J. Boundy
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand;
| | - Cheryl Rafuse
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (S.D.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (A.L.W.); (T.R.); (M.S.)
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (S.D.G.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Wright EJ, McCarron P. A mussel tissue certified reference material for multiple phycotoxins. Part 5: profiling by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2055-2069. [PMID: 33661347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A freeze-dried mussel tissue-certified reference material (CRM-FDMT1) was prepared containing the marine algal toxin classes azaspiracids, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, yessotoxins, pectenotoxins, cyclic imines, and domoic acid. Thus far, only a limited number of analogues in CRM-FDMT1 have been assigned certified values; however, the complete toxin profile is significantly more complex. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to profile CRM-FDMT1. Full-scan data was searched against a list of previously reported toxin analogues, and characteristic product ions extracted from all-ion-fragmentation data were used to guide the extent of toxin profiling. A series of targeted and untargeted acquisition MS/MS experiments were then used to collect spectra for analogues. A number of toxins previously reported in the literature but not readily available as standards were tentatively identified including dihydroxy and carboxyhydroxyyessotoxin, azaspiracids-33 and -39, sulfonated pectenotoxin analogues, spirolide variants, and fatty acid acyl esters of okadaic acid and pectenotoxins. Previously unreported toxins were also observed including compounds from the pectenotoxin, azaspiracid, yessotoxin, and spirolide classes. More than one hundred toxin analogues present in CRM-FDMT1 are summarized along with a demonstration of the major acyl ester conjugates of several toxins. Retention index values were assigned for all confirmed or tentatively identified analogues to help with qualitative identification of the broad range of lipophilic toxins present in the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
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12
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Mudge EM, Miles CO, Hardstaff WR, McCarron P. Fatty acid esters of azaspiracids identified in mussels ( Mytilus edulis) using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Toxicon X 2020; 8:100059. [PMID: 33073234 PMCID: PMC7549145 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are lipophilic polyether toxins produced by Azadinium and Amphidoma species of marine microalgae. The main dinoflagellate precursors AZA1 and AZA2 are metabolized by shellfish to produce an array of AZA analogues. Many marine toxins undergo fatty acid esterification in shellfish, therefore mussel tissues contaminated with AZAs were screened for intact fatty acid esters of AZAs using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Acyl esters were primarily observed for AZAs containing hydroxy groups at C-3 with 3-O-palmitoylAZA4 identified as the most abundant acyl ester, while other fatty acid esters including 18:1, 16:1, 17:0, 20:2 and 18:0 acyl esters were detected. The structures of these acyl derivatives were determined through LC-MS/MS experiments, and supported by periodate cleavage reactions and semi-synthesis of palmitate esters of the AZAs. Esters of the hydroxy groups at C-20 or C-21 were not observed in mussel tissue. The relative proportion of the most abundant AZA ester was less than 3% of the sum of the major free AZA analogues. These findings reveal an additional metabolic pathway for AZAs in shellfish. Fatty acid esters of azaspiracids were identified in mussels (Mytilus edulis). Fatty acid esters of azaspiracids with hydroxy groups at C-3 were primarily observed. Fatty acid esters of regulated azaspiracids (AZA1, 2, −3) were absent. Structures were determined with LC-HRMS and confirmed by semi-synthesis of palmitate esters and periodate cleavage. This work reveals an additional metabolic pathway for azaspiracids in shellfish.
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Xu F, Liu F, Wang C, Wei Y. Reversed-phase/weak anion exchange magnetic mesoporous microspheres for removal of matrix effects in lipophilic marine biotoxins analysis by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 294:104-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Checchini L, Del Bubba M, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodriguez JJ. Analytical approaches for the determination of personal care products and evaluation of their occurrence in marine organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:405-425. [PMID: 29579652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the aquatic environment caused by multiple human activities may exert a negative impact on all living organisms. Several contaminants of emerging concern such as personal care products (PCPs) are continuously released into the aquatic environment where they are biologically active and persistent. This work reviews the current knowledge, provided by papers published after 2010 and indexed by SciFinder, Scopus, and Google search engines, about the determination and occurrence of PCPs in marine biota. Analytical methodologies have been critically reviewed, emphasizing the importance of green and high-throughput approaches and focusing the discussion on the complexity of the solute-matrix interaction in the extraction step, as well as the matrix effect in the instrumental determination. Finally, the worldwide distribution of PCPs is surveyed, taking into account the concentrations found in the same organism in different marine environments. Differences among various world areas have been highlighted, evidencing some critical aspects from an environmental point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Leonardo Checchini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodriguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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15
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Miles CO, Kilcoyne J, McCarron P, Giddings SD, Waaler T, Rundberget T, Samdal IA, Løvberg KE. Selective Extraction and Purification of Azaspiracids from Blue Mussels ( Mytilus edulis) Using Boric Acid Gel. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2962-2969. [PMID: 29502403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids belong to a family of more than 50 polyether toxins originating from marine dinoflagellates such as Azadinium spinosum. All of the azaspiracids reported thus far contain a 21,22-dihydroxy group. Boric acid gel can bind selectively to compounds containing vic-diols or α-hydroxycarboxylic acids via formation of reversible boronate complexes. Here we report use of the gel to selectively capture and release azaspiracids from extracts of blue mussels. Analysis of the extracts and fractions by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) showed that this procedure resulted in an excellent cleanup of the azaspiracids in the extract. Analysis by enzyme-linked immunoasorbent assay (ELISA) and LC-MS indicated that most azaspiracid analogues were recovered in good yield by this procedure. The capacity of boric acid gel for azaspiracids was at least 50 μg/g, making this procedure suitable for use in the early stages of preparative purification of azaspiracids. In addition to its potential for concentration of dilute samples, the extensive cleanup provided by boric acid gel fractionation of azaspiracids in mussel samples almost eliminated matrix effects during subsequent LC-MS and could be expected to reduce matrix effects during ELISA analysis. The method may therefore prove useful for quantitative analysis of azaspiracids as part of monitoring programs. Although LC-MS data showed that okadaic acid analogues also bound to the gel, this was much less efficient than for azaspiracids under the conditions used. The boric acid gel methodology is potentially applicable to other important groups of natural toxins containing diols including ciguatoxins, palytoxins, pectenotoxins, tetrodotoxin, trichothecenes, and toxin glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum , N-0106 Oslo , Norway
- Measurement Science and Standards , National Research Council , 1411 Oxford Street , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co., Galway H91 R673 , Ireland
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards , National Research Council , 1411 Oxford Street , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
| | - Sabrina D Giddings
- Measurement Science and Standards , National Research Council , 1411 Oxford Street , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 , Canada
| | - Thor Waaler
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum , N-0106 Oslo , Norway
| | - Thomas Rundberget
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum , N-0106 Oslo , Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research , N-0349 Oslo , Norway
| | - Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum , N-0106 Oslo , Norway
| | - Kjersti E Løvberg
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum , N-0106 Oslo , Norway
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16
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Kenton NT, Adu‐Ampratwum D, Okumu AA, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Nguyen S, Xu J, Ding Y, McCarron P, Kilcoyne J, Rise F, Wilkins AL, Miles CO, Forsyth CJ. Total Synthesis of (6
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)‐Azaspiracid‐3 Reveals Non‐Identity with the Natural Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:805-809. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel T. Kenton
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University 151 W. Woodruff Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Daniel Adu‐Ampratwum
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University 151 W. Woodruff Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Antony A. Okumu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University 151 W. Woodruff Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Zhigao Zhang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Inc. No. 279 Wenjing Road Shanghai 200245 P. R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Asymchem Life Science No. 71 7th Ave., TEDA Tianjin 300000 P. R. China
| | - Son Nguyen
- Johnson Matthey Pharma Services 25 Patton Road Devens MA 01434 USA
| | - Jianyan Xu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Inc. No. 279 Wenjing Road Shanghai 200245 P. R. China
| | - Yue Ding
- Viva Biotech Ltd. 581 Shenkuo Rd., Pudong District Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and StandardsNational Research Council of Canada Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, RinvilleOranmore, Co. Galway Ireland
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oslo 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Alistair L. Wilkins
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute P.O. Box 750 Sentrum 0106 Oslo Norway
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Waikato Private Bag 3105 3240 Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Measurement Science and StandardsNational Research Council of Canada Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 Canada
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute P.O. Box 750 Sentrum 0106 Oslo Norway
| | - Craig J. Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University 151 W. Woodruff Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
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17
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Kenton NT, Adu‐Ampratwum D, Okumu AA, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Nguyen S, Xu J, Ding Y, McCarron P, Kilcoyne J, Rise F, Wilkins AL, Miles CO, Forsyth CJ. Total Synthesis of (6
R
,10
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,13
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,17
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,21
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)‐Azaspiracid‐3 Reveals Non‐Identity with the Natural Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel T. Kenton
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University 151 W. Woodruff Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Daniel Adu‐Ampratwum
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University 151 W. Woodruff Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Antony A. Okumu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University 151 W. Woodruff Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Zhigao Zhang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Inc. No. 279 Wenjing Road Shanghai 200245 P. R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Asymchem Life Science No. 71 7th Ave., TEDA Tianjin 300000 P. R. China
| | - Son Nguyen
- Johnson Matthey Pharma Services 25 Patton Road Devens MA 01434 USA
| | - Jianyan Xu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Inc. No. 279 Wenjing Road Shanghai 200245 P. R. China
| | - Yue Ding
- Viva Biotech Ltd. 581 Shenkuo Rd., Pudong District Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and StandardsNational Research Council of Canada Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, RinvilleOranmore, Co. Galway Ireland
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oslo 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Alistair L. Wilkins
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute P.O. Box 750 Sentrum 0106 Oslo Norway
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Waikato Private Bag 3105 3240 Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Measurement Science and StandardsNational Research Council of Canada Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1 Canada
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute P.O. Box 750 Sentrum 0106 Oslo Norway
| | - Craig J. Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University 151 W. Woodruff Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
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18
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Ji Y, Qiu J, Xie T, McCarron P, Li A. Accumulation and transformation of azaspiracids in scallops (Chlamys farreri) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) fed with Azadinium poporum, and response of antioxidant enzymes. Toxicon 2017; 143:20-28. [PMID: 29229237 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Azaspiracid (AZA) producing microalgae have been reported internationally and could potentially impact a variety of seafood. Scallops (Chlamys farreri) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from China were fed with the AZA2 producer, Azadinium poporum, to study uptake, metabolism and oxidative stress in the shellfish. LC-MS/MS showed significant accumulation and differential metabolism of AZA2 in the scallops and mussels. In mussels AZA2 was metabolized to AZA19, with subsequent decarboxylation to AZA6. In scallops no AZA19 or AZA6 was observed, however, a novel AZA metabolite was formed that is isobaric with AZA19 ([M+H]+, m/z 886), but elutes at a different retention time. In addition it was noted that the scallop metabolite was stable during heating, while AZA19 has been shown to decarboxylate. Concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activities of antioxidant enzymes were monitored. ROS levels increased slightly in the meat of scallops and mussels due to starvation in the acclimation and depuration periods, but reduced in the feeding periods with non-toxic Isochrysis galbana or toxic A. poporum. No obvious variations were found in activities for a range of antioxidant enzymes. These results provide new insights on the potential for accumulation and metabolism of AZAs in bivalve species relevant to this area of China, which is of importance considering the recent finding of AZA producing microalgae in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, B3H 3Z1, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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19
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Zendong Z, Sibat M, Herrenknecht C, Hess P, McCarron P. Relative molar response of lipophilic marine algal toxins in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1453-1461. [PMID: 28582796 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accurate quantitative analysis of lipophilic toxins by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) requires calibration solution reference materials (RMs) for individual toxin analogs. Untargeted analysis is aimed at identifying a vast number of compounds and thus validation of fully quantitative untargeted methods is not feasible. However, a semi-quantitative approach allowing for profiling is still required and will be strengthened by knowledge of the relative molar response (RMR) of analogs in LC/MS with electrospray ionization (ESI). METHODS RMR factors were evaluated for toxins from the okadaic acid (OA/DTXs), yessotoxin (YTX), pectenotoxin (PTX), azaspiracid (AZA) and cyclic imine (CI) toxin groups, in both solvent standards and environmental sample extracts. Since compound ionization and fragmentation influences the MS response of toxins, RMRs were assessed under different chromatographic conditions (gradient, isocratic) and MS acquisition modes (SIM, SRM, All-ion, target MS/MS) on low- and high-resolution mass spectrometers. RESULTS In general, RMRs were not significantly impacted by chromatographic conditions (isocratic vs gradient), with the exception of DTX1. MS acquisition modes had a more significant impact, with PnTX-G and SPX differing notably. For a given toxin group, response factors were generally in the range of 0.5 to 2. The cyclic imines were an exception. CONCLUSIONS Differences in RMRs between toxins of a same chemical base structure were not significant enough to indicate major issues for non-targeted semi-quantitative analysis, where there is limited or no availability of standards for many compounds, and where high degrees of accuracy are not required. Differences in RMRs should be considered when developing methods that use a standard of a single analogue to quantitate other toxins from the same group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zendong
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Nantes, France
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS, Canada
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20
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Thomas KM, Beach DG, Reeves KL, Gibbs RS, Kerrin ES, McCarron P, Quilliam MA. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for quantitation of paralytic shellfish toxins: validation and application to reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5675-5687. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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McCarron P, Wright E, Emteborg H, Quilliam MA. A mussel tissue certified reference material for multiple phycotoxins. Part 4: certification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:95-106. [PMID: 27830316 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A freeze-dried mussel tissue (Mytilus edulis) reference material (CRM-FDMT1) was produced containing multiple groups of shellfish toxins. Homogeneity and stability testing showed the material to be fit for purpose. The next phase of work was to assign certified values and uncertainties to 10 analytes from six different toxin groups. Efforts involved optimizing extraction procedures for the various toxin groups and performing measurements using liquid chromatography-based analytical methods. A key aspect of the work was compensating for matrix effects associated with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry through standard addition, dilution, or matrix-matched calibration. Certified mass fraction values are reported as mg/kg of CRM-FDMT1 powder as bottled for azaspiracid-1, -2, and -3 (4.10 ± 0.40; 1.13± 0.10; 0.96 ± 0.10, respectively), okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 and -2 (1.59 ± 0.18; 0.68 ± 0.07; 3.57± 0.33, respectively), yessotoxin (2.49 ± 0.28), pectenotoxin-2 (0.66 ± 0.06), 13-desmethylspirolide-C (2.70 ± 0.26), and domoic acid (126 ± 10). Combined uncertainties for the certified values include contributions from homogeneity, stability, and characterization experiments. The commutability of CRM-FDMT1 was assessed by examining the extractability and matrix effects for the freeze-dried material in comparison with its equivalent wet tissue homogenate. CRM-FDMT1 is the first shellfish matrix CRM with certified values for yessotoxins, pectenotoxins or spirolides, and is the first CRM certified for multiple toxin groups. CRM-FDMT1 is a valuable tool for quality assurance of phycotoxin monitoring programs and for analytical method development and validation. Graphical Abstract CRM-FDMT1 is a multi-toxin mussel tissue certified reference material (CRM) to aid in development and validation of analytical methods for measuring the levels of algal toxins in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Elliott Wright
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Håkan Emteborg
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate F - Health, Consumers, and Reference Materials, Retieseweg 111, 2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - Michael A Quilliam
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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22
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Zendong Z, McCarron P, Herrenknecht C, Sibat M, Amzil Z, Cole RB, Hess P. High resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis and untargeted screening of algal toxins in mussels and passive samplers. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:10-21. [PMID: 26363951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of marine algal toxins has traditionally focussed on shellfish monitoring while, over the last decade, passive sampling has been introduced as a complementary tool for exploratory studies. Since 2011, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been adopted as the EU reference method (No. 15/2011) for detection and quantitation of lipophilic toxins. Traditional LC-MS approaches have been based on low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS), however, advances in instrument platforms have led to a heightened interest in the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for toxin detection. This work describes the use of HRMS in combination with passive sampling as a progressive approach to marine algal toxin surveys. Experiments focused on comparison of LRMS and HRMS for determination of a broad range of toxins in shellfish and passive samplers. Matrix effects are an important issue to address in LC-MS; therefore, this phenomenon was evaluated for mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and passive samplers using LRMS (triple quadrupole) and HRMS (quadrupole time-of-flight and Orbitrap) instruments. Matrix-matched calibration solutions containing okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, pectenotoxin, azaspiracids, yessotoxins, domoic acid, pinnatoxins, gymnodimine A and 13-desmethyl spirolide C were prepared. Similar matrix effects were observed on all instruments types. Most notably, there was ion enhancement for pectenotoxins, okadaic acid/dinophysistoxins on one hand, and ion suppression for yessotoxins on the other. Interestingly, the ion selected for quantitation of PTX2 also influenced the magnitude of matrix effects, with the sodium adduct typically exhibiting less susceptibility to matrix effects than the ammonium adduct. As expected, mussel as a biological matrix, quantitatively produced significantly more matrix effects than passive sampler extracts, irrespective of toxin. Sample dilution was demonstrated as an effective measure to reduce matrix effects for all compounds, and was found to be particularly useful for the non-targeted approach. Limits of detection and method accuracy were comparable between the systems tested, demonstrating the applicability of HRMS as an effective tool for screening and quantitative analysis. HRMS offers the advantage of untargeted analysis, meaning that datasets can be retrospectively analyzed. HRMS (full scan) chromatograms of passive samplers yielded significantly less complex data sets than mussels, and were thus more easily screened for unknowns. Consequently, we recommend the use of HRMS in combination with passive sampling for studies investigating emerging or hitherto uncharacterized toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zendong
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Pearse McCarron
- National Research Council of Canada, Biotoxin Metrology, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z 1, Canada
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Richard B Cole
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
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