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Montemurro N, Manasfi R, Chiron S, Perez S. Evaluation of different QuEChERS-based methods for the extraction of 48 wastewater-derived organic contaminants from soil and lettuce root using high-resolution LC-QTOF with MRM HR and SWATH acquisition modes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20258-20276. [PMID: 38372911 PMCID: PMC10927905 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture is an important route of introducing a large number of organic contaminants into the agroecosystem. In this study, a modified QuEChERS-based approach was developed for rapid, simple, and simultaneous extraction of 48 organic wastewater-derived contaminants from soil and lettuce root. Twenty-two different (modification) scenarios of the known (or original) QuEChERS method have been tested, in order to obtain best and well-compromised recoveries for all target compounds for soil and roots. Finally, a common method was chosen for both matrices consisting of a single extraction step using EDTA-Mcllvaine buffer and the unbuffered Original QuEChERS salts. Method performance was accomplished by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry on a QToF-MS system using two different acquisition modes, the ultra-fast high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRMHR) mode and the innovative Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment-Ion (SWATH) mode. Performance characterization was evaluated in terms of recovery, linearity, intra-day precision, method detection limits (MDLs), method quantification limits (MQLs), and matrix effect (ME). Recoveries in MRMHR mode ranged from 63 to 111% and 54 to 104% for lettuce root and soil, respectively, for most of compounds in MRMHR mode and from 56 to 121% and 54 to 104% for lettuce root and soil, respectively, for most of compounds in SWATH. Whereas, MQLs ranged from 0.03 to 0.92 ng g-1 in MRMHR and from 0.03 to 82 ng g-1 in SWATH for lettuce root, and from 0.02 to 0.44 ng g-1 in MRMHR and 0.02 to 0.14 ng g-1 in SWATH for soil. The method was then applied to follow the target compounds in soil and lettuce root, where the system lettuce-soil was irrigated with treated wastewater under real greenhouse conditions. Five and 17 compounds were detected in lettuce root and soil, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Montemurro
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rayana Manasfi
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), University of Montpellier, Building 39 - CC57 300, Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), University of Montpellier, Building 39 - CC57 300, Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Perez
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Bakanov N, Honert C, Eichler L, Lehmann GUC, Schulz R, Brühl CA. A new sample preparation approach for the analysis of 98 current-use pesticides in soil and herbaceous vegetation using HPLC-MS/MS in combination with an acetonitrile-based extraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138840. [PMID: 37149096 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple acetonitrile-based extraction method for the determination of 98 current-use pesticides (CUPs) in soil and herbaceous vegetation using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS is reported. The method was optimized in terms of extraction time, buffer (ammonium formate) ratio, and graphitized carbon black (GCB) ratio for the clean-up of vegetation. The validated method yielded accuracy in terms of percentage recovery of 71-125% (soil) and 70-117% (vegetation) for the majority of 98 CUPs. The precision in terms of relative standard deviation was at 1-14% (soil), and 1-13% (vegetation). Matrix-matched calibration curves exhibited good linearities (R2 > 0.99). The limits of quantitation ranged between 0.008 and 21.5 μg kg-1 in soil and vegetation. The reported method was applied to soils and vegetation from 13 agricultural sites across Germany. Overall, 44 of the 98 common CUPs were detected in our samples and the qualitative load is well above the average for arable soils in the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Bakanov
- RPTU Institute of Environmental Sciences, Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Carolina Honert
- RPTU Institute of Environmental Sciences, Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Lisa Eichler
- Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development (IOER), Dresden, Germany.
| | - Gerlind U C Lehmann
- Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU), Charitéstrasse 3, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ralf Schulz
- RPTU Institute of Environmental Sciences, Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Carsten A Brühl
- RPTU Institute of Environmental Sciences, Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Varela-Martínez DA, Riaño-Herrera DA. Pesticide-Residue Analysis in Soils by the QuEChERS Method: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134323. [PMID: 35807567 PMCID: PMC9268078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are among the most important contaminants worldwide due to their wide use, persistence, and toxicity. Their presence in soils is not only important from an environmental point of view, but also for food safety issues, since such residues can migrate from soils to food. However, soils are extremely complex matrices, which present a challenge to any analytical chemist, since the extraction of a wide range of compounds with diverse physicochemical properties, such as pesticides, at trace levels is not an easy task. In this context, the QuEChERS method (standing for quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) has become one of the most green and sustainable alternatives in this field due to its inherent advantages, such as fast sample preparation, the minimal use of hazardous reagents and solvents, simplicity, and low cost. This review is aimed at providing a critical revision of the most relevant modifications of the QuEChERS method (including the extraction and clean-up steps of the method) for pesticide-residue analysis in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 nº 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia;
- Correspondence: (M.Á.G.-C.); (D.A.R.-H.)
| | | | - Diego Alejandro Riaño-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental y Energías, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 nº 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
- Correspondence: (M.Á.G.-C.); (D.A.R.-H.)
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do Amaral B, Peralta-Zamora P, Nagata N. Simultaneous multi-residue pesticide analysis in southern Brazilian soil based on chemometric tools and QuEChERS-LC-DAD/FLD method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:39102-39115. [PMID: 35098463 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple and straightforward QuEChERS extraction method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of atrazine (ATZ), desethylatrazine (DEA), desisopropylatrazine (DIA), carbaryl (CBL), carbendazim (CBD), and diuron (DIU) in soil with high agricultural activity from southeastern Brazil, using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection/fluorescence detection. Screening studies carried out by 24 factorial design indicate better recoveries when less sample (1.0 g) and the volume of solvent (2.0 mL of ACN) were applied, compared to the original QuEChERS method. Furthermore, interactions between factors were not negligible in the experimental set, except for ATZ and DIU, in which only water volume influenced their recovery. The influence of the type (primary secondary amine (PSA), C18, and Florisil) and the sorbent amount ratio to the compounds' concentration were also considered. PSA (25 mg) was selected as the best sorbent without losing analytical response. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were estimated to be 5.0 to 15 µg kg-1 in the soil matrix. Analytical performances were consistent with linearity (R2 ≥ 0.998), recovery from 74.7 to 108%, and relative standard deviations (RSD) between 2.6 and 20.2%. Robustness was assessed by fractional factorial Plackett-Burman design. The method is recommended for chemicals that are soluble in water, and it was successfully applied in the analysis of real soil samples containing the analytes in the range of μg kg-1, proving to be suitable for the study of soils strongly impacted by agricultural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca do Amaral
- Itaipu Technological Park Foundation, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, 85867-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Noemi Nagata
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
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Castiglioni M, Onida B, Rivoira L, Del Bubba M, Ronchetti S, Bruzzoniti MC. Amino groups modified SBA-15 for dispersive-solid phase extraction in the analysis of micropollutants by QuEchERS approach. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462107. [PMID: 33857677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the analysis of contaminants in food products, sample preparation is performed by proper adsorbents, whose choice is crucial to eliminate matrix interference. In this work we modified SBA-15 adsorbents by functionalization with (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (SBA-15-APTES) and N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]aniline (SBA-15-AN) aiming to use them for the first time in the clean-up step of a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) extraction of micropollutants from strawberry, a sugar rich fruit. After physico-chemical characterization by nitrogen adsorption, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, the adsorption capabilities of SBA-15 sorbents and possible interaction mechanisms were studied at different pH (2.1-8.5) for glucose, sucrose and fructose at concentrations characteristic of those found in strawberries. The performance of the two SBA-15 sorbents was compared with that of commercial PSA (primary secondary amine), usually proposed in QuEChERS protocols. Both SBA-15 materials exhibit up to 30% higher adsorption than PSA, suggesting their possible QuEChERS application. Synthesized SBA-15 adsorbents were hence used as innovative dispersive sorbents in the QuEChERS extractions of 13 PAHs and 14 PCBs from strawberry. For PCBs, SBA-15-AN provides better matrix removal than PSA and comparable extraction recoveries around 90%. For PAHs, the use of SBA-15-AN has the advantage of lower relative standard deviation (7%) than PSA (19%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Castiglioni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Onida
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, DISAT, Polytechnic of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy.
| | - Luca Rivoira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Ronchetti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, DISAT, Polytechnic of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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Montemurro N, Orfanioti A, Manasfi R, Thomaidis NS, Pérez S. Comparison of high resolution mrm and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion acquisition modes for the quantitation of 48 wastewater-borne pollutants in lettuce. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1631:461566. [PMID: 33002708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Screening of a large number of chemicals of emerging concern is highly desirable for the control of crops irrigated with reclaimed water since it is considered an alternative water source of great value. This study describes a high resolution mass spectrometry approach for developing methods for quantification in lettuce leaves of 48 different wastewater-borne pollutants (including analgesics and anti-inflammatories, anti-hypertensives, antifungal agents, lipid regulators, psychiatric drugs and stimulants, β-blockers, antibiotics, antimycotics, and sweeteners) frequently found in water resources. In this respect, a simple and fast QuEChERS-based method for the determination of contaminants in lettuce has been developed. During extraction, the use of formic acid was adopted to further improve the results of some problematic compounds (e.g., fenofibrate, furosemide, metronidazole, oxcarbazepine, sulfanilamide). High resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRMHR) and SWATH acquisition were compared in term of accuracy, repeatability, sensitivity, linearity and matrix effect. Both methods provided similar recoveries between 80 and 120% in lettuce leaves, although sulfanilamide, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethazine presenting values of 26.8, 27.8, and 28.4% in MRMHR and 25, 33.9, and 35% in SWATH, respectively. The effectiveness of a two-step cleanup on analyte recovery was also assessed and matrix effects were also taken into consideration during the method validation. The developed method allows the simultaneous quantitative analysis of 48 compounds (drug residues and metabolites) in lettuce leaves irrigated with treated wastewater for human consumption. Application of the present method to lettuce crops growth in controlled conditions showed the presence of 14 out 48 studied compounds with similar concentrations in both acquisition modes ranging from 3.3 and 1.3 ng g - 1 for climbazole (for MRMHR and SWATH, respectively) to 33.2 and 17.7 ng g - 1 for sulfamethazine. Drug residues such as carbamazepine (6.0 and 8.5 ng g - 1), and its metabolite carbamazepine epoxide (18.1 and 16.5 ng g - 1), frequently found in wastewater effluents, were also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona (Spain).
| | - Anastasia Orfanioti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Rayana Manasfi
- UMR HydroSciences 5569, HSM, Montpellier University, 15 Avenue Ch. Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Sandra Pérez
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona (Spain)
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Scordo CVA, Checchini L, Renai L, Orlandini S, Bruzzoniti MC, Fibbi D, Mandi L, Ouazzani N, Del Bubba M. Optimization and validation of a method based on QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric analysis for the determination of perfluoroalkyl acids in strawberry and olive fruits, as model crops with different matrix characteristics. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Veeralingam S, Badhulika S. Two-Dimensional Metallic NiSe 2 Nanoclusters-Based Low-Cost, Flexible, Amperometric Sensor for Detection of Neurological Drug Carbamazepine in Human Sweat Samples. Front Chem 2020; 8:337. [PMID: 32426327 PMCID: PMC7205447 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a low-cost, flexible amperometric sensing platform for highly selective and sensitive detection of carbamazepine (CBZ) in human sweat samples. Detailed morphological characterization of the two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide NiSe2, synthesized using one-step hydrothermal method, confirms the formation of dense NiSe2 nanoclusters in the range of 500–650 nm, whereas X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal a stable and pure cubic crystalline phase of NiSe2. The sensor device is fabricated by uniformly depositing an optimized weight percentage of as-synthesized NiSe2 onto flexible and biocompatible polyimide substrate using spin coating, and metal contacts are established using thermal evaporation technique. The sensor exhibits a remarkable sensitivity of 65.65 μA/nM over a wide linear range of 50 nM to 10 μM CBZ concentrations and a low limit of detection of 18.2 nM. The sensing mechanism and excellent response of NiSe2 toward CBZ can be attributed to the highly conductive metallic NiSe2, large electroactive surface area of its nanoclusters, and highly interactive Ni2+/Ni3+ oxidation states. Furthermore, the presence of 10-fold excess of capable interferents, such as lactic acid, glucose, uric acid, and ascorbic acid, does not affect the accurate determination of CBZ, thus demonstrating excellent selectivity. The real-time detection of CBZ is evaluated in human sweat samples using standard addition method, which yields reliable results. Furthermore, the sensor shows excellent robustness when subject to bending cycles and fast response time of 2 s. The strategy outlined here is useful in developing sensing platforms at low potential without the use of enzymes or redox binders for applications in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Veeralingam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sushmee Badhulika
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Dowling S, McBride EM, McKenna J, Glaros T, Manicke NE. Direct soil analysis by paper spray mass spectrometry: Detection of drugs and chemical warfare agent hydrolysis products. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Rivoira L, Castiglioni M, Bruzzoniti MC. Chromatographic determination of biogenic amines in four typical Italian cheeses: correlations with processing and nutritional characteristics through a chemometric approach. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4963-4968. [PMID: 30953346 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of biogenic amines (BAs) fermented food is well known. They may affect food quality, posing health risks. In this work, four typical Italian cheeses, exported worldwide, were analyzed to determine the possible presence of BAs. The cheese samples were analyzed untreated and having been subjected to common or incorrect consumer handling (domestic grating, unrefrigerated storage). RESULTS A chromatographic-amperometric method was developed and validated. Extraction of BAs was performed by the addition of eluent, determining matrix effect and recovery of biogenic amines directly within the cheeses. Biogenic amines were present in the range of 0.019-0.044 g kg-1 , well below the current EU limit. Home-manipulation confirmed recontamination of the cheese. The contents of BAs were correlated with the main processing parameters and with the nutritional properties of the four cheeses through the multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis). This is believed to be the first study that presents these correlations. CONCLUSION This study highlights correlations among BAs and carbohydrates, and anticorrelations with pH and, to a lesser extent, with moisture. Interestingly, BAs are correlated with fat content. This correlation was confirmed by a new principal component analysis performed on our data set with additional data from the literature. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rivoira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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11
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QuEChERS—A Green Alternative Approach for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Environmental and Food Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9105-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Montemurro N, Postigo C, Chirón S, Barcelò D, Pérez S. Analysis and fate of 14 relevant wastewater-derived organic pollutants in long-term exposed soil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2687-2696. [PMID: 30931502 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of reclaimed water in agriculture worldwide calls for developing high-sensitivity methods to quantify wastewater-derived organic contaminants in soils so that the potential risk of this irrigation practice can be properly assessed. This work describes an analytical method for the determination of trace levels of 14 drugs that are known to be poorly removed during conventional wastewater treatment in soil. The analytes selected for investigation included ten pharmaceuticals from different therapeutic classes (carbamazepine, diclofenac, cis-diltiazem, lamotrigine, methadone, midazolam, oxcarbazepine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, valsartan), one illicit drug (cocaine), and three transformation products/metabolites (acridone, 4'-hydroxydiclofenac, and valsartan acid), thereby covering a broad range of physical-chemical properties. The methodology developed was based on ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) of the analytes from the soil matrix, and subsequent clean-up and analysis of the USE extracts with a fully automated approach by means of solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection (online SPE-LC-MS/MS). The method was fully validated with affording method detection and quantification limits ranging from 0.03 to 1 ng g-1 and from 0.09 to 3.3 ng g-1, respectively. This method was applied to investigate the fate of the selected drugs in potting soil irrigated for a long term (60 days) either with water containing the target compounds at a concentration of 200 μg L-1 or with wastewater treatment plant effluent and thus, at real environmental concentrations. All investigated compounds were found to accumulate in soil irrigated with artificially fortified water. The highest accumulation potential was observed for cis-diltiazem followed by methadone and midazolam that presented average concentrations of 1517 ng g-1, 1041 ng g-1, and 962 ng g-1 d.w., respectively. On the contrary, oxcarbazepine (5.8 ng g-1) and sulfamethoxazole (22 ng g-1) were the target drugs presenting the lowest accumulation potential. Only trace levels of ten drugs were measured in soil irrigated with regenerated water (average concentrations between 1.6 and 4.7 ng g-1 d.w.). Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Montemurro
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08014, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08014, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Serge Chirón
- UMR HydroSciences 5569, IRD, Montpellier University, 15 Avenue Ch. Flahault, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Damiá Barcelò
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08014, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08014, Barcelona, Spain
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Determination of organic microcontaminants in agricultural soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater: Target and suspect approaches. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1030:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Villaverde JJ, Sevilla-Morán B, López-Goti C, Alonso-Prados JL, Sandín-España P. Computational-Based Study of QuEChERS Extraction of Cyclohexanedione Herbicide Residues in Soil by Chemometric Modeling. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082009. [PMID: 30103524 PMCID: PMC6222645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of two buffered QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) versions (i.e., citrate and acetate) modified by including methanol to recover the residues of three cyclohexanedione oxime (CHD) herbicides and three of their byproducts from agricultural soil was performed. In this context, a full second-order face-centered factorial experimental design was developed to quantify the influences of the main five variables (i.e., extraction time, water content, soil weight, and extraction solvent volume and composition) on the target compound recoveries. The fitting equations satisfactorily described the extraction process behavior. The mathematical models also showed the most influencing independent variables (i.e., extraction solvent composition and soil weight). Handling simpler expressions was possible with the acetate QuEChERS but not with the citrate QuEChERS. The recoveries of the CHD residues were close to 100% after performing the extraction under suitable conditions. Furthermore, dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) clean-up steps were assessed to reduce the matrix effect in mass spectrometry. In this sense, the citrate QuEChERS in combination with the PSA + C18 clean-up step was the best option for the extraction of CHD residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Villaverde
- Unit Plant Protection Products, DTEVPF, INIA. Crta. La Coruña, Km.7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Sevilla-Morán
- Unit Plant Protection Products, DTEVPF, INIA. Crta. La Coruña, Km.7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen López-Goti
- Unit Plant Protection Products, DTEVPF, INIA. Crta. La Coruña, Km.7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Pilar Sandín-España
- Unit Plant Protection Products, DTEVPF, INIA. Crta. La Coruña, Km.7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Miller TH, Bury NR, Owen SF, MacRae JI, Barron LP. A review of the pharmaceutical exposome in aquatic fauna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:129-146. [PMID: 29653304 PMCID: PMC5981000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have been considered 'contaminants of emerging concern' for more than 20 years. In that time, many laboratory studies have sought to identify hazard and assess risk in the aquatic environment, whilst field studies have searched for targeted candidates and occurrence trends using advanced analytical techniques. However, a lack of a systematic approach to the detection and quantification of pharmaceuticals has provided a fragmented literature of serendipitous approaches. Evaluation of the extent of the risk for the plethora of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals available requires the reliable measurement of trace levels of contaminants across different environmental compartments (water, sediment, biota - of which biota has been largely neglected). The focus on pharmaceutical concentrations in surface waters and other exposure media have therefore limited both the characterisation of the exposome in aquatic wildlife and the understanding of cause and effect relationships. Here, we compile the current analytical approaches and available occurrence and accumulation data in biota to review the current state of research in the field. Our analysis provides evidence in support of the 'Matthew Effect' and raises critical questions about the use of targeted analyte lists for biomonitoring. We provide six recommendations to stimulate and improve future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Miller
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicolas R Bury
- Faculty of Science, Health and Technology, University of Suffolk, James Hehir Building, University Avenue, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP3 0FS, UK; Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, UK
| | - James I MacRae
- Metabolomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Leon P Barron
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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16
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Nannou CI, Boti VI, Albanis TA. Trace analysis of pesticide residues in sediments using liquid chromatography–high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1977-1989. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Rivoira L, Studzińska S, Szultka-Młyńska M, Bruzzoniti MC, Buszewski B. New approaches for extraction and determination of betaine from Beta vulgaris samples by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5133-5141. [PMID: 28664334 PMCID: PMC5534198 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Betaine is one of most studied biologically active compounds, due its role in the main biological processes. Although it may be found in several plants and roots, such as the Beta vulgaris family, present in typical diets, just a few analytical methods have been developed for its extraction from roots. A new, quick and effective procedure for the isolation and determination of betaine from two different varieties of B. vulgaris (red and gold) is presented. For betaine extraction, an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was coupled with solid-phase extraction. For betaine determination, a separation method based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was optimized for a sensible detection of betaine by means of experimental design. Recoveries were about 93%, with RSD <5%, for both the matrices, without evidence of interfering species. The total content of betaine in extracts of various parts of plants (juice, peel, root) have been determined, obtaining concentrations in the range 3000–4000 mg/L for the juice and in the range 2–5 mg/g for the pulp and for the peel. The B. vulgaris gold species exhibited a higher concentration of betaine, compared to the red variety. Additionally, a micro extraction by packed sorbent technique and a modified quick, easy, cheap, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) procedure, were also tested and compared. Despite the lower recoveries of the latter, with respect to the ASE/SPE procedure (75–89%, RSD <1.5%), the ease of the method, which can be applied without the SPE purification procedure, can represent a positive improvement. Determination of betaine from Beta vulgaris samples. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rivoira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Sylwia Studzińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Szultka-Młyńska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.,Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | | | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland. .,Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
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18
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Rossini D, Ciofi L, Ancillotti C, Checchini L, Bruzzoniti M, Rivoira L, Fibbi D, Orlandini S, Del Bubba M. Innovative combination of QuEChERS extraction with on-line solid-phase extract purification and pre-concentration, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their metabolites in sewage sludge. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:269-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Paíga P, Delerue-Matos C. A throughput method using the quick easy cheap effective rugged safe method for the quantification of ibuprofen and its main metabolites in soils. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3436-44. [PMID: 27436623 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction is a modern sample preparation method that involves a number of steps with a low susceptibility to error. The efficiency of a laboratory can be improved not only through labor reduction and consumable savings but also through the use of high-throughput methods and the reduction of wastes. In commercially available kits, different salts and buffers are mixed in anhydrous packages. The composition of these kits are optimized and fixed for particular applications by the suppliers. In this work three model compounds (ibuprofen and two of its main metabolites: hydroxyibuprofen and carboxyibuprofen) were chosen and the amount of each salt (magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and disodium citrate sesquihydrate) in the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe content was optimized for three different soil samples (soils A, B, and C) with different organic carbon contents, using a 2(4) factorial design. The optimized extraction procedure was applied to 12 soil samples; ranging from river sediments to agricultural soils. Based on the analysis 100 samples, a price reduction of 5.1- (soil B), 5.7- (Soil C), and 6.1-fold (soil A) was achieved without compromising the performance of the method when compared to commercial kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Paíga
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Atónio Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Atónio Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Bruzzoniti MC, Sarzanini C, Rivoira L, Tumiatti V, Maina R. Simultaneous determination of five common additives in insulating mineral oils by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and coulometric detection. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2955-62. [PMID: 27279638 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric mineral oils are used to impregnate power transformers and large electrical apparatus, acting as both liquid insulation and heat dissipation media. Antioxidants and passivators are frequently added to mineral oils to enhance oxidation stability and reduce the electrostatic charging tendency, respectively. Since existing standard test methods only allow analysis of individual additives, new approaches are needed for the detection of mixtures. For the first time we investigate and discuss the performance of analytical methods, which require or do not require extraction as sample pretreatment, for the simultaneous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography determination of passivators (benzotriazole, Irgamet(®) 39) and antioxidants (N-phenyl-1-naphtylamine, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol), chosen for their presence in marketed oils. Quick easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe and solid phase extractions were evaluated as sample pretreatments. Direct sample-injection was also studied. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry and direct-current coulometry detection were explored. As less prone to additive concentrations variability, the direct-injection high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and coulometric detection method was validated through comparison with Standard Method IEC 60666 and through an ASTM interlaboratory proficiency test. Obtained detection limits are (mg kg(-1) ): benzotriazole (2.8), Irgamet(®) 39 (13.8), N-phenyl-1-naphtylamine (11.9), 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (13.1), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (10.2). Simultaneous determination of selected additives was possible both in unused and used oils, with good precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Rivoira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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21
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Santos LH, Ramalhosa MJ, Ferreira M, Delerue-Matos C. Development of a modified acetonitrile-based extraction procedure followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of psychiatric drugs in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1437:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Bruzzoniti MC, De Carlo RM, Rivoira L, Del Bubba M, Pavani M, Riatti M, Onida B. Adsorption of bentazone herbicide onto mesoporous silica: application to environmental water purification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5399-5409. [PMID: 26564196 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Within the last few years, the presence of bentazone herbicide has been observed in many water resources. For the first time, removal of bentazone using mesoporous silica was investigated revealing reversible adsorption. The adsorption isotherm was well described using the Freundlich model. The affinity towards bentazone is strongly affected by pH in the range of 2-7, decreasing with the increase of the pH, becoming negligible at the neutrality. Regeneration of the adsorbent was possible, and a recovery as high as 70 % was obtained using CH3OH-NaOH solution. Furthermore, appreciable recovery (47 %) was also obtained using water. Applications on the purification of lake water and wastewaters, both characterized by a significant organic carbon load, spiked with 2 mg L(-1) bentazone were tested, observing removal yields in the range of 61-73 %. Taking advantage of the fast adsorption kinetics observed, an in-flow purification treatment was set-up, with quantitative removal of bentazone from polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bruzzoniti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - R M De Carlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - L Rivoira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - M Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Pavani
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - M Riatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - B Onida
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
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23
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Liu S, He H, Huang X, Jin Q, Zhu G. Comparison of extraction solvents and sorbents in the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the determination of pesticide multiresidue in fruits by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3525-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Liu
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics; Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Huali He
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics; Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xihui Huang
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics; Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Quan Jin
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics; Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou P. R. China
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