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Michlig N, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR. Comparison of filter membranes in the analysis of 183 veterinary and other drugs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300696. [PMID: 38356232 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Although filtration is one of the most common steps in sample preparation for chemical analysis, filter membrane materials can leach contaminants and/or retain some analytes in the filtered solutions. In multiclass, multiresidue analysis of veterinary drugs, it is challenging to find one type of filter membrane that does not retain at least some of the analytes before injection in ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). In this study, different filter membranes were tested for use in UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of 183 diverse drugs in bovine muscle, kidney, and liver tissues. Membranes evaluated consisted of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polyethersulfone, nylon, and regenerated cellulose. Drug classes represented among the analytes included β-agonists, β-lactams, anthelmintics, macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, tranquilizers, (fluoro)quinolones, anti-inflammatories, nitroimidazoles, coccidiostats, phenicols, and others. Although the presence of a matrix helped reduce the binding of analytes on surface active sites, all of the filter types partially retained at least some of the drugs in the final extracts. In testing by flow-injection analysis, all of the membrane filters were also observed to leach interfering components. Ultimately, filtration was avoided altogether in the final sample preparation approach known as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, efficient, and robust (QuEChERSER) mega-method, and ultracentrifugation was chosen as an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Michlig
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Faulkner DV, Cantley ML, Kennedy DG, Elliott CT, Crooks SRH. MRM 3-based UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of total florfenicol residue content in milk and withdrawal study profile of milk from treated cows. Food Chem 2022; 379:132070. [PMID: 35114519 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Florfenicol is a broad spectrum antibacterial, licensed globally for treatment of animal and aquaculture diseases. In the EU, Canada and US it is not permitted for use in animals producing milk or eggs. There are no published methods for analysis of total florfenicol content in milk/milk products as these lack a hydrolysis step, failing to meet the marker residue definition. A method for determining total florfenicol content in milk that meets this definition is reported for the first time. Use of a UHPLC-MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring-cubed method improved the selective detection and quantitation of lower levels of florfenicol amine in milk compared to MRM only. Single laboratory validation data and withdrawal profile in bovine milk are presented. A withdrawal period of over 50 days is indicated in case of off-label use. Requirement for hydrolysis is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot V Faulkner
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Margaret L Cantley
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - David G Kennedy
- Queens University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Queens University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Steven R H Crooks
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
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3
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Li X, Fang Z, He X, Zhang S, Ding H, Ye H. Optimization of 204 veterinary drug residues method and establishing their mass spectrum library. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2021.1986524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Li
- Physical and Chemical Inspection Department, Suzhou Institute For Food Control, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhijuan Fang
- Physical and Chemical Inspection Department, Suzhou Institute For Food Control, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinye He
- Physical and Chemical Inspection Department, Suzhou Institute For Food Control, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- Physical and Chemical Inspection Department, Suzhou Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongliu Ding
- Physical and Chemical Inspection Department, Suzhou Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection, Suzhou, China
| | - Hu Ye
- Physical and Chemical Inspection Department, Suzhou Institute For Food Control, Suzhou, China
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Melekhin AO, Tolmacheva VV, Shubina EG, Dmitrienko SG, Apyari VV, Grudev AI. Using Hypercrosslinked Polystyrene for the Multicomponent Solid-Phase Extraction of Residues of 63 Veterinary Preparations in Their Determination in Chicken Meat by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821060046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR. Extract-and-Inject Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Catfish and Ready-to-Eat Meats by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2021; 103:584-606. [PMID: 33241275 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Validated analytical methods are needed to conduct regulatory monitoring of ready-to-eat meats and fish for food safety, risk assessment, and other purposes. The methods should be cost-effective, high-throughput, and meet acceptable performance standards for a wide scope of drugs and matrixes. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to demonstrate the validity for possible implementation in the US National Residue Program of an efficient method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of 176 targeted drugs at levels as low as 10 ng/g in hot dogs, catfish and swai (Siluriformes), chicken tenders, fried bacon, and sausage using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). METHODS Sample preparation simply involved a 5 min extraction by shaking 2 g comminuted samples with 10 mL of 4/1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water followed by centrifugation and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of 2 μL injections. For cleanup comparison purposes only, sausage extracts were also prepared using a cartridge-based EMR-Lipid method prior to analysis. RESULTS Acceptable validation of 70-120% recoveries with <25% RSDs was met for 156-176 out of 186 drugs and quality control analytes without cleanup depending on the matrix. The EMR-Lipid method for sausage improved results for some analytes, such as mectin anthelmintics, due to reduction of indirectly interfering fats in the final extracts, but it also led to significantly worse results for several other drugs, resulting in 32 fewer analytes meeting the given validation criteria than without cleanup. CONCLUSIONS The simple, high-throughput method was demonstrated to be valid to meet routine regulatory and other monitoring needs for many diverse targeted drugs in fish and ready-to-eat meat matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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Rahman MM, Lee DJ, Jo A, Yun SH, Eun JB, Im MH, Shim JH, Abd El-Aty AM. Onsite/on-field analysis of pesticide and veterinary drug residues by a state-of-art technology: A review. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2310-2327. [PMID: 33773036 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides and veterinary drugs are generally employed to control pests and insects in crop and livestock farming. However, remaining residues are considered potentially hazardous to human health and the environment. Therefore, regular monitoring is required for assessing and legislation of pesticides and veterinary drugs. Various approaches to determining residues in various agricultural and animal food products have been reported. Most analytical methods involve sample extraction, purification (cleanup), and detection. Traditional sample preparation is time-consuming labor-intensive, expensive, and requires a large amount of toxic organic solvent, along with high probability for the decomposition of a compound before the analysis. Thus, modern sample preparation techniques, such as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method, have been widely accepted in the scientific community for its versatile application; however, it still requires a laboratory setup for the extraction and purification processes, which also involves the utilization of a toxic solvent. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate recent technologies that are simple, portable, green, quick, and cost-effective for onsite and infield residue detections. Several technologies, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, quantum dots, biosensing, and miniaturized gas chromatography, are now available. Further, several onsite techniques, such as ion mobility-mass spectrometry, are now being upgraded; some of them, although unable to analyze field sample directly, can analyze a large number of compounds within very short time (such as time-of-flight and Orbitrap mass spectrometry). Thus, to stay updated with scientific advances and analyze organic contaminants effectively and safely, it is necessary to study all of the state-of-art technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Musfiqur Rahman
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Lee
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Yun
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bang Eun
- Department of Food Science and Technology and BK 21 plus Program, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Hyeog Im
- Department of Food Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Michlig N, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR, Beldoménico H, Repetti MR. Validation of a high-throughput method for analysis of pesticide residues in hemp and hemp products. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462097. [PMID: 33848664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hemp has been an agricultural commodity for millennia, and it has been undergoing a resurgence in interest and production due to its high content of cannabinoids, protein, fiber and other ingredients. For legal possession and use throughout the USA, hemp and hemp products must have delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration < 0.3%. As with most crops, pesticides may be applied when farming hemp, which need to be monitored in food, feed, and medicinal products. The aim of this work was to evaluate and validate the recently developed "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, efficient, and robust" (QuEChERSER) sample preparation mega-method to determine pesticide residues in hemp plants, flowers, powders, oils, and pellets. High-throughput analysis of final extracts for 106 targeted pesticides and metabolites from North American monitoring lists entailed: 1) ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with column back-flushing, and 2) instrument-top sample preparation + low-pressure gas chromatography (ITSP+LPGC-MS/MS). In QuEChERSER, 2 g sample is extracted with 10 mL 4/1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water by mechanical shaking for 10 min, followed by 3 min centrifugation. For LC, 0.2 mL of extract is taken and solvent exchanged into initial mobile phase followed by 5 min ultra-centrifugation prior to the 10 min analysis. For GC-amenable pesticides, the remaining initial extract is partitioned with 4/1 (w/w) anh. MgSO4/NaCl, and 1 mL is taken for automated ITSP cleanup in parallel with 10 min LPGC analysis. In the former case, the UHPLC column is back-flushed with 1/1 (v/v) methanol/acetonitrile for 3 min between each injection to keep the system clean and avoid ghost peaks. Multi-level, multi-day validation results achieved 70-120% recoveries with RSDs < 20% for more than 80% of the analytes in hemp protein powder, oil, pellets, and fresh plant (dried hemp plant and flower were too complex). Limits of quantification (LOQs) were < 10 ng/g were achieved for nearly all pesticides, yielding 2.8% false negatives among >13,000 analyte results in the spiked samples. The QuEChERSER method was demonstrated to meet the challenge for several complex hemp matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Michlig
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA; Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Horacio Beldoménico
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Repetti
- Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos (PRINARC), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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Casey CR, Andersen WC, Williams NT, Nickel TJ, Ayres PR. Multiclass, Multiresidue Method for the Quantification and Confirmation of 112 Veterinary Drugs in Game Meat (Bison, Deer, Elk, and Rabbit) by Rapid Polarity Switching Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1175-1186. [PMID: 32352772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An analytical program for multiclass, multiresidue residue analysis to qualitatively and quantitatively determine veterinary drug compounds in game meats by LC-MS/MS has been developed and validated. The method was validated for the analysis of muscle from bison, deer, elk, and rabbit to test for 112 veterinary drug residues from the following drug classes: β-agonists, anthelmintics, anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, macrolides, nitroimidazoles, phenicols, polypeptides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, thyreostats, and tranquilizers. Muscle was extracted using a simple and quick procedure based on a solvent extraction with 80% ACN/water and sample cleanup with dispersive solid-phase extraction. The compounds of interest were separated using a Waters HSS T3 column and detected by tandem mass spectrometry with rapid polarity switching to detect both negatively and positively charged ions in a single run. Recoveries were calculated using extracted matrix-matched calibration curves for each type of matrix. The average accuracy of fortified compounds ranged from 95.6 to 101% at the target quantitative validation level in the four matrices. The method was also validated as a qualitative screening method where all sample responses were compared with a single extracted matrix-matched calibrant at the target testing level (5 or 25 ng/g). Samples demonstrating a presumptive positive above the threshold value were re-extracted and analyzed with a five-point matrix-matching extracted calibration curve. Since the beginning of this survey program, 360 samples have been analyzed for veterinary drug residues in game meats. Antibiotic or tranquilizer residues have been identified in deer (chlortetracycline, haloperidol, and tulathromycin) and rabbit (sulfadiazine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Casey
- Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Wendy C Andersen
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Nicole T Williams
- Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Tara J Nickel
- Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Patrick R Ayres
- Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
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9
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Monteiro SH, Lehotay SJ, Sapozhnikova Y, Ninga E, Lightfield AR. High-Throughput Mega-Method for the Analysis of Pesticides, Veterinary Drugs, and Environmental Contaminants by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Robotic Mini-Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup + Low-Pressure Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Part 1: Beef. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1159-1168. [PMID: 32442376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new mega-method of sample preparation called "QuEChERSER" (more than QuEChERS) is being presented for the first time. Fast, efficient, and cost-effective analysis of chemical contaminants in meat is useful for international trade, domestic monitoring, risk assessment, and other purposes. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a simple high-throughput mega-method for residual analysis of 161 pesticides, 63 veterinary drugs, 24 metabolites, and 14 legacy environmental contaminants (polychlorinated biphenyls) in bovine muscle for implementation in routine laboratory analyses. Sample preparation of 2 g test portions entailed QuEChERS-based extraction with 10 mL of 4:1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water, and then 204 μL was taken, diluted, and ultracentrifuged prior to analysis of veterinary drugs and pesticides by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The remaining extract was salted out with 4:1 (w/w) anhydrous MgSO4/NaCl, and 1 mL was transferred to an autosampler vial for automated mini-cartridge solid-phase extraction (Instrument Top Sample Preparation) cleanup with immediate injection using fast low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The automated cleanup and both instruments were all operated in parallel in 13-15 min cycle times per sample. Method validation according to United States Department of Agriculture requirements demonstrated that 221 (85%) of the 259 analytes gave average recovery between 70 and 120% and interday relative standard deviation of ≤25%. Analysis of a certified reference material for veterinary drugs in freeze-dried bovine muscle was also very accurate, further demonstrating that the QuEChERSER mega-method can be implemented to save time, labor, and resources compared to current practices to use multiple methods to cover the same analytical scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio H Monteiro
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Environmental Protection Research Center, Biological Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo 04014-900, Brazil
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Ederina Ninga
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
- Department of Toxicology and Residues Monitoring, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, 1001 Tirana, Albania
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
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Ninga E, Sapozhnikova Y, Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR, Monteiro SH. High-Throughput Mega-Method for the Analysis of Pesticides, Veterinary Drugs, and Environmental Contaminants by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Robotic Mini-Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup + Low-Pressure Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Part 2: Catfish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1169-1174. [PMID: 32442377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop and validate a new method for simultaneous determination of 106 veterinary drugs and 227 pesticides and their metabolites plus 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at and below their regulatory levels established for catfish muscle in the European Union and U.S.A. To do this, two different QuEChERS-based methods for veterinary drugs and pesticides and PCBs were modified and merged into a single mega-method dubbed "QuEChERSER" (more than QuEChERS), which is presented here for the first time. The mega-method was validated in catfish at four different spiking levels with 10 replicates per level. Sample extraction of 2 g test portions was made with 10 mL of 4:1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water, and then an aliquot was taken for ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis of 106 veterinary drugs and 125 pesticides, including metabolites. The remaining extract after salting out was subjected to automated mini-solid-phase extraction cleanup (Instrument Top Sample Preparation) for immediate injection in low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LPGC-MS/MS). The cleanup was conducted in parallel with the 10 min LPGC-MS/MS analysis for 167 PCBs, pesticides, and metabolites, which was conducted in parallel with the 10 min UHPLC-MS/MS analysis for 231 analytes to increase sample throughput (49 analytes were included in both techniques). In MS/MS, three ion transitions were monitored for nearly all targeted analytes to provide unambiguous identification as well as quantification. Satisfactory recoveries (70-120%) and relative standard deviations of ≤20% were achieved for 98 (92%) of the veterinary drugs and their metabolites and for 222 (91%) of pesticides, metabolites, and PCBs, demonstrating that the developed method is applicable for the analysis of these contaminants in fish as part of regulatory monitoring programs and other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ederina Ninga
- Department of Toxicology and Residues Monitoring, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, 1001 Tirana, Albania
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Sergio H Monteiro
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Environmental Protection Research Center, Biological Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo 04014-900, Brazil
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Souza R, Fernández P, Muela A, Cesio MV, Heinzen H, Pareja L. Development of a Methodology for the Simultaneous Analysis of Multiclass Contaminants in Milk. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Wang L, Qi C, Wang L, Wang T, Lei Y, Zeng X, Liu J, Liang X, Huang L, Wu Y. Rapid Screening and Quantification of Multi-Class Multi-Residue Veterinary Drugs in Pork by a Modified Quechers Protocol Coupled to UPLC-QOrbitrap HRMS. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190926123512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
A rapid and simple analytical method for the screening and quantification of
multi-residues was established by a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) approach
coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization quadrupole
orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). A total number of 59 veterinary
drugs were investigated, which belonged to 12 classes, such as β-agonist, quinolones, sulfonamides,
tetracyclines, lincomycin series, triphenylmethane, nitroimidazoles, macrolides, amide alcohols,
quinoxalines, steroid hormone and sedatives.
Methods:
The factors which influence the determination of veterinary drugs residues, such as mobile
phase, extract solvent, clean up sorbent, and re-dissolved solvent, were optimized by the single factor
experiment. The method was sufficiently validated by using the parameters of linearity, sensitivity,
accuracy, and repeatability.
Results:
The response of the detector was linear for 59 veterinary drug residues in extensive range
(two to three orders of magnitude) with a high coefficient of determination (R2) (0.9995-0.9998).
The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.1μg/kg to 2.0μg/kg for 59 veterinary drug residues
in pork samples. The repeatability was in the range of 1.0%-9.5%. Average recoveries of 59 veterinary
drugs at three spiked levels ranged from 53.7%-117.8% with relative standard deviation (RSD)
of 1.9%-13.9%. The full MS scan coupled with data-dependent MS/MS mode was applied for
screening the target compounds to simultaneously obtain the accurate mass of parent ion and the
mass spectrum of fragments. Elemental composition, accurate mass, and retention time and characteristic
fragment ions were used to establish a homemade database.
Conclusion:
The ability of the homemade database was verified by analyzing the real pork samples,
and the result was satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), 510410, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunyan Qi
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), 510410, Guangdong, China
| | - Lidan Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingcai Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), 510410, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), 510410, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefang Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), 510410, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiafei Liu
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), 510410, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuxia Liang
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), 510410, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixin Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 10022, Beijing, China
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Thompson CS, Traynor IM, Fodey TL, Barnes P, Faulkner DV, Crooks SRH. Screening method for the detection of residues of amphenicol antibiotics in bovine milk by optical biosensor. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1854-1864. [PMID: 32910860 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1809718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An immunobiosensor assay was developed for multi-residue screening in bovine milk of the parent amphenicols, thiamphenicol and florfenicol, along with the metabolite florfenicol amine. A polyclonal antibody raised in a rabbit after immunisation with a florfenicol amine-protein conjugate was employed in the assay. Milk samples were subjected to acetonitrile extraction, reconstituted in buffer and diluted prior to biosensor analysis. Validation data obtained from the analysis of fortified samples has shown that the method has a detection capability of less than 0.25 µg kg-1 for florfenicol and less than 0.5 µg kg-1 for florfenicol amine and thiamphenicol. The cross-reactivity profile and validation data for the detection of these amphenicols is presented together with results obtained following the analysis of florfenicol incurred samples using the developed screening method along with a comparison of results obtained from the analysis of the same incurred samples using an MRM3 UPLC-MS/MS confirmatory method. Results are also presented obtained from the analysis of samples from both treated and non-treated animals which were co-housed and which show the potential for cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S Thompson
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Imelda M Traynor
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Terence L Fodey
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - P Barnes
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Dermot V Faulkner
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Steven R H Crooks
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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14
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Yu J, Di S, Ning T, Yang H, Zhu GT, Chen P, Yu H, Wang J, Zhu S. Rational design and synthesis of magnetic covalent organic frameworks for controlling the selectivity and enhancing the extraction efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:531. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Li S, Zhang Q, Chen M, Zhang X, Liu P. Determination of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin: Sample preparation methods and analytical techniques. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1798247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Li
- Department of Hygiene Detection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiongyao Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Detection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengdi Chen
- Department of Hygiene Detection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Detection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Hygiene Detection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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16
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Khaled A, Gómez-Ríos GA, Pawliszyn J. Optimization of Coated Blade Spray for Rapid Screening and Quantitation of 105 Veterinary Drugs in Biological Tissue Samples. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5937-5943. [PMID: 32192344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient determination of contaminants at trace levels in tissue samples has become an unmet need around the globe. Coated blade spray (CBS) extraction/ionization is a technology capable of performing, with a single device, enrichment of analytes present in complex matrices, as well as the direct interface and introduction of said analytes into the mass spectrometer via electrospray ionization. To facilitate the challenging rapid tissue screening, we describe for the first time the use of a very thin layer of biocompatible polyacrylonitrile as a CBS device undercoating to make metal surface biocompatible. This add-on is meant to protect the portion of the uncoated stainless-steel of the blade that is normally exposed to the matrix, consequently becoming susceptible to adhesion of matrix macromolecules, cells, and fat. In addition, we present for the first time the use of CBS in negative ionization mode for quantitative purposes. The optimized CBS workflow allows for rapid and high-throughput screening and quantitation of 105 veterinary drugs in homogenized bovine tissue in both negative and positive ionization mode in one single run using a single CBS device with analysis times as short as 1 min per sample when 96 extractions are simultaneously conducted. While only two internal standards were used for correction, one per ionization mode, excellent accuracy and precision were achieved, with more than 90% of analytes falling within the 70-120% range of their true concentrations and yielding RSD ≤ 25% at three validation levels. The majority of analytes achieved linear correlation coefficients >0.99, and all 105 analytes were able to meet both Canadian and U.S. regulatory levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Khaled
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Germán Augusto Gómez-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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17
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Khaled A, Singh V, Pawliszyn J. Comparison of Solid-Phase Microextraction to Solvent Extraction and QuEChERS for Quantitative Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Chicken and Beef Matrices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12663-12669. [PMID: 31398029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated high-throughput method using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of more than 100 veterinary drugs in chicken and beef tissue. The work also encompassed a comparison of the SPME method to two well-documented sample preparation procedures, solvent extraction (SE) and quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS). SPME showed considerably less matrix effects, with only two compounds showing significant matrix effects in comparison to 30% of analytes in QuEChERS and 42% in SE in beef tissue. Excellent accuracy and precision results were achieved with all methods in the chicken matrix, with more than 91% of analytes falling within the 70-120% range of their true concentrations and relative standard deviation of ≤25% at 0.75X and 1.5X, where X is the maximum residue level. Similar results were achieved in beef tissue. All methods were able to meet regulatory limit of quantitation levels for the majority of target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Khaled
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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18
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Polyanskikh EI, Polonevich AG, Belysheva LL, Rakhman’ko EM, Leshchev SM. A Procedure for the Control of the Residual Chloramphenicol (Laevomycetin) in Food Products of Animal Origin. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Pugajeva I, Ikkere L, Judjallo E, Bartkevics V. Determination of residues and metabolites of more than 140 pharmacologically active substances in meat by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:252-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Khaled A, Gionfriddo E, Acquaro V, Singh V, Pawliszyn J. Development and validation of a fully automated solid phase microextraction high throughput method for quantitative analysis of multiresidue veterinary drugs in chicken tissue. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1056:34-46. [PMID: 30797459 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the development and validation of a fully automated, high-throughput multiclass, multiresidue method for quantitative analysis of 77 veterinary drugs in chicken muscle via direct immersion solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The selected drugs represent more than 12 different classes of drugs characterized by varying physical and chemical properties. A Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) extraction phase, prepared using HLB particles synthesized in-house, yielded the best extraction/desorption performance among four different SPME extraction phases evaluated in the current work. The developed SPME method was optimized in terms of SPME coating and geometry, desorption solvent, extraction and rinsing conditions, and extraction and desorption times. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the optimal desorption solvent for the proposed application. The developed method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines, taking into account Canadian maximum residue limits (MRLs) and US maximum tolerance levels for veterinary drugs in meat. Method accuracy ranged from 80 to 120% for at least 73 compounds, with relative standard deviation of 1-15%. Inter-day precision ranged from 4 to 15% for 70 compounds. Determination coefficients values were higher than 0.991 for all compounds under study with no significant lack of fit (p > 0.05) at the 5% level. In terms of limits of quantitation, the method was able to meet both Canadian and US regulatory levels for all compounds under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Khaled
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Vinicius Acquaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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21
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Rocchi S, Caretti F, Mainero Rocca L, Pérez-Fernández V, Tomai P, Dal Bosco C, Curini R, Gentili A. Subcritical water extraction of thyreostats from bovine muscle followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1472-1483. [PMID: 29843563 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1472393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyreostats can be used fraudulently to promote a rapid increase in weight of breeding animals at low cost. Their severe toxicological effects impose the development of reliable analytical methods to be used in monitoring plans. This work describes an alternative approach to isolate residues of thiouracil, methyl-thiouracil, propyl-thiouracil, phenyl-thiouracil, tapazole and mercaptobenzimidazole from bovine muscle tissue. The developed procedure is based on the following three steps: i) matrix solid-phase dispersion with C18 for the preliminary sample preparation; ii) subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 160°C and 100 bar; iii) clean-up on an Oasis HLB cartridge. The quantitative determination was performed by LC-MS/MS in dual polarity ionization by using internal standardization. The SWE-LC-MS/MS method was validated according to the identification criteria of the Commission decision 2002/657/EC. The relative recoveries ranged from 72 to 97%; within-lab reproducibility was less than 18%. The decision limit and the detection capability of all analytes were below the recommended concentration, set at 10 µg kg-1, but the validation results demonstrated that this method could only be applied for screening of thiouracil and methyl-thiouracil. Besides the analytical advantages related to the use of water as solvent extraction, the procedure allowed significant removal of lipids, whose detrimental effects on instrumentation and MS sensitivity are well-known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rocchi
- a Department of Chemistry , "La Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
| | - Fulvia Caretti
- a Department of Chemistry , "La Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
| | | | | | - Pierpaolo Tomai
- a Department of Chemistry , "La Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
| | - Chiara Dal Bosco
- a Department of Chemistry , "La Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- a Department of Chemistry , "La Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
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22
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Gibbs RS, Murray SL, Watson LV, Nielsen BP, Potter RA, Murphy CJ. Development and Validation of a Hybrid Screening and Quantitative Method for the Analysis of Eight Classes of Therapeutants in Aquaculture Products by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4997-5008. [PMID: 29485279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A method using reverse-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry is described for eight classes of therapeutants that are used in marine aquaculture products. Validation studies to evaluate recovery, precision, method detection limits, and measurement uncertainty were performed at three levels, using three representative matrices [salmon (fatty fish), tilapia (lean fish), and shrimp (crustaceans)] to assess the method performance for use as a screening or determinative (quantitative and confirmatory) method. A total of 16 sulfonamides (plus 2 potentiators), 2 tetracyclines, 11 (fluoro)quinolones, 7 nitroimidazoles, 3 amphenicols, 5 steroids, and 3 stilbenes met the quantitative criteria for method validation. An additional 5 triphenylmethane dyes, 2 sulfonamides, 2 tetracyclines, and 1 amphenicol met the required performance for use as a screening method. Limits of detection (LODs) for the compounds that met the quantitative criteria ranged from 0.1 to 5 μg/kg, while LODs for compounds from the screening group ranged from 0.1 to 30 μg/kg. This method provides a comprehensive approach to the determination of different classes of compounds in aquaculture products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Gibbs
- Dartmouth Laboratory , Canadian Food Inspection Agency , 1992 Agency Drive , Dartmouth , Nova Scotia B3B 1Y9 , Canada
| | - Shauna L Murray
- Dartmouth Laboratory , Canadian Food Inspection Agency , 1992 Agency Drive , Dartmouth , Nova Scotia B3B 1Y9 , Canada
| | - Lynn V Watson
- Dartmouth Laboratory , Canadian Food Inspection Agency , 1992 Agency Drive , Dartmouth , Nova Scotia B3B 1Y9 , Canada
| | - Brandy P Nielsen
- Dartmouth Laboratory , Canadian Food Inspection Agency , 1992 Agency Drive , Dartmouth , Nova Scotia B3B 1Y9 , Canada
| | - Ross A Potter
- Dartmouth Laboratory , Canadian Food Inspection Agency , 1992 Agency Drive , Dartmouth , Nova Scotia B3B 1Y9 , Canada
| | - Cory J Murphy
- Dartmouth Laboratory , Canadian Food Inspection Agency , 1992 Agency Drive , Dartmouth , Nova Scotia B3B 1Y9 , Canada
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23
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Multi-class multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs in meat using enhanced matrix removal lipid cleanup and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1549:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Zheng J, Xi C, Wang G, Cao S, Tang B, Mu Z. Simultaneous Determination of 20 Antibiotics in Bovine Colostrum Tablet Using UHPLC–MS/MS and SPE. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Multi-residue Determination of Veterinary Drugs in Fishery Products Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Schwaiger B, König J, Lesueur C. Development and Validation of a Multi-class UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Dairy Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Simultaneous analysis of aminoglycosides with many other classes of drug residues in bovine tissues by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using an ion-pairing reagent added to final extracts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1095-1109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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28
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Fontana AR, Bottini R. Filter-vial dispersive solid-phase extraction as a simplified clean-up for determination of ethylphenols in red wines. Food Chem 2017; 230:405-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Turnipseed SB, Storey JM, Lohne JJ, Andersen WC, Burger R, Johnson AS, Madson MR. Wide-Scope Screening Method for Multiclass Veterinary Drug Residues in Fish, Shrimp, and Eel Using Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7252-7267. [PMID: 28030951 PMCID: PMC5901739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A screening method for veterinary drug residues in fish, shrimp, and eel using LC with a high-resolution MS instrument has been developed and validated. The method was optimized for over 70 test compounds representing a variety of veterinary drug classes. Tissues were extracted by vortex mixing with acetonitrile acidified with 2% acetic acid and 0.2% p-toluenesulfonic acid. A centrifuged portion of the extract was passed through a novel solid phase extraction cartridge designed to remove interfering matrix components from tissue extracts. The eluent was then evaporated and reconstituted for analysis. Data were collected with a quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer using both nontargeted and targeted acquisition methods. Residues were detected on the basis of the exact mass of the precursor and a product ion along with isotope pattern and retention time matching. Semiquantitative data analysis compared MS1 signal to a one-point extracted matrix standard at a target testing level. The test compounds were detected and identified in salmon, tilapia, catfish, shrimp, and eel extracts fortified at the target testing levels. Fish dosed with selected analytes and aquaculture samples previously found to contain residues were also analyzed. The screening method can be expanded to monitor for an additional >260 veterinary drugs on the basis of exact mass measurements and retention times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B. Turnipseed
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
- Corresponding Author: (S.B.T.) . Phone: (303) 236-3072
| | - Joseph M. Storey
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Jack J. Lohne
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Wendy C. Andersen
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Robert Burger
- Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Aaron S. Johnson
- Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Mark R. Madson
- Animal Drugs Research Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
- Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
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30
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Amelin VG, Lavrukhina OI. Food safety assurance using methods of chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Anumol T, Lehotay SJ, Stevens J, Zweigenbaum J. Comparison of veterinary drug residue results in animal tissues by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole or quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry after different sample preparation methods, including use of a commercial lipid removal product. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2639-2653. [PMID: 28224246 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods must be monitored to ensure food safety, verify proper veterinary practices, enforce legal limits in domestic and imported foods, and for other purposes. A common goal in drug residue analysis in foods is to achieve acceptable monitoring results for as many analytes as possible, with higher priority given to the drugs of most concern, in an efficient and robust manner. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has implemented a multiclass, multi-residue method based on sample preparation using dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) for cleanup and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ) for analysis of >120 drugs at regulatory levels of concern in animal tissues. Recently, a new cleanup product called "enhanced matrix removal for lipids" (EMR-L) was commercially introduced that used a unique chemical mechanism to remove lipids from extracts. Furthermore, high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q/TOF) for (U)HPLC detection often yields higher selectivity than targeted QQQ analyzers while allowing retroactive processing of samples for other contaminants. In this study, the use of both d-SPE and EMR-L sample preparation and UHPLC-QQQ and UHPLC-Q/TOF analysis methods for shared spiked samples of bovine muscle, kidney, and liver was compared. The results showed that the EMR-L method provided cleaner extracts overall and improved results for several anthelmintics and tranquilizers compared to the d-SPE method, but the EMR-L method gave lower recoveries for certain β-lactam antibiotics. QQQ vs. Q/TOF detection showed similar mixed performance advantages depending on analytes and matrix interferences, with an advantage to Q/TOF for greater possible analytical scope and non-targeted data collection. Either combination of approaches may be used to meet monitoring purposes, with an edge in efficiency to d-SPE, but greater instrument robustness and less matrix effects when analyzing EMR-L extracts. Graphical abstract Comparison of cleanup methods in the analysis of veterinary drug residues in bovine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Anumol
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Joan Stevens
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
| | - Jerry Zweigenbaum
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
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32
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Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Palma P, Piergiovanni M, Cappiello A. Atmospheric Pressure Vaporization Mechanism for Coupling a Liquid Phase with Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2049-2056. [PMID: 28208289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) interfacing concept is presented and discussed. The new interface, called liquid-EI (LEI), is based on electron ionization (EI) but, differently from any previous attempt, the vaporization of solutes and mobile phase takes place at atmospheric pressure into a specifically designed region, called "vaporization microchannel", before entering the high-vacuum ion source. The interface is completely independent from the rest of the instrumentation and can be adapted to any gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system, as an add-on for a rapid LC-MS conversion. Pressure drop and temperature gradient between LC and MS were considered to enhance the analyte response and reduce band broadening and/or solute carryovers. A fused silica liner, placed inside the vaporization microchannel, acts as an inert vaporization surface speeding up the gas-phase conversion of large molecules while lessening possible memory effects. The liner is easily replaceable for a quick and extremely simple interface maintenance. Proof of concept and detailed description of the interface are here presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Piergiovanni
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
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Gentili A, De Pratti V, Caretti F, Pérez-Fernández V, Tomai P, Curini R, Mainero Rocca L. Residue analysis of thyreostats in baby foods via matrix solid phase dispersion and liquid chromatography – dual-polarity electrospray – tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1793-1802. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1241899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria De Pratti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Caretti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Tomai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Mainero Rocca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Anderson SC, Subbiah S, Gentles A, Austin G, Stonum P, Brooks TA, Brooks C, Smith EE. Qualitative and Quantitative Drug residue analyses: Florfenicol in white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) and supermarket meat by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1033-1034:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Masiá A, Suarez-Varela MM, Llopis-Gonzalez A, Picó Y. Determination of pesticides and veterinary drug residues in food by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:40-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Faulkner D, Cantley M, Walker M, Crooks S, Kennedy D, Elliott C. Evidence of non-extractable florfenicol residues: development and validation of a confirmatory method for total florfenicol content in kidney by UPLC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:983-94. [PMID: 27053017 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1175187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The parent compound florfenicol (FF) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial compound licensed in the UK for use in cattle, pigs and the aquaculture industry. The analysis of porcine tissues in this study demonstrates that significant amounts of solvent non-extractable FF-related residues are present in incurred tissues (kidney and muscle) from treated animals. The results indicate that methods based on solvent extraction alone may carry a significant risk of reporting false-negative results. The use of a strong acid hydrolysis step prior to solvent extraction of tissue samples is necessary for an accurate estimate of the total tissue FF content. A robust and sensitive method for the determination of total FF residue content in kidney samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) has been developed and validated. This method covers the synthetic amphenicol drug FF and its metabolites, measured as the marker residue florfenicol amine (FFA) as per Commission Regulation (EU) No. 37/2010. Non-extractable and intermediate metabolites are converted to the hydrolysis product FFA, and then partitioned into ethyl acetate. Extracts are solvent exchanged prior to a dispersive solid-phase extraction step, then analysed using an alkaline reverse-phase gradient separation by UPLC-MS/MS. The method was validated around the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set out in Regulation (EU) No. 37/2010 for bovine kidney in accordance with Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC. The following method performance characteristics were assessed during a single laboratory validation study: selectivity, specificity, sensitivity, linearity, matrix effects, accuracy and precision (decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) were determined).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Faulkner
- a Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Veterinary Sciences Division , Belfast , UK
| | - Margaret Cantley
- a Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Veterinary Sciences Division , Belfast , UK
| | - Matthew Walker
- a Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Veterinary Sciences Division , Belfast , UK
| | - Steven Crooks
- a Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Veterinary Sciences Division , Belfast , UK
| | - David Kennedy
- a Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Veterinary Sciences Division , Belfast , UK
| | - Christopher Elliott
- b Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
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Development of a Straightforward and Cheap Ethyl Acetate Based Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs Residues in Bovine Liver and Muscle. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lehotay SJ, Sapozhnikova Y, Mol HG. Current issues involving screening and identification of chemical contaminants in foods by mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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