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Höflinger P, Hauser S, Yutuc E, Hengel H, Griffiths L, Radelfahr F, Howell OW, Wang Y, Connor SL, Duell PB, DeBarber AE, Martus P, Lütjohann D, Griffiths WJ, Schöls L. Metabolic profiling in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100078. [PMID: 33891937 PMCID: PMC8135047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is caused by autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations in CYP27A1, a gene encoding cytochrome p450 oxidase essential for bile acid synthesis, resulting in altered bile acid and lipid metabolism. Here, we aimed to identify metabolic aberrations that drive ongoing neurodegeneration in some patients with CTX despite chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) supplementation, the standard treatment in CTX. Using chromatographic separation techniques coupled to mass spectrometry, we analyzed 26 sterol metabolites in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with CTX and in one CTX brain. Comparing samples of drug naive patients to patients treated with CDCA and healthy controls, we identified 7α,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one as the most prominently elevated metabolite in serum and CSF of drug naive patients. CDCA treatment substantially reduced or even normalized levels of all metabolites increased in untreated patients with CTX. Independent of CDCA treatment, metabolites of the 27-hydroxylation pathway were nearly absent in all patients with CTX. 27-hydroxylated metabolites accounted for ∼45% of total free sterol content in CSF of healthy controls but <2% in patients with CTX. Metabolic changes in brain tissue corresponded well with findings in CSF. Interestingly, 7α,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and 5α-cholestanol did not exert toxicity in neuronal cell culture. In conclusion, we propose that increased 7α,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and lack of 27-hydroxycholesterol may be highly sensitive metabolic biomarkers of CTX. As CDCA cannot reliably prevent disease progression despite reduction of most accumulated metabolites, supplementation of 27-hydroxylated bile acid intermediates or replacement of CYP27A1 might be required to counter neurodegeneration in patients with progressive disease despite CDCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Höflinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Hengel
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Florentine Radelfahr
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Owain W Howell
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja L Connor
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrea E DeBarber
- Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and applied Biostatistics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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West H, Reid GE. Hybrid 213 nm photodissociation of cationized Sterol lipid ions yield [M] +. Radical products for improved structural characterization using multistage tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1141:100-109. [PMID: 33248642 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are a class of lipid molecules that include cholesterol, oxysterols, and sterol esters. Sterol lipids play critical functional roles in mammalian biology, including the dynamic regulation of cell membrane fluidity, as precursors for the synthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D, as regulators of gene expression in lipid metabolism, and for cholesterol transport and storage. The most common method employed for sterol analysis is high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). However, conventional collision induced dissociation (CID) methods used for ion activation during MS/MS typically fail to provide sufficient structural information for unambiguous assignment of sterol species based on their fragmentation behaviour alone. This places a significant burden on the efficiency of the chromatographic separation methods for the effective separation of isomeric sterols. Here, toward developing an improved analysis strategy for sterol lipids, we have explored the novel use of 213 nm photodissociation MS/MS and hybrid multistage-MS/MS (i.e., MSn) data acquisition approaches for the improved structural characterization of cholesterol, representative isomeric oxysterols, and cholesteryl esters. Most notably, UVPD-MS/MS of ammoniated, lithiated and sodiated adducts of cholesterol, several representative oxysterol species, and an oxosterol lipid, are shown to give rise to abundant [M]+. radical cation products, that subsequently fragment during collision induced MS3 to yield extensive structurally informative product ions, similar to those observed by Electron Ionization, and that enable their unambiguously assignment, including isomeric differentiation of oxysterols. For cholesterol esters, a reversed hybrid collision induced-MS/MS and UVPD-MS3 approach is shown to enable assignment of the sterol backbone, and localization of the site(s) of unsaturation within esterified fatty acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry West
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Bio 21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Griffiths WJ, Yutuc E, Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Hearn T, Dickson A, Bigger BW, Hoi-Yee Wu T, Goenka A, Ghosh A, Jones SA, Covey DF, Ory DS, Wang Y. Metabolism of Non-Enzymatically Derived Oxysterols: Clues from sterol metabolic disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:124-133. [PMID: 31009661 PMCID: PMC6863434 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (3β,5α,6β-triol) is formed from cholestan-5,6-epoxide (5,6-EC) in a reaction catalysed by cholesterol epoxide hydrolase, following formation of 5,6-EC through free radical oxidation of cholesterol. 7-Oxocholesterol (7-OC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-HC) can also be formed by free radical oxidation of cholesterol. Here we investigate how 3β,5α,6β-triol, 7-OC and 7β-HC are metabolised to bile acids. We show, by monitoring oxysterol metabolites in plasma samples rich in 3β,5α,6β-triol, 7-OC and 7β-HC, that these three oxysterols fall into novel branches of the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis becoming (25R)26-hydroxylated then carboxylated, 24-hydroxylated and side-chain shortened to give the final products 3β,5α,6β-trihydroxycholanoic, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxochol-5-enoic and 3β,7β-dihydroxychol-5-enoic acids, respectively. The intermediates in these pathways may be causative of some phenotypical features of, and/or have diagnostic value for, the lysosomal storage diseases, Niemann Pick types C and B and lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. Free radical derived oxysterols are metabolised in human to unusual bile acids via novel branches of the acidic pathway, intermediates in these pathways are observed in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alison Dickson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Teresa Hoi-Yee Wu
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, 6th Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Anu Goenka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, 6th Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Arunabha Ghosh
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, 6th Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, 6th Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Roman G, Warner M, Gustafsson JÅ, Wang Y. Concentrations of bile acid precursors in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:42-52. [PMID: 30578919 PMCID: PMC6597949 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry in combination with derivatisation chemistry we profiled the oxysterol and cholestenoic acid content of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 21), vascular dementia (n = 11), other neurodegenerative diseases (n = 15, Lewy bodies dementia, n = 3, Frontotemporal dementia, n = 11) and controls (n = 15). Thirty different sterols were quantified and the bile acid precursor 7α,25-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid found to be reduced in abundance in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patient-group. This was the only sterol found to be changed amongst the different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gustavo Roman
- Methodist Neurological Institute, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Margaret Warner
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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5
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Developing an Enzyme-Assisted Derivatization Method for Analysis of C 27 Bile Alcohols and Acids by Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030597. [PMID: 30736477 PMCID: PMC6384595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-assisted derivatization for sterol analysis (EADSA) is a technology designed to enhance sensitivity and specificity for sterol analysis using electrospray ionization⁻mass spectrometry. To date it has only been exploited on sterols with a 3β-hydroxy-5-ene or 3β-hydroxy-5α-hydrogen structure, using bacterial cholesterol oxidase enzyme to convert the 3β-hydroxy group to a 3-oxo group for subsequent derivatization with the positively charged Girard hydrazine reagents, or on substrates with a native oxo group. Here we describe an extension of the technology by substituting 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) for cholesterol oxidase, making the method applicable to sterols with a 3α-hydroxy-5β-hydrogen structure. The 3α-HSD enzyme works efficiently on bile alcohols and bile acids with this stereochemistry. However, as found by others, derivatization of the resultant 3-oxo group with a hydrazine reagent does not go to completion in the absence of a conjugating double bond in the sterol structure. Nevertheless, Girard P derivatives of bile alcohols and C27 acids give an intense molecular ion ([M]⁺) upon electrospray ionization and informative fragmentation spectra. The method shows promise for analysis of bile alcohols and 3α-hydroxy-5β-C27-acids, enhancing the range of sterols that can be analyzed at high sensitivity in sterolomic studies.
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Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Meljon A, Theofilopoulos S, Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Parker JE, Kelly DE, Kelly SL, Arenas E, Wang Y. Additional pathways of sterol metabolism: Evidence from analysis of Cyp27a1-/- mouse brain and plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:191-211. [PMID: 30471425 PMCID: PMC6327153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 27A1 is a key enzyme in both the acidic and neutral pathways of bile acid biosynthesis accepting cholesterol and ring-hydroxylated sterols as substrates introducing a (25R)26-hydroxy and ultimately a (25R)26-acid group to the sterol side-chain. In human, mutations in the CYP27A1 gene are the cause of the autosomal recessive disease cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). Surprisingly, Cyp27a1 knockout mice (Cyp27a1−/−) do not present a CTX phenotype despite generating a similar global pattern of sterols. Using liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry and exploiting a charge-tagging approach for oxysterol analysis we identified over 50 cholesterol metabolites and precursors in the brain and circulation of Cyp27a1−/− mice. Notably, we identified (25R)26,7α- and (25S)26,7α-dihydroxy epimers of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids, indicating the presence of an additional sterol 26-hydroxylase in mouse. Importantly, our analysis also revealed elevated levels of 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, which we found increased the number of oculomotor neurons in primary mouse brain cultures. 7α-Hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one is a ligand for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), activation of which is known to up-regulate the expression of CYP3A11, which we confirm has sterol 26-hydroxylase activity. This can explain the formation of (25R)26,7α- and (25S)26,7α-dihydroxy epimers of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids; the acid with the former stereochemistry is a liver X receptor (LXR) ligand that increases the number of oculomotor neurons in primary brain cultures. We hereby suggest that a lack of a motor neuron phenotype in some CTX patients and Cyp27a1−/− mice may involve increased levels of 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and activation PXR, as well as increased levels of sterol 26-hydroxylase and the production of neuroprotective sterols capable of activating LXR. Besides CYP27A1 an additional sterol 26-hydroxylase is present in mouse. Sterol-acids are observed as 7α-hydroxy-(25R/S)26-acid epimers. The (25S)26-acid is found in mouse brain of the CYP27A1−/− mouse. The (25R)26-acid is found in brain of the wild type animal. Both epimers are found in plasma of both genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna Meljon
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Josie E Parker
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Diane E Kelly
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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7
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Roberg-Larsen H, Lund K, Seterdal KE, Solheim S, Vehus T, Solberg N, Krauss S, Lundanes E, Wilson SR. Mass spectrometric detection of 27-hydroxycholesterol in breast cancer exosomes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:22-28. [PMID: 26877254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes from cancer cells are rich sources of biomarkers and may contain elevated levels of lipids of diagnostic value. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is associated with proliferation and metastasis in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the levels of 27-OHC, and other sidechain-hydroxylated oxysterols in exosomes. To study both cytoplasmic and exosomal oxysterol samples of limited size, we have developed a capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform that outperforms our previously published systems regarding chromatographic resolution, analysis time and sensitivity. In the analyzed samples, the quantified level of cytoplasmic 27-OHC using this platform fitted with mRNA levels of 27-OHC's corresponding enzyme, CYP27A1. We find clearly increased levels of 27-OHC in exosomes (i.e., enrichment) from an ER+ breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) compared to exosomes derived from an estrogen receptor (ER-) breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and other control exosomes (non-cancerous cell line (HEK293) and human pooled serum). The exosomal oxysterol profile did not reflect cytoplasmic oxysterol profiles in the cells of origin; cytoplasmic 27-OHC was low in ER+ MCF-7 cells while high in MDA-MB-231 cells. Other control cancer cells showed varied cytoplasmic oxysterol levels. Hence, exosome profiling in cancer cells might provide complementary information with the possibility of diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Roberg-Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kaja Lund
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stian Solheim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Vehus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Solberg
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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8
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Griffiths WJ, Hearn T, Crick PJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Dickson A, Yutuc E, Wang Y. Charge-tagging liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology targeting oxysterol diastereoisomers. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:69-80. [PMID: 28411018 PMCID: PMC5630687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
EADSA and LC–MS allows the differentiation of sterol diastereoisomers. 24S- and 24R-hydroxycholesterol are present in human plasma. Four diastereoisomers of 3β,7-dihydroxycholest-5-enoic acid are found in human plasma. 3β,7α- and 3β,7β-dihydroxychol-5-enoic acids are found in human plasma. 7α- and 7β- epimers give distinguishable MS3 spectra.
The introduction of a hydroxy group to the cholesterol skeleton introduces not only the possibility for positional isomers but also diastereoisomers, where two or more isomers have different configurations at one or more of the stereocentres but are not mirror images. The differentiation of diastereoisomers is important as differing isomers can have differing biochemical properties and are formed via different biochemical pathways. Separation of diasterioisomers is not always easy by chromatographic methods Here we demonstrate, by application of charge-tagging and derivatisation with the Girard P reagent, the separation and detection of biologically relevant diastereoisomers using liquid chromatography − mass spectrometry with multistage fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alison Dickson
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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9
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Triebl A, Hartler J, Trötzmüller M, C Köfeler H. Lipidomics: Prospects from a technological perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:740-746. [PMID: 28341148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, lipidomics has evolved into an 'omics' technology pari passu with benchmarking 'omics' technologies, such as genomics or proteomics. The driving force behind this development was a constant advance in mass spectrometry and related technologies. The aim of this opinion article is to give the interested reader a concise but still comprehensive overview about the technological state of the art in lipidomics, current challenges and perspectives for future development. As such, this article guides through the whole workflow of lipidomics, from sampling to data analysis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: BBALIP_Lipidomics Opinion Articles edited by Sepp Kohlwein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Triebl
- Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Hartler
- Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Trötzmüller
- Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald C Köfeler
- Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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10
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Morgan AH, Gilmore I, Hearn T, Wang Y. Cholesterolomics: An update. Anal Biochem 2017; 524:56-67. [PMID: 28087213 PMCID: PMC5378159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterolomics can be regarded as the identification and quantification of cholesterol, its precursors post squalene, and metabolites of cholesterol and of its precursors, in a biological sample. These molecules include 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, steroid hormones and bile acids and intermediates in their respective biosynthetic pathways. In this short article we will concentrate our attention on intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis pathways, in particular oxysterols and cholestenoic acids. These molecular classes are implicated in the aetiology of a diverse array of diseases including autoimmune disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, breast cancer, the lysosomal storage disease Niemann-Pick type C and the autosomal recessive disorder Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the dominant technology for sterol analysis including both gas-chromatography (GC)-MS and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS and more recently matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI)-MS for tissue imaging studies. Here we will discuss exciting biological findings and recent analytical improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alwena H Morgan
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ian Gilmore
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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