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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Chen X, Li HR, Feng X, Wang HT, Sun XH. Prediction of •OH-Initiated and •NO 3-Initiated Transformation Products of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Electronic Structure Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24942-24950. [PMID: 35910152 PMCID: PMC9330183 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The abiotic reaction products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and nitrate radicals (•NO3) are nitro-, oxygen-, and hydroxyl-containing PAHs (NPAHs, OPAHs, and OHPAHs). Four methods of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), Fukui function (FF), dual descriptor (DD), and population of π electrons (PP-π) are selected to predict the chemical reactivity of PAHs attacked by •OH and •NO3 in this study. The predicted •OH-initiated and •NO3-initiated transformation products are compared with the main PAH transformation products (PAH-TPs) observed in the laboratory. The results indicate that PP-π and DD approaches fail to predict the transformation products of fused PAHs containing five-membered rings. By predicting the PAH-TPs of 13-14 out of the 15 parent PAHs accurately, HOMO and FF methods were shown to be suitable for predicting the transformation products formed from the abiotic reactions of fused PAHs with •OH and •NO3.
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Pulleyblank C, Kelleher B, Campo P, Coulon F. Recovery of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives in contaminated soils using aminopropyl silica solid phase extraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127314. [PMID: 32540543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation, fate, and toxicology of oxy-, hydroxy-, and carboxy- substituted PAH (OPAH, OHPAH, COOHPAH, respectively) alongside PAH in contaminated soils have received increasing attention over the past two decades; however, there are still to date no standardized methods available for their identification and quantitation in soil. Here we investigated and developed the first method using aminopropylsilica solid phase extraction (SPE) for these compounds. We further investigated the efficacy of the developed method for three soils representing a range of contamination levels and soil textural characteristics and evaluated the impact of different sample preparation steps on the recovery of targeted compounds. Average recovery of PAH, OPAH, and OHPAH standards were 99%, 84%, and 86%, respectively for the SPE method. In contrast, COOHPAH exhibited the lowest recovery (0-82%) and poor inter-batch reproducibility. Soil texture and contamination levels influenced full method efficiency. Specifically, soils with higher proportion of clay contributed to the loss of the higher molecular weight OHPAH prior to SPE. Soil with the highest contamination showed enhanced recovery of some lower-concentration mid weight PAH and OPAH, while the least contaminated soil showed greater sensitivity to evaporative losses during sample preparation. Recommendations for reducing matrix effects as well as the practice of using deuterated PAH surrogate standards for OPAH analysis are further discussed. Quantitation of recovered PAH and oxygenated PAH across the three soils showed high reproducibility (<10% relative standard deviation for a majority of compounds), supporting the use of this method for PAH, OPAH, and OHPAH at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coren Pulleyblank
- Dublin City University, School of Chemical Sciences, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, UK
| | - Brian Kelleher
- Dublin City University, School of Chemical Sciences, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Pablo Campo
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, UK.
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Chehelamirani M, Wang H, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Shpol'skii spectroscopy of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in primary alcohols at 77 K and 4.2 K. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3998-4006. [PMID: 32725004 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01149e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present for the first time experimental evidence on the line-narrowing effect caused by primary alcohols on the spectral features of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at 77 K and 4.2 K. The investigated metabolites include 1-hydroxypyrene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, 4-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, 5-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, B[a]P-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol (±), B[a]P-trans-9,10-dihydrodiol (±), B[a]P-r-7,t-8-dihydrodiol-c-9,10-epoxide (±) and B[a]P-r-7,t-8-dihydrodiol-t-9,10-epoxide(±). The narrowest spectra and highest fluorescence enhancements were observed by matching the length of the alcohol to the length of the n-alkane that best fits the molecular dimensions of the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The analytical figures of merit show potential for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of PAH metabolites via Shpol'skii Spectroscopy.
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George MJ, Madala NE, Dubery IA. Application of an agitation-assisted dispersed solvent microextraction for analysis of naphthalene and its derivatives from aqueous matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:494. [PMID: 32642872 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Agitation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid extraction without a dispersing solvent is lately receiving considerable attention owing to the low to no solvent loss relative to its predecessor, which suffers severe extracting solvent loss. Herein, we report the application of a simple agitation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method, without a disperser solvent, for the extraction of naphthalene and its derivatives from aqueous solutions. Under the optimised conditions, namely, 25 μL 3:1 mixture of dichloroethane and ethylacetate with 20 s agitation, in 2-mL aqueous solutions containing 10% NaCl, the method demonstrated acceptable figures of merit: linearity-R2 ≥ 0.9914 in the concentration range 0.5-50 ng/mL, repeatability (%RSD ≤ 12.9 for n = 15) and limits of detection (0.034-0.081 ng/mL). The recoveries obtained from the spiked dam water sample were also satisfactory (94-103%). These parameters are comparable with those reported in literature, especially for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction techniques albeit for different analytes. Despite only naphthol being detected in one of the three sampled sites, the method shows considerable promise for routine monitoring of river and dam water quality subject to accuracy validation using certified reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosotho J George
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma, Roma, 180, Lesotho.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2006, South Africa.
| | - Ntakadzeni E Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2006, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2006, South Africa
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Gao CJ, Xia LL, Wu CC, Shen HM, Guo Y. Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil in an emerging urban conurbation in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1250-1256. [PMID: 31539956 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of human activity on contaminants in regional soil, hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) were measured in 187 surface soil samples of different land-use types collected from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. The concentrations of Σ9OH-PAH (sum of nine target analytes) ranged from 0.36 to 252ng/g (median: 5.98ng/g), with phenanthrene derivatives as the dominant components, accounting for ~70%. Among different land-use types, residency soil contained the highest levels of Σ9OH-PAH (median: 11.3ng/g), followed by landfill soil (9.28ng/g), industry soil (7.51ng/g), agriculture soil (6.04ng/g), forestry soil (4.28ng/g) and drinking water source soil (4.20ng/g). A higher value was also observed in soil from the central PRD (6.94ng/g) than the surrounding areas (5.94ng/g), which indicated a significant impact of human activity on OH-PAH contamination in soil. Correlation and principal component analysis indicated that OH-PAHs in PRD soil are likely derived from the degradation of their parent PAHs in the atmosphere and/or soil and not directly from the same source as the parent PAHs. The ratios of OH-PAHs to their parent PAHs also varied among different land-use types, which may be partly attributed to the different populations of microorganisms in different soil types or the different chemical properties of PAHs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lin-Lin Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui-Min Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Determination of PM2.5-bound polyaromatic hydrocarbons and their hydroxylated derivatives by atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 195:757-763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Gao Y, Li L, Zhang X, Wang X, Ji W, Zhao J, Ozaki Y. CTAB-triggered Ag aggregates for reproducible SERS analysis of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2146-2149. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09008d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a simple SERS assay for urinary hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) with high sensitivity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Gao
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Linfang Li
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
| | - Xinnan Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Ji
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda
- Japan
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Zhang Y, Song Y, Wu J, Li R, Hu D, Lin Z, Cai Z. A magnetic covalent organic framework as an adsorbent and a new matrix for enrichment and rapid determination of PAHs and their derivatives in PM2.5 by surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3745-3748. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fe3O4@COFs served as an adsorbent and new matrix for SALDI-TOF-MS analysis of PAHs and their derivatives in PM2.5 with clear background, good reproducibility and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Ruijin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- China
- Institute of Environmental Science
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- China
| | - Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental catalysis and Pollution Control
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Lintelmann J, Wu X, Kuhn E, Ritter S, Schmidt C, Zimmermann R. Detection of monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine and particulate matter using LC separations coupled with integrated SPE and fluorescence detection or coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4183. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Lintelmann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ‘Comprehensive Molecular Analytics’; Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Xiao Wu
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ‘Comprehensive Molecular Analytics’; Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ‘Comprehensive Molecular Analytics’; Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Sebastian Ritter
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ‘Comprehensive Molecular Analytics’; Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Epidemiology II; Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ‘Comprehensive Molecular Analytics’; Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH; Neuherberg Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry; University of Rostock; Rostock Germany
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Quantification of monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine samples using solid-phase microextraction coupled with glass-capillary nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 973:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Avagyan R, Westerholm R. Target and suspect screening of OH-PAHs in air particulates using liquid chromatography-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 165:702-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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HPLC-fast scanning fluorimetric detection determination of risk exposure to polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons biomarkers in human urine. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:265-278. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: An HPLC method for the determination of 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHF), various hydroxyphenanthrene metabolites (1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, OHPhs), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPy) and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHB[a]Py) in human urine, has been developed using fast scanning fluorimetric detection and gradient elution mode. Materials & methods: All reagents were of analytical grade. Standard solutions were prepared separately, by exact weighing or dilution with ultrapure acetonitrile, and were stored at 4 ºC in darkness. The standard addition method was used for the analysis of urine samples. Results: In the optimized conditions, 2- and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene metabolites eluted at the same retention time; however, all other hydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were well resolved. Multi-emission detection allows us to monitor each metabolite at its most sensitivity emission wavelength. Detection limits ranged between 0.9 and 4.26 ng ml-1. Conclusion: Fortified urine samples of nonexposure and nonsmoker volunteers, previous precipitation step with acetonitrile, were used to test the proposed method. The obtained results confirm the goodness of the method.
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Hayakawa K, Tang N, Toriba A. Recent analytical methods for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Japan
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15
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Avagyan R, Åberg M, Westerholm R. Suspect screening of OH-PAHs and non-target screening of other organic compounds in wood smoke particles using HR-Orbitrap-MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:313-321. [PMID: 27544654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wood combustion has been shown to contribute significantly to emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, compounds with toxic and carcinogenic properties. However, only a small number of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been determined in particles from wood combustion, usually compounds with available reference standards. In this present study, suspect and non-target screening strategies were applied to characterize the wood smoke particles from four different wood types and two combustion conditions with respect to hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic compounds. In the suspect screening, 32 peaks corresponding to 12 monohydroxylated masses were tentatively identified by elemental composition assignments and matching of isotopic pattern and fragments. More than one structure was suggested for most of the measured masses. Statistical analysis was performed on the non-target screening data in order to single out significant peaks having intensities that depend on the wood type and/or combustion condition. Significant peaks were found in both negative and positive ionization modes, with unique peaks for each wood type and combustion condition, as well as a combination of both factors. Furthermore, structural elucidation of some peaks was done by comparing the spectra in the samples with spectra found in the spectral databases. Six compounds were tentatively identified in positive ionization mode, and 19 in negative ionization mode. The results in this present study demonstrate that there are significant overall differences in the chemistry of wood smoke particles that depends on both the wood type and the combustion condition used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozanna Avagyan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åberg
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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