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Hu K, Pang T, Yang C, Han P, Li L, Wang P, Zhang Z, Zhao W, Zhang S. Simultaneous extraction of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and catecholamines with magnetic boronic acid hypercrosslinked polymers. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464491. [PMID: 37931428 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Urinary hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) and catecholamines (CAs) are important biomarkers of PAHs exposure. In this study, a novel magnetic boronic acid hypercrosslinked composite (Fe3O4@HCP-BA) is synthesized using a facile one-pot strategy and applied as a sorbent for the simultaneous extraction of OH-PAHs and CAs in urine samples. The synthesized Fe3O4@HCP-BA composites are characterized by rich pore structure, highly specific surface area, good magnetic response, and excellent selectivity and adsorption efficiency (range: 65.26-496.71 and 1227.3-1581.8 µmol g-1 for CAs and OH-PAHs, respectively). The mechanisms governing the adsorption of the OH-PAHs and CAs to the Fe3O4@HCP-BA composites were systematically studied via adsorption kinetics, isotherm models, XPS characterization, and molecular simulation. The resultant Fe3O4@HCP-BA composite-based MSPE/HPLC-FLD method exhibited good linearity (R2 > 0.9916), low limits of detection (0.2-0.3 pg mL-1 and 0.2-0.3 ng mL-1 for OH-PAHs and CAs, respectively), and good precision (intra-day and inter-day RSDs < 11.1%). The analysis of CAs and OH-PAHs in the urine samples from 14 smokers and 14 non-smokers revealed a positive correlation between the concentrations of CAs and OH-PAHs. Our findings not only establish the proposed method as a green, environmentally friendly, and simple strategy for preparing magnetic adsorbents, but also confirm it as a promising alternative method for accurate determination of OH-PAHs and CAs in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Tiantian Pang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Pengzhao Han
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lixin Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Center for modern analysis and gene sequencing, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Zhang J. Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons possess inhibitory activity against alpha-glucosidase: An in vitro study using multispectroscopic techniques and molecular docking. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 291:122366. [PMID: 36689906 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-glucosidase (GAA) activity can be affected by exogenous substances. Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) are typical metabolites of PAHs that can enter the body through various routes. The effects of 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OHNap) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr) on GAA activity and the potential mechanisms were investigated viamultispectroscopic methods and molecular docking. First-order derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry was successfully applied to analyze the fluorescence quenching of GAA in the GAA-1-OHNap and GAA-1-OHPyr systems. 1-OHNap and 1-OHPyr had strong inhibitory effects on GAA activity. GAA could bind with 1-OHNap and 1-OHPyr in 1:1 mode with binding constants of 3.97 × 104 and 9.42 × 104 L/mol at 298 K. Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds played pivotal roles in the interactions. 1-OHNap was located closer to the active site of GAA than 1-OHPyr. This work suggests that the disturbance of glycometabolism by exogenous pollutants in the human body is worthy of attention and further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Estuarine Ecological Security and Environmental Health (Fujian Province University), Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 363105, PR China.
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Hua L, Guo S, Wang Y, Sun H, Zhao H. Simultaneous determination of multiple isomeric hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1184:122983. [PMID: 34655894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the level of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in urine is the key to exploring human metabolic changes and comprehensive potential toxicity of PAHs. The OH-PAHs with isomeric structure have different biological functions, indicating that their quantification is indispensable. However, the quantitation method is still dissatisfactory due to the poor separation of these isomeric OH-PAHs. The current study established a ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS) method to complete the simultaneous determination of 17 OH-PAHs, including two naphthalene metabolites (1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene), two fluorene metabolites (2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyfluorene), five phenanthrene metabolites (1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene), a pyrene metabolite (1-hydroxypyrene), five chrysene metabolites (1-hydroxychrysene, 2-hydroxychrysene, 3-hydroxychrysene, 4-hydroxychrysene, 6-hydroxychrysene) and two benzo[a]pyrene metabolites (3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene). The method validation results showed good selectivity, linearity (r2 > 0.999), inter-day and intra-day precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 5.5% and RSD < 6.3%), stability (RSD < 19.3%), matrix effect (-8.3%-11.5%) and recovery (65.9%-116.2%). This method is convenient, sensitive and efficient, saving expensive materials and complicated derivatization procedures. The practical applicability of developed approach was also tested in urine samples to identify potential biomarkers of PAHs exposure in humans, and a great compromise was obtained between recoveries and extract convenience. The developed approach may be widely utilized for specific determination of OH-PAHs with isomer structure in urine samples. It is expected that the application of this method may provide powerful references for PAHs exposure assessment.
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He XQ, Cui YY, Zhang Y, Yang CX. Fabrication of magnetic polydopamine@naphthyl microporous organic network nanosphere for efficient extraction of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and p-nitrophenol from wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462347. [PMID: 34166861 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the fabrication of a novel, well-defined core-double-shell-structured magnetic Fe3O4@polydopamine@naphthyl microporous organic network (MON), Fe3O4@PDA@NMON, for the efficient magnetic extraction of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) and p-nitrophenol (p-Npn) from wastewater samples. The hierarchical nanospheres were designed and constructed with the Fe3O4 nanoparticle core, the inner shell of a polydopamine (PDA) layer, and the outer shell of a porous naphthyl MON (NMON) coating, allowing efficient and synergistic extraction of OH-PAHs and p-Npn via hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions. The Fe3O4@PDA@NMON nanospheres were well characterized and employed as an efficient sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for analyzing of OH-PAHs and p-Npn. Under optimal conditions, the Fe3O4@PDA@NMON-based-MSPE-HPLC-UV method afforded wide linear range (0.18-500 μg L-1), low limits of detection (0.070 μg L-1 for p-Npn, 0.090 μg L-1 for 2-OH-Nap, 0.090 μg L-1 for 9-OH-Fluo and 0.055 μg L-1 for 9-OH-Phe, respectively), large enrichment factors (92.6-98.4), good precisions (intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs); <6.4%, n=6) and less consumption of the adsorbent. Furthermore, trace OH-PAHs and p-Npn with concentrations of 0.29-0.80 μg L-1 were successfully detected in various wastewater samples. Fe3O4@PDA@NMON also functioned as a good adsorbent to enrich a wide scope of trace contaminants containing hydrogen bonding sites and aromatic structures, highlighting the potential of functional MONs in sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Qiao He
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cui
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cheng-Xiong Yang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Shi Y, Huang S, Kuang Y, Chen Z, Guo J, Cui S, Zheng J, Ouyang G. Facile fabrication of composited solid phase microextraction thin membranes for sensitive detections of trace hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1158:338422. [PMID: 33863405 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) has potential to be used for the high-performance enrichments of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs), which are important biomarkers of PAH exposure. By choosing suitable adsorbent, it is conducive to fabricate new-type of SPME device for improved extraction efficiencies towards OH-PAHs. In this study, a novel method of surface solvent evaporation has been proposed to fabricate SPME thin membrane, integrating the advantages of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and different porous adsorbents. The powdery metal organic framework (Uio66-NH2), porous polymer (powdery polymer aerogel, PPA) and ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) have been chosen as typical adsorbents and fabricated as thin membranes successfully, indicating the universality of the proposed method for membrane fabrication. Comparing the extraction efficiencies of three prepared membranes towards OH-PAHs, the OMC-PDMS membrane has demonstrated best enrichment efficiencies. The OMC-PDMS membrane was used for the enrichments of trace OH-PAHs in human urine of both smokers and nonsmokers, combining with liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The detection limits were in the range of 0.15-0.39 ng L-1, and satisfactory recoveries were found to be 82.1%-115%. It can be seen that the universal strategy to fabricate SPME membrane is helpful to achieve broad-spectrum or selective enrichments of target analytes from complex matrix by simple modulation of membrane components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueru Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shuyao Huang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yixin Kuang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zexun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jing Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shufen Cui
- Department of Biological Applied Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fermentation Purification and Analysis, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Juan Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou, 510070, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Peng M, Lu S, Yu Y, Liu S, Zhao Y, Li C, Ma S. Urinary mono hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in primiparas from Shenzhen, South China: Levels, risk factors, and oxidative stress. Environ Pollut 2020; 259:113854. [PMID: 31918135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main objectives of the present study were to investigate urinary monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in 77 primiparas who live in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, and their association with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and human health risks. High detection frequencies of OH-PAHs demonstrated the wide occurrence of chemicals in the human exposure to PAHs. The urinary concentrations of Σ7OH-PAHs ranged from 1.37 to 45.5 ng/mL, and the median concentrations of 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OHN), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHN), 2-hydoxyfluorene (2-OHF), ΣOHPhe (the sum of 1-, 2+ 3-hydroxyphenanthrene), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) were 3.00, 2.58, 0.31, 0.44, and 0.51 ng/mL, respectively. In the sum concentration of seven OH-PAHs, 1-OHN accounted for the largest proportion (43.7% of Σ7OH-PAHs), followed by 2-OHN (37.1%), 2-OHF (4.94%), 1-OHP (8.01%), 1-OHPhe (4.79%), and 2+3-OHPhe (1.46%). The present results showed that vehicle exhaust and petrochemical emission are the main sources of PAHs in primiparas in Shenzhen, and inhalation is the most important exposure route. The living conditions have a significant influence on human exposure to PAHs. The concentrations of 8-OHdG were positively correlated with OH-PAH concentrations in urine because evidence suggested that urinary 8-OHdG levels can be considered as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. Hazard quotient was used to assess the human health risks from exposure to single compound, and hazard index was used to assess the cumulative risks of the compounds, which demonstrated that the exposure risks from PAHs in primiparas were relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Peng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shan Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Lin M, Tang J, Ma S, Yu Y, Li G, Fan R, Mai B, An T. Insights into biomonitoring of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with hair analysis: A case study in e-waste recycling area. Environ Int 2020; 136:105432. [PMID: 31884415 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 96 pairs of hair and urine samples were collected from e-waste (EW) dismantling workers of an industrial park, as well as residents living in surrounding areas. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hydroxylated PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs) were analyzed . The results show that concentrations of Σ15PAHs ranged from 6.24 to 692 ng/g dry weight (dw) and Σ12OH-PAHs from undetected to 187 ng/g dw in hair external (hair-Ex), and ranged from 31.7 to 738 ng/g dw and 21.6 to 1887 ng/g dw in hair internal (hair-In). There was no significant difference in exposure levels between EW dismantling workers and residents of the surrounding area. For the parent PAHs, the concentrations of Σ15PAHs of hair-In were comparable with those of hair-Ex for all populations except for the child residents. On the contrary, for the OH-PAHs, the concentrations of Σ12OH-PAHs of hair-In were 9-37 times higher than those of hair-Ex for populations. Moreover, the congener profiles of OH-PAHs of hair-In were different from those of hair-Ex, but similar to that of urine. Particularly, 3-OH-Bap, which is a carcinogenic metabolite, was only detected in the hair-In. These results indicate that OH-PAHs in hair-In, just like in urine, are mainly derived from endogenous metabolism and could be considered as reliable biomarkers for PAHs exposure. However, there was almost no significant correlations between hair-In and urine for OH-PAHs. This indicates that more attention should be paid to OH-PAHs when conducting PAHs exposure risk assessment using hair, which will help to obtain more reliable and comprehensive information on health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640 Guangdong, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Gao CJ, Xia LL, Wu CC, Shen HM, Guo Y. Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil in an emerging urban conurbation in South China. Sci Total Environ 2019; 692:1250-1256. [PMID: 31539956 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of human activity on contaminants in regional soil, hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) were measured in 187 surface soil samples of different land-use types collected from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. The concentrations of Σ9OH-PAH (sum of nine target analytes) ranged from 0.36 to 252ng/g (median: 5.98ng/g), with phenanthrene derivatives as the dominant components, accounting for ~70%. Among different land-use types, residency soil contained the highest levels of Σ9OH-PAH (median: 11.3ng/g), followed by landfill soil (9.28ng/g), industry soil (7.51ng/g), agriculture soil (6.04ng/g), forestry soil (4.28ng/g) and drinking water source soil (4.20ng/g). A higher value was also observed in soil from the central PRD (6.94ng/g) than the surrounding areas (5.94ng/g), which indicated a significant impact of human activity on OH-PAH contamination in soil. Correlation and principal component analysis indicated that OH-PAHs in PRD soil are likely derived from the degradation of their parent PAHs in the atmosphere and/or soil and not directly from the same source as the parent PAHs. The ratios of OH-PAHs to their parent PAHs also varied among different land-use types, which may be partly attributed to the different populations of microorganisms in different soil types or the different chemical properties of PAHs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lin-Lin Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui-Min Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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