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Peng FJ, Palazzi P, Mezzache S, Adelin E, Bourokba N, Bastien P, Appenzeller BMR. Glucocorticoid hormones in relation to environmental exposure to bisphenols and multiclass pesticides among middle aged-women: Results from hair analysis. Environ Pollut 2024; 348:123839. [PMID: 38522601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenols and pesticides have been shown to alter circulating glucocorticoids levels in animals, but there is limited human data. Moreover, measurements from biological fluids may not be able to reflect long-term status of non-persistent pollutants and glucocorticoids due to the high variability in their levels. Using hair analysis, we examined the associations between glucocorticoid hormones and environmental exposure to multi-class organic pollutants among a healthy female population aged 25-45 years old. Concentrations of four glucocorticoids, four polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs), seven polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDEs), two bisphenols and 140 pesticides and their metabolites were measured in hair samples collected from 196 Chinese women living in urban areas. Due to the low detection frequency of some pollutants, associations were explored only on 54 pollutants, i.e. PCB 180, bisphenol A, bisphenol S and 51 pesticides and their metabolites. Using stability-based Lasso regression, there were associations of cortisol, tetrahydrocortisol, cortisone, and tetrahydrocortisone with 14, 10, 13 and 17 biomarkers of exposure to pollutants, respectively, with bisphenol S, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, diethyl phosphate, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, fipronil, tebuconazole, trifluralin, pyraclostrobin and 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea being associated with at least three of the four hormones. There were also associations between cortisone/cortisol molar ratio and pollutants, namely dimethyl phosphate, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, carbofuran, λ-cyhalothrin, permethrin, fipronil, flusilazole, prometryn and fenuron. Some of these relationships were confirmed by single-pollutant linear regression analyses. Overall, our results suggest that background level of exposure to bisphenols and currently used pesticides may interfere with the glucocorticoid homeostasis in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Palazzi
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Sakina Mezzache
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601, Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Emilie Adelin
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601, Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Nasrine Bourokba
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Biopolis Drive, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Philippe Bastien
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601, Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg.
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Junaid M, Sultan M, Liu S, Hamid N, Yue Q, Pei DS, Wang J, Appenzeller BMR. A meta-analysis highlighting the increasing relevance of the hair matrix in exposure assessment to organic pollutants. Sci Total Environ 2024; 917:170535. [PMID: 38307287 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Owing to a wide range of advantages, such as stability, non-invasiveness, and ease of sampling, hair has been used progressively for comprehensive biomonitoring of organic pollutants for the last three decades. This has led to the development of new analytical and multi-class analysis methods for the assessment of a broad range of organic pollutants in various population groups, ranging from small-scale studies to advanced studies with a large number of participants based on different exposure settings. This meta-analysis summarizes the existing literature on the assessment of organic pollutants in hair in terms of residue levels, the correlation of hair residue levels with those of other biological matrices and socio-demographic factors, the reliability of hair versus other biomatrices for exposure assessment, the use of segmental hair analysis for chronic exposure evaluation and the effect of external contamination on hair residue levels. Significantly high concentrations of organic pollutants such as pesticides, flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon were reported in human hair samples from different regions and under different exposure settings. Similarly, high concentrations of pesticides (from agricultural activities), flame retardants (E-waste dismantling activities), dioxins and furans were observed in various occupational settings. Moreover, significant correlations (p < 0.05) for hair and blood concentrations were observed in majority of studies featuring pesticides and flame retardants. While among sociodemographic factors, gender and age significantly affected the hair concentrations in females and children in general exposure settings, whereas adult workers in occupational settings. Furthermore, the assessment of the hair burden of persistent organic pollutants in domestic and wild animals showed high concentrations for pesticides such as HCHs and DDTs whereas the laboratory-based studies using animals demonstrated strong correlations between exposure dose, exposure duration, and measured organic pollutant levels, mainly for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, terbuthylazine, aldrin, dieldrin and pyrethroid metabolites. Considering the critical analysis of the results obtained from literature review, hair is regarded as a reliable matrix for organic pollutant assessment; however, some limitations, as discussed in this review, need to be overcome to reinforce the status of hair as a suitable matrix for exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China; Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Marriya Sultan
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shulin Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Naima Hamid
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Qiang Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
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3
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Kroon E, Cousijn J, Filbey F, Berchtold C, Binz TM, Kuhns L. Associations between hair-derived cannabinoid levels, self-reported use, and cannabis-related problems. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06558-0. [PMID: 38407636 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE As cannabis potency and cannabis use are increasing in newly legalized markets, it is increasingly important to measure and examine the effects of cannabinoid exposure. OBJECTIVES The current study aims to assess how hair-derived cannabinoid concentrations - offering insight into three-month cumulative exposure - are associated with common self-report measures of cannabis use and cannabis use-related problems. METHODS 74 near-daily dependent cannabis users self-reported their quantity of cannabis use, cannabis use-related problems, and estimated cannabis potency. Hair samples were provided to quantify Δ9-THC, CBD, and CBN using LC-MS/MS and THC-consumption was verified by analyzing THC-COOH in hair using GC-MS/MS. RESULTS Cannabinoids were detectable in 95.95% of the hair samples from individuals who tested positive on a urine screen for cannabis. Δ9-THC concentrations were positively associated with measures of self-reported potency (relative potency, potency category, and perceived 'high'), but Δ9-THC, CBD, CBN concentrations and THC/CBD ratio were not associated with self-reported quantity of use. Self-reported potency, but not hair-derived concentrations, were associated with withdrawal and craving. Self-reported quantity of cannabis use, but not cannabinoid concentrations, were associated with cannabis use-related problems. CONCLUSIONS The use of hair-derived cannabinoid quantification is supported for detecting cannabis use in near-daily users, but the lack of associations between hair-derived cannabinoid concentrations and self-report measures of use does not support the use of hair analyses alone for quantification of cannabinoid exposure. Further research comparing hair-derived cannabinoid concentrations with other biological matrices (e.g. plasma) and self-report is necessary to further evaluate the validity of hair analyses for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Kroon
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Center for Substance Use and Addiction Research (CESAR), Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Center for Substance Use and Addiction Research (CESAR), Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Filbey
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christian Berchtold
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina M Binz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lauren Kuhns
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Cestonaro C, Terranova C, Carollo M, Russo A, Rosa-Rizzotto M, Viel G, Favretto D, Aprile A. Hair toxicological analysis of infants and their mothers: a 5-year retrospective study focusing on cocaine. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03180-9. [PMID: 38400921 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal and infant exposure to drugs of abuse is an emerging social and public health problem affecting children health and which may relate to child abuse and neglect. Exposure to drugs of abuse may occur through different routes, including intrauterine, breastfeeding, accidental intake, passive inhalation, and intentional administration. Currently, cases of suspected exposure can be investigated by hair toxicological analysis, the interpretation of which is, however, often difficult, leading to consequent difficulties in the management of such cases. In order to provide a contribution in terms of interpretation of the analytical results, this study aimed to search for the possible existence of elements, from a toxicological point of view, indicative towards the route of exposure. A retrospective study was performed on cases of suspected exposure to drugs of abuse in children aged 0-1 year, evaluated at a University Hospital between 2018 and 2022. Data of children hair toxicological analysis were analyzed and then compared with those of their mothers, when available; 41.6% children tested positive for cocaine. The study found a significant correlation between cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations, and a benzoylecgonine/cocaine ratio that tends to decrease as the age of children increases. From the comparison with mothers, a child/mother cocaine concentration ratio lower than 1 was found in all cases of hair sampled within the first week of life, and a ratio greater than or equal to 1 in all cases in which the sampling was performed later. These results, if confirmed in a larger cohort, could represent a contribution in the interpretation of cases of infant exposure to drugs of abuse and be integrated in the context of their multidisciplinary evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Cestonaro
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Claudio Terranova
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Carollo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessia Russo
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Melissa Rosa-Rizzotto
- Child Abuse and Neglect Crisis Unit, Paediatrics Department, Padua University Teaching Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Guido Viel
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Donata Favretto
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Aprile
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Li Z, Li Z, Zhou Y, Meng W, Li J, Zhou Y, He C, Dong G, Yu Y. Co-occurrence of tetrabromobisphenol a and debromination products in human hair across China: Implications for exposure sources and health effects on metabolic syndrome. Sci Total Environ 2024; 909:168514. [PMID: 37977374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The large usage of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in consumer products leads to ubiquitous distribution globally, however, studies on the occurrence of their debromination compounds were rather scarce. Also, though many studies illustrate the effectiveness of hair analysis to assess human exposure to organic pollutants, evidence on the associations with health implications is still fairly limited. Herein, 598 participants from across China were employed to investigate chronic, low-level exposure to TBBPA and debromination products by hair analysis. The geomean concentrations of TBBPA, 2,2',6-tribromobisphenol A (Tri-BBPA), 2,2'- and 2,6-dibromobisphenol A (Di-BBPA), and 2-monobromobisphenol A (Mo-BBPA) were 1.07, 0.145, 0.135, and 0.894 ng/g, respectively, indicating nonnegligible health risks of debromination products. Hair analyte levels correlated with population age and population density among sampling regions. Sexual- and spatial-variations were observed with higher concentrations in females and in E-waste recycling sites. Logistic regression models showed that TBBPA exposure (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.02, 95 % confidential interval (CI): 1.01-1.05) was positively associated with risk of metabolic syndrome by adjusting for various covariates. These findings imply usefulness of hair as an alternative biomonitoring tool to assess human exposure to TBBPA and relative health effects, which highlights public concerns on co-exposure to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhenchi Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wenjie Meng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chang He
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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6
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Peng FJ, Lin CA, Wada R, Bodinier B, Iglesias-González A, Palazzi P, Streel S, Guillaume M, Vuckovic D, Chadeau-Hyam M, Appenzeller BMR. Association of hair polychlorinated biphenyls and multiclass pesticides with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia in NESCAV study. J Hazard Mater 2024; 461:132637. [PMID: 37788552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia are well-established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and have been associated with exposure to persistent organic pollutants. However, studies have been lacking as regards effects of non-persistent pesticides on CVD risk factors. Here, we investigated whether background chronic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and multiclass pesticides were associated with the prevalence of these CVD risk factors in 502 Belgian and 487 Luxembourgish adults aged 18-69 years from the Nutrition, environment and cardiovascular health (NESCAV) study 2007-2013. We used hair analysis to evaluate the chronic internal exposure to three PCBs, seven organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and 18 non-persistent pesticides. We found positive associations of obesity with hexachlorobenzene (HCB), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and chlorpyrifos, diabetes with pentachlorophenol (PCP), fipronil and fipronil sulfone, hypertension with PCB180 and chlorpyrifos, and dyslipidemia with diflufenican and oxadiazon, among others. However, we also found some inverse associations, such as obesity with PCP, diabetes with γ-HCH, hypertension with diflufenican, and dyslipidemia with chlorpyrifos. These results add to the existing evidence that OC exposure may contribute to the development of CVDs. Additionally, the present study revealed associations between CVD risk factors and chronic environmental exposure to currently used pesticides such as organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Chia-An Lin
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rin Wada
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Bodinier
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Iglesias-González
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Palazzi
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Sylvie Streel
- Public Health Sciences Department, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michèle Guillaume
- Public Health Sciences Department, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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7
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Lallmahomed A, Mercier F, Costet N, Fillol C, Bonvallot N, Le Bot B. Characterization of organic contaminants in hair for biomonitoring purposes. Environ Int 2024; 183:108419. [PMID: 38185045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Biological monitoring is one way to assess human exposure to contaminants. Blood and urine are often used as biological matrices, but hair is an innovative and effective tool for quantifying more biomarkers over a wider exposure window. In order to improve the use of hair in exposure assessment, this article identifies relevant compounds in the literature to investigate hair contamination. Statistical analysis was performed to correlate the physical-chemical properties of the relevant compounds and their concentration levels in hair. Phthalates, pyrethroids and organophosphate flame retardants were chosen for further study of the interpretation of hair measurements for exposure assessment. No significant correlation was found between the average concentration levels in the literature and the physical-chemical properties of the selected compounds. This work also explores the properties of hair and the analytical process that may impact the quantification of organic contaminants in hair. The sample preparation method (sampling, storage, washing) were also studied and adaptations were suggested to improve the existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Lallmahomed
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Costet
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Clémence Fillol
- Direction of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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8
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Sanguos CL, García LG, Suárez OL, Picáns-Leis R, Martínez-Carballo E, Couce ML. Non-invasive biomonitoring of infant exposure to environmental organic pollutants in north-western Spain based on hair analysis. Identification of potential sources. Environ Pollut 2023; 339:122705. [PMID: 37827353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen growing interest in hair sample analysis to detect organic pollutants (OPs). This biological matrix can be analysed non-invasively for biomonitoring of OPs over a wide exposure window. Obtaining hair sample amounts that meet the needs of the analytical methodology required for the determination of the POs of interest can be challenging, especially in infants. As a result, studies assessing organic pollutants in infant hair have been very scarce. We quantified levels of about 60 OPs, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in 110 hair samples from a patient cohort (60 mothers and 50 infants) from Santiago de Compostela (north-western Spain). For each participant we examined relationship between OP levels and corresponding epidemiological parameters using correlations, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis, and Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). For many OPs we observed significant correlations with place of residence, parity, and maternal age, as well as pet ownership. Evaluation of dietary habits showed significant associations between levels some OPs and the consumption of fish, molluscs, and cereal. There were significant associations between chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin levels and infant birth characteristics such as birthweight and head circumference. Relations between OP levels in the hair of mothers and their infants were also examined, revealing common sources of exposure for dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs), non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDLPCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Levels of fluoranthene (F), pyrene (P), endrin, and some PBDEs in maternal hair were significantly correlated with those in infant hair. Our findings identified common sources of exposure to OPs of distinct chemical classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López Sanguos
- Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Gallego García
- IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olalla López Suárez
- Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosaura Picáns-Leis
- Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elena Martínez-Carballo
- Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Food and Health Omics, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, Ourense, 32004, Spain; Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA), Campus Auga, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, 32004, Spain.
| | - María Luz Couce
- Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Suárez-García A, Álvarez-Freire I, Bermejo-Barrera AM, Cabarcos-Fernández P, Tabernero-Duque MJ. Disappearance of codeine, morphine and 6-MAM in hair after cessation of abuse. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 352:111855. [PMID: 37837845 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on the determination of drugs of abuse in hair has established that drugs can be detected in hair even long after cessation of use. The purpose of this study was to analyze hair samples from chronic opioid users who were beginning a controlled drug cessation program. The study population (n = 15) is involved in a drug rehabilitation program in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Over a 6-month period, subjects provided hair samples at 2-month intervals, with the first sample collected on the day they began the program. Codeine, morphine, and 6-MAM were analyzed by GC/MS (LOQ = 0.2 ng/mg). Hair tresses were divided into 1 cm segments and analyzed for all analytes 0-1 cm corresponding to the proximal portion to the scalp Following cessation of opioid use, traces of codeine, morphine, and 6-MAM still remained in the newly growing hair segments for a specified period. After 2 months, still 27 % of the users tested positive, and at 4 months, 20 % were positive but only for 6-MAM. However, after 6 months of abstinence, the results were negative for all analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suárez-García
- Institute of Forensic Science, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Álvarez-Freire
- Institute of Forensic Science, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - A M Bermejo-Barrera
- Institute of Forensic Science, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P Cabarcos-Fernández
- Institute of Forensic Science, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M J Tabernero-Duque
- Institute of Forensic Science, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Zhao K, Dai Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Gu J, Bai H, Wurita A, Hasegawa K. Quantification of the benzimidazole opioid analog isotonitazene in human hair using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 64:102295. [PMID: 37418781 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazole opioids were originally developed from the late 1950s to 1970s as analgesics for medical use, although a lot of them could not be approved as licit medicines because of their severe side effects and physical dependence. Such benzimidazole opioid analogs as abused drug, however, have recently been found in illicit drug markets throughout the world. Isotonitazene is one such benzimidazole opioids, whose analgesic potency can be as much as 500 times greater than that of morphine, according to previous animal studies. In line with this potency, a couple of hundred fatalities related to it were reported to date. In this study, a well validated method for the quantification of isotonitazene in human hair samples using liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was established, and could be applied to authentic samples which were seized by the police security bureau. Isotonitazene concentrations in the seized hair averaged 6.11 pg/mg. The LLOQ and LOD of this method were 1.25 and 2.5 pg/mg, respectively; the calibration curve of the substance in hair samples showed a good linearity in the concentration range of 2.5-250 pg/mg (r > 0.999); the extraction recovery rates were 87.3-105% in the tested range; the inter- and intra-day precisions and accuracies (%biases) were not greater than 9.09% for each determination. Isotonitazene in human hair showed good stability at room temperature and under dark storage conditions for 30 days. As for matrix effect in hair samples, moderate ion suppression of target substances could be found. This is the first report for the analysis of isotonitazene in human hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundi Zhao
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yinyin Dai
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Jinlei Liu
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Huiru Bai
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Amin Wurita
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China.
| | - Koutaro Hasegawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 413-3192, Japan.
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11
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Steiner R, Kaulich A, Müller D, Schlagenhauf P. Hair concentrations of anti-malarials in returned travellers-the HAIR study: Proof of principle analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 54:102590. [PMID: 37209974 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair analysis to identify substance use is an established methodology. This could also be a method to monitor adherence to antimalarial drugs. We aimed to establish a methodology to determine hair concentrations of atovaquone, proguanil and mefloquine in travellers using chemoprophylaxis. METHODS A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of the antimalarial drugs -atovaquone (ATQ), proguanil (PRO) and mefloquine (MQ), in human hair. The hair samples from five volunteers were used for this proof-of-concept analysis. Three volunteers were taking daily atovaquone/proguanil (ATQ/PRO) chemoprophylaxis and two volunteers were using weekly mefloquine (MQ) chemoprophylaxis. RESULTS With this proof-of-principle analysis, we could show that ATQ/PRO and MQ are integrated into the hair matrix. Chemoprophylaxis could be quantified with the established method. In hair segments, maximal concentrations of 3.0 ng/mL/20 mg hair proguanil, 1.3 ng/mL/20 mg hair atovaquone and 78.3 ng/mL/20 mg hair mefloquine were measured. Moreover, malaria drug concentration changes correlated with the time interval since finishing the chemoprophylaxis regimen. CONCLUSIONS The validated method was used successfully for the analysis of antimalarial-drug positive hair samples containing atovaquone, proguanil or mefloquine. This research shows that hair can be used for adherence monitoring of chemoprophylaxis and paves the way for larger studies and optimized procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regula Steiner
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Kaulich
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Müller
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Schlagenhauf
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, Competence Centre for Military Medicine Biology, Division of Global and Public Health, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, University of Zurich Centre for Travel Medicine, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zürich, Switzerland.
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12
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Zhang S, Yan X, Tang B, Luo W, Chen S, Luo X, Zheng J, Mai B, Yu Y. Human hair as a noninvasive matrix to assess exposure to micro-organic contaminants: State of the art review. Sci Total Environ 2023:164341. [PMID: 37236479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring has played an important role in assessing human exposure to micro-organic contaminants (MOCs), including chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, brominated flame retardants, organophosphorus flame retardants, non-persistent pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, phthalate esters, bisphenols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Specifically, human hair holds great promise as a noninvasive matrix for MOC biomonitoring. While human hair has been widely used to detect numerous MOCs over recent decades, its reliability of reflecting body burden is still disputable. As a premise for discussion, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of MOC incorporation into hair from endogenous and exogenous exposures. Then, standardized protocols must be developed to ensure accurate and reliable results. This review article discusses these issues and provides evidence for the reliability of monitoring MOCs in hair by surveying past reports from various categories of MOCs. We find that most persistent organic pollutants - especially those with a higher octanol-water partition coefficient and lower volatility - can be reliably measured using hair analysis, while internal exposure can be accurately measured using MOC metabolites in hair. Finally, we explore the applications of hair analysis in large-scale surveys, retrospective cohort studies, and epidemiological investigations, highlighting the promise of hair analysis in studying the health risks of MOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xiao Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Weikeng Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Research Group of Emerging Contaminants, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
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13
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Zheng J, Wang X, Zhang J, Ren H, Zhao Y, Xiang P. Concentrations of LSD, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, and iso-LSD in hair segments of 18 drug abusers. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 344:111578. [PMID: 36753839 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most widely abused hallucinogens, which can alter consciousness, produce mental disorder, and cause harmful behavior. 1-Propionyl-LSD (1 P-LSD), a novel derivative of LSD, has the similar hallucinogenic effect. It is a control substance in several countries. 1 P-LSD can act as a prodrug for LSD and is rapidly hydrolyzed to LSD in humans. Therefore, LSD use should be confirmed by the absence of 1 P-LSD and in the detection of LSD. Here, we describe a LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous extraction of LSD, iso-LSD, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, and 1 P-LSD from hair. Hair samples (25 mg) were pulverized by cryogenic grinding in methanol. The limits of detection were 0.2-1 pg/mg and the limits of quantification were 0.5-2 pg/mg. This method was validated and applied to hair samples from 18 suspects who may have used LSD. Segmental hair analysis revealed a decrease in the LSD concentrations from the proximal to the distill end, while 1 P-LSD was not detected in any hair segments. The interpretation of hair analysis results of LSD still remains difficult. Nevertheless, concentrations of LSD and iso-LSD in human hair from 18 LSD users were reported. LSD concentrations were from <LOQ to 4.0 pg/mg (n = 18, median 1.5 pg/mg) in the proximal 0-3 cm segment, from <LOQ to 1.8 pg/mg (n = 8) in the 3-6 cm segment, and from <LOQ to 0.6 pg/mg (n = 4) in the 6-9 cm segment. Iso-LSD ranged from <LOQ to 1.4 pg/mg (n = 4) in the 0-3 cm segment and was detectable only in one 3-6 cm segment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to monitor LSD together with 1 P-LSD in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China; Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Hang Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China; Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Shanghai 200063, China.
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14
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Qiu S, Kang Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Yang H, Gu J, Bai H, Hasegawa K, Wurita A. Quantification of a new recreational drug 2-methoxyqualone in human hair using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 345:111620. [PMID: 36889066 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
A method for identification and quantification of 2-methoxyqualone, an newly emerging quinazolinone derivative recreational drug, in human scalp hair was established using gas chromatography (GC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In this report, authentic cases are presented, in which the suspects were seized by police security bureau; the police in China requested our laboratory to identify and quantify the involved drug(s) of abuse in the hair samples of the suspects. After washing and cryo-grinding the authentic hair samples, the target compound was extracted with methanol, and the solvent layer was evaporated to dryness. The residue was reconstituted in methanol and analyzed by GC-MS/MS. 2-Methoxyqualone concentrations in the hair were between 35.1 and 116 pg/mg. The calibration curve of the substance in hair samples showed a good linearity in the concentration range of 10-1000 pg/mg (r > 0.998); the extraction recovery rate, 88.8-105.6 %; the interday and intraday precisions and accuracies (biases), not greater than 8.9 %. 2-Methoxyqualone in human hair had good stability under three different storage conditions at room (20 °C), refrigerated (4 °C) and frozen (- 20 °C) temperatures for at least 7 days. In the present report, simple and rapid quantification method for 2-methoxyqualone in human scalp hair have been established using GC-MS/MS and it could successfully be applied to authentic forensic toxicological cases. To our knowledge, this is the first report for quantification of 2-methoxyqualone in human hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China; Erdos Institute of Technology, Erdos 017000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yimin Kang
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Jinlei Liu
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Hongkun Yang
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China; Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Huiru Bai
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Koutaro Hasegawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 413-3192, Japan.
| | - Amin Wurita
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China.
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15
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Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a 16,569 base pair (bp) circular genome that is passed from generation to generation through the maternal line. mtDNA analysis in the context of the forensic science field usually involves unidentified human remains or missing persons. These cases tend to have more challenging sample types (e.g., rootless hairs, bone, blood, and saliva), and mtDNA analysis can be an additional method to assist in identification efforts. Due to the multifaceted protection of mtDNA within cells, mtDNA is able to be extracted even in cases of extreme degradation. mtDNA analysis for forensic science has been both peer-reviewed in academic journals and has been testified to in criminal court procedures since the late 1990s, allowing for consistent and reliable usage in casework. This chapter describes the general methodology of extracting, amplifying, quantifying, and analyzing an mtDNA sequence for use in forensic casework, specifically for these common items of evidence.
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16
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Peng FJ, Palazzi P, Viguié C, Appenzeller BMR. Measurement of hair thyroid and steroid hormone concentrations in the rat evidence endocrine disrupting potential of a low dose mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Pollut 2022; 313:120179. [PMID: 36116566 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been shown to influence endogenous hormones levels in animal models, but little is known about the effects of their mixtures. For hormone measurements, hair analysis is a promising approach to provide information on long-term status of hormones. Herein we used hair analysis to assess the combined effects of 13 PAHs on steroid and thyroid hormones levels in a rat model. The PAH mixture was administered orally three times per week to female rats at doses of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 200, 400 and 800 μg/kg of body weight for each compound over a 90-day exposure period. Fourteen out of 36 analyzed hormones were detected in rat hair, including pregnenolone (P5), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP4), corticosterone (CORT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (AD), 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2), 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), and 3,5,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T4). The PAH mixture significantly elevated P5 and DHEA levels at the doses of 200 and 400 μg/kg but reduced T2 and T3 levels at the highest dose as compared to the control. While P5, DHEA, 17-OHP4 and AD concentrations exhibited inverted U-shaped dose responses, T2, T3 and T4 concentrations exhibited inverse linear dose responses, which are further confirmed by their relationships with hair hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) concentrations. Likewise, there were significant nonmonotonic relationships of hormone molar ratios (e.g., AD/17-OHP4 and DHEA/CORT ratios) with exposure intensity and OH-PAHs. Overall, our results demonstrate the capability of PAH mixtures to interfere with steroid and thyroid hormones in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Palazzi
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Catherine Viguié
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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17
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Di Luzio M, Ronchi A, Amabile M, Tassinari E, Oddone M, D’Agostino G. Correlation Between Co Levels in Hair and Blood of Patients Who Underwent Metal-on-metal Hip Arthroplasty. Arthroplast Today 2022; 18:63-67. [PMID: 36275491 PMCID: PMC9582565 DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this paper is to study the dependence of Co levels in hair on Co levels in blood after metal-on-metal (MoM) hip replacement and prove the suitability of hair analysis coupled to blood analysis in the decision process regarding implant revision evaluation. Methods Hair samples of 19 MoM patients having both well-functioning and malfunctioning implants and Co mass concentration levels in blood between 0.2 μg L-1 and 221.0 μg L-1 were included. A method based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was validated and used to measure the Co level in hair. Results The Co mass fraction in the hair of patients ranged between 0.011 mg kg-1 and 0.712 mg kg-1. A correlation analysis showed a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.932, P < .001) between Co in the hair and that in the blood in the full-level range and a statistically nonsignificant positive correlation (r = 0.595, P = .091) in the low-level range. Conclusions A correlation between the Co level in the hair and that in the blood exists when the latter is clearly above the 7 μg L-1 mass concentration threshold suggested for implant revision evaluation. The correlation disappears when the Co level in blood approaches or falls down the mass concentration threshold and that in the hair approaches or falls within the normal population range of 0.004-0.14 mg kg-1. Accordingly, clinicians could consider a hair analysis coupled to a blood analysis to assess the revision of malfunctioning MoM implants that release metals in patient’s body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Luzio
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Ronchi
- Laboratorio di Tossicologia Clinica e Sperimentale, Centro Antiveleni di Pavia - Centro Nazionale di Informazione Tossicologica, Istituti Clinici Sientifici Maugeri IRCCS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marilina Amabile
- Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Tassinari
- Ortopedia-Traumatologia e Chirurgia protesica e dei reimpianti d'anca e di ginocchio, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Oddone
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Pavia, Italy,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo D’Agostino
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Pavia, Italy,Corresponding author. Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Tel.: +39 3493208619.
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18
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Peng FJ, Palazzi P, Viguié C, Appenzeller BMR. Hormonal profile changes induced by pesticide mixture exposure in female rats revealed by hair analysis. Chemosphere 2022; 303:135059. [PMID: 35643162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure has been associated with hormonal disruption in both animals and humans. However, there is limited knowledge of the combined effects of complex mixtures of pesticides on endogenous hormone levels. Here, we used hair analysis to assess the impact of a pesticide mixture comprising 19 components from multiple chemical classes at eight doses of 0-400 μg/kg body weight (bw) three times per week per component on concentrations of 36 steroid and thyroid hormones in female rats over a 90-day exposure period. We detected 13 hormones in rat hair, namely estradiol (E2), androstenedione (AD), testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), pregnenolone (P5), progesterone (P4), 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC), corticosterone (CORT), 3,3'-l-diiodothyronine (T2), 3,5,3'-l-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-l-triiodothyronine (rT3), and 3,5,3',5'-l-tetraiodothyronine (T4). In comparison to the control group, hair E2 concentration was significantly lower in the two highest (200 and 400 μg/kg bw) exposure groups, whereas hair DHEAS and CORT concentrations were significantly higher in the 40 μg/kg bw and the highest exposure groups, respectively. Results from generalized additive models suggest that pesticide exposure resulted in monotonic dose responses in hair E2 concentration, CORT concentration and DHEA/CORT molar ratio but nonmonotonic dose responses in hair T concentration, DHEAS concentration, P4/P5 and DHEA/DHEAS molar ratios. The associations of E2, CORT and DHEA/CORT ratio with exposure intensity were confirmed by their significant linear relationships with hair concentrations of at least 23 of the 25 exposure biomarkers analyzed. Our results demonstrate that exposure to low levels of the pesticide mixture evaluated here can alter hair reproductive and adrenal hormones levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Palazzi
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Catherine Viguié
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg.
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19
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Musiał J, Powierska-Czarny J, Czarny J, Raczkowski M, Galant N, Buszewski B, Gadzała-Kopciuch R. One-step extraction and determination of 513 psychoactive substances, drugs, and their metabolites from hair by LC-MS/MS. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2927-2933. [PMID: 36008489 PMCID: PMC9525419 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new psychoactive substances on the market is a significant problem on a global scale. This type of substance in society is associated with many negative consequences, such as traffic accidents, accidents at work, rape, homicide, poisoning, or overdose deaths. The analysis of these substances in biological samples is very important for further legal action and saving lives. Therefore, laboratories face a tremendous challenge in tackling the evolving drug market. The paper describes the optimization of the analytical LC–MS/MS method to identify and determine 513 psychoactive substances in hair samples. A method of chromatographic separation was developed, and the working parameters of the mass spectrometer were selected for each analyte. The method has been validated, and the results are as follows: the limit of quantification of the developed method ranges from 0.025 to 1.25 ng/mg hair. The mean recovery of the tested analytes ranges from 80 to 120%. The achieved coefficient of variation in within-run precision ranged from 1.05 to 19.99%. The results achieved for BIAS are in the range of ± 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Musiał
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Al. Mickiewicza 3/4, 85-071, Bydgoszcz, Poland. .,Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | | | - Jakub Czarny
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Al. Mickiewicza 3/4, 85-071, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Michał Raczkowski
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Al. Mickiewicza 3/4, 85-071, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Galant
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Al. Mickiewicza 3/4, 85-071, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
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Aziz MY, Hussain SH, Ishak AR, Abdullah MA, Mohamed R, Ruzi II, Yahaya N, Samad NA, Edinur HA. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Malaysian Adults' Hair and Associated Variables in Bukit Mertajam, Penang, Malaysia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3475-3481. [PMID: 34591221 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in human hair is being tracked to predict health risk, forensics, and environmental monitoring. Heavy metals are typically non-biodegradable and have a lengthy half-life, allowing them to linger in humans and the environment for many years. Heavy metal exposure in hair has been attributed to multiple sources from the environment and food intake. In this study, copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) levels were measured in the scalp hair of 50 individuals in Bukit Mertajam, Penang, Malaysia. In conjunction with sampling, subjects' age, gender, lifestyle, diet, and working environment were also obtained through the questionnaire. The Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method was used to extract all the metals in the hair samples. The mean concentrations of heavy metals were found to be in the following order (unit of mg/kg): Cr > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cd > Cu. Manganese was detected below the limit of quantitation among the elements (< LOQ). All elements except Mn were higher and comparable to the previous studies' international limit values. Cadmium prevalence was substantially associated with age, smoking habit, dyed hair, and working environment in Pearson's correlation analysis (p ≤ 0.05). Zinc was also found to be related to the working environment. Some elements were observed to be statistically related between heavy metals, Cd/Zn, Cd/Ni, Cr/Ni, and Pb/Ni, whereas smoking habit/dyed hair and dyed hair/working environment were the associated factors for metal distribution that were statistically correlated (p ≤ 0.05). To recapitulate, this study found that the distribution of heavy metals in hair was influenced by associated factors and between heavy metals. It has been indicated that heavy metal exposure to humans is influenced by factors such as geographical location, lifestyle, and working environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | - Ahmad Razali Ishak
- Center of Environmental Health & Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Azwat Abdullah
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rafeezul Mohamed
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universit Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Iqbal Iman Ruzi
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Noorfatimah Yahaya
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nozlena Abdul Samad
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hisham Atan Edinur
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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21
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Yang H, Wurita A, Liu J, Wang Y, Hasegawa K. Quantitation of sibutramine in human hair using gas chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:366-373. [PMID: 36454400 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An analytical method for quantitation of sibutramine in human hair using gas chromatography (GC)-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was newly established. In this article, a case is presented, in which a 3.5-year-old male child accidentally ingested chocolate-like product containing sibutramine, showing various symptoms; he could survived the crisis. About 1 month after the incident, his scalp hair sample was subjected to analysis for the causative sibutramine. METHOD After cryo-grinding for the hair sample, target compound was extracted with methanol, and the solvent layer was evaporated to dryness. The residue was reconstituted in methanol and analyzed by GC-MS/MS, using the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with a deuterated isotope internal standard. RESULTS The substance was identified as sibutramine; its concentration in the hair sample of the child was 58.6 pg/mg. The calibration curve of sibutramine in hair samples had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 20-200 pg/mg (r > 0.99); the extraction recovery rate 85.2-91.8%; the interday and intraday precision and accuracy (bias) examined not greater than 9.6%. Sibutramine in human hair had good stability under 3 different storage conditions at room (20 °C), refrigerated (4 °C) and frozen ( - 20 °C) temperatures for at least 7 days. CONCLUSIONS It should be expected that the method established in this study would contribute to rapid determinations of sibutramine. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing quantitation of sibutramine in an authentic human hair sample by GC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Yang
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Amin Wurita
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Jinlei Liu
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Koutaro Hasegawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
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Iglesias-González A, Schweitzer M, Palazzi P, Peng F, Haan S, Letellier E, Appenzeller BMR. Investigating children's chemical exposome - Description and possible determinants of exposure in the region of Luxembourg based on hair analysis. Environ Int 2022; 165:107342. [PMID: 35714525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The specific physiology and behaviour of children makes them particularly vulnerable to chemical exposure. Specific studies must therefore be conducted to understand the impact of pollution on children's health. Human biomonitoring is a reliable approach for exposure assessment, and hair, allowing the detection of parent chemicals and metabolites, and covering wider time windows than urine and blood is particularly adapted to study chronic exposure. The present study aims at assessing chemical exposure and investigating possible determinants of exposure in children living in Luxembourg. Hair samples were collected from 256 children below 13 y/o and tested for 153 compounds (140 pesticides, 4 PCBs, 7 BDEs and 2 bisphenols). Moreover, anthropometric parameters, information on diet, residence, and presence of pets at home was collected through questionnaires. Correlations, regressions, t-tests, PLS-DA and MANOVAs, were used to investigate exposure patterns. Twenty-nine to 88 (median = 61) compounds were detected per sample. The highest median concentration was observed for BPA (133.6 pg/mg). Twenty-three biomarkers were detected in ≥ 95% of the samples, including 13 in all samples (11 pesticides, BPA and BPS). Exposure was higher at younger ages (R2 = 0.57), and boys were more exposed to non-persistent pesticides than girls. Presence of persistent organic pollutants in most children suggests that exposure is still ongoing. Moreover, diet (e.g. imazalil: 0.33 pg/mg in organic, 1.15 pg/mg in conventional, p-value < 0.001), residence area (e.g. imidacloprid: 0.29 pg/mg in urban, 0.47 pg/mg in countryside, p-value = 0.03), and having pets (e.g. fipronil: 0.32 pg/mg in pets, 0.09 pg/mg in no pets, p-value < 0.001) were identified as determinants of exposure. The present study demonstrates that children are simultaneously exposed to multiple pollutants from different chemical classes, and confirms the suitability of hair to investigate exposure. These results set the basis for further investigations to better understand the determinants of chemical exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Iglesias-González
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de l'Universite, L- 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Mylène Schweitzer
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Palazzi
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Fengjiao Peng
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Haan
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Okada Y, Iwata YT. Micro-segmental hair analysis: detailed procedures and applications in forensic toxicology. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:215-233. [PMID: 36454411 PMCID: PMC9715473 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the 1980s, the detection sensitivity of mass spectrometers has increased by improving the analysis of drugs in hair. Accordingly, the number of hair strands required for the analysis has decreased. The length of the hair segment used in the analysis has also shortened. In 2016, micro-segmental hair analysis (MSA), which cuts a single hair strand at a 0.4-mm interval corresponding to a hair growth length of approximately one day, was developed. The advantage of MSA is that the analytical results provide powerful evidence of drug use in the investigation of drug-related crimes and detailed information about the mechanism of drug uptake into hair. This review article focuses on the MSA technique and its applications in forensic toxicology. METHODS Multiple databases, such as SciFinder, PubMed, and Google, were utilized to collect relevant reports referring to MSA and drug analysis in hair. The experiences of our research group on the MSA were also included in this review. RESULTS The analytical results provide a detailed drug distribution profile in a hair strand, which is useful for examining the mechanism of drug uptake into hair in detail. Additionally, the analytical method has been used for various scenarios in forensic toxicology, such as the estimation of days of drug consumption and death. CONCLUSIONS The detailed procedures are summarized so that beginners can use the analytical method in their laboratories. Moreover, some application examples are presented, and the limitations of the current analytical method and future perspectives are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Hajime Miyaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yuko T Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
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24
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Wang Y, Pan Y, Yang H, Liu J, Wurita A, Hasegawa K. Quantification of MDMB-4en-PINACA and ADB-BUTINACA in human hair by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:340-348. [PMID: 36454410 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test synthetic cannabinoid (SCs) in parent forms from living human, the hairs seems to be one of the best samples, because of the non-invasiveness upon their collection. The purpose of this study is to establish a method for quantification of MDMB-4en-PINACA and ADB-BUTINACA, the most recently abused SCs in hair samples, using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). METHODS The collected hair samples were washed with a detergent solution, following by water and acetone. After drying cutting them into about 2 mm sections, they were ground by a cryogenic grinder into powder. The 50-mg powder with internal standard(s) plus 1 mL methanol were vortexed, and centrifuged to obtain the supernatant layer. After its evaporation and reconstitution with 50 µL methanol, 1-µL aliquot of it was subjected to analysis. RESULTS The standard calibration curves were created for both MDMB-4en-PINACA and ADB-BUTINACA in blank hair samples; good linear curves were obtained in the range of 20-20,000 pg/mg with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 10 and 20 pg/mg, respectively. Other validation parameters were all satisfactory. The concentrations of MDMB-4en-PINACA obtained from 3 authentic subjects and ADB-BUTINACA obtained from 3 authentic subjects were 26.2-806 pg/mg and 63.1-430 pg/mg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In the present article, the details of simple and rapid quantification of MDMB-4en-PINACA and ADB-BUTINACA in human scalp hair have been established. To our knowledge, this is the first report for quantification of SCs in hair samples by GC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Yefei Pan
- Dian Forensic Science Institute, Hangzhou, 31000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongkun Yang
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Jinlei Liu
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Amin Wurita
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China.
| | - Koutaro Hasegawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-tsu, Hamamatsu, 413-3192, Japan.
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25
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Krief S, Iglesias-González A, Appenzeller BMR, Rachid L, Beltrame M, Asalu E, Okimat JP, Kane-Maguire N, Spirhanzlova P. Chimpanzee exposure to pollution revealed by human biomonitoring approaches. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 233:113341. [PMID: 35217306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife is increasingly exposed to environmental pollution, but data illustrating to what extent this exposure can impact health and survival of endangered species is missing. In humans, hair matrix analysis is a reliable tool for assessing cumulative exposure to organic pollutants such as pesticides but has rarely been used in other primates for this purpose. LC/MS-MS and GC/MS-MS multi-residue methods were used to screen the presence of 152 organic pollutants and their metabolites belonging to 21 different chemical families in hair samples from our closest relative, the chimpanzee. Samples were collected from 20 wild chimpanzees in Sebitoli, Kibale National Park, Uganda and 9 captive chimpanzees in the Réserve Africaine de Sigean, France. In total, 90 chemicals were detected, 60 in wild chimpanzees and 79 in captive chimpanzees. The median concentrations of detected chemicals in captive individuals were significantly higher than those in wild chimpanzees. Hair from the captive individuals at RAS was sampled a second time after 6 months in an environment of reduced exposure to these pollutants (diet of organic food, decreased use of plastic food and water containers). The number of chemicals detected in captive chimpanzees reduced from 79 to 63, and their concentrations were also significantly reduced. In the present study we report for the first time the use of hair analysis to detect organic pollutants in primate hair. We conclude that both wild and captive chimpanzees are exposed to a large range of different chemicals through their diet. Our study provides surprising and alarming evidence that besides the direct threats of poaching, deforestation and diseases, wild chimpanzees might be endangered by indirect consequences of anthropic activities. As chimpanzees are our closest relatives, our results should be considered as an alert for human health as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Krief
- UMR7206, Eco-Anthropologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle/CNRS/Paris VII, 17 place du Trocadéro, Paris, France; Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda.
| | - Alba Iglesias-González
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Lyna Rachid
- Réserve Africaine de Sigean, 19 Hameau du Lac D6009, 11130 Sigean, France.
| | - Marielle Beltrame
- Réserve Africaine de Sigean, 19 Hameau du Lac D6009, 11130 Sigean, France.
| | - Edward Asalu
- Uganda Wildlife Authority, Plot, 7 Kira Rd, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | | | - Petra Spirhanzlova
- UMR7206, Eco-Anthropologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle/CNRS/Paris VII, 17 place du Trocadéro, Paris, France; Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda; Laboratoire de Métrologie et d'Essais 1, rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France.
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Yang S, Shi Y, Chen Z, Chen M, Liu X, Liu W, Su M, Di B. Detection of mescaline in human hair samples by UPLC-MS/MS: Application to 19 authentic forensic cases. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1195:123202. [PMID: 35248899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mescaline, a natural alkaloid found in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii) in the Americas, has gradually become a drug of abuse in China because of its psychedelic properties. Its intake may lead to hallucinations and confusion or even be life-threatening. Mescaline is classified as a class Ⅰ psychotropic drug in China, which means its use in medicine or scientific research is under strict control of the government. However, studies on surveillance of mescaline abuse in the Chinese population are lacking. A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination and quantification of mescaline in hair. The method had good linearity in the range from 10 to 1000 pg/mg, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 3 pg/mg and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 10 pg/mg. The total runtime was 5 min. Acceptable intraday and interday precision (RSD < 15%) and accuracy (bias, -11.2% ∼ 6.8%) were achieved. The recovery was 85.0-101.0%, and the matrix effect was 92.0-105.0%. The validated method was successfully applied to 19 real forensic cases. The concentrations of mescaline in hair ranged from 10 to 784 pg/mg. The method has the benefits of simple sample preparation, high sensitivity, and short running time, making it suitable for large-scale quantitative surveillance analysis of mescaline in forensic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, PR China
| | - Yan Shi
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, PR China
| | - Zhuonan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, PR China
| | - Mobing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, PR China
| | - Xinze Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, PR China.
| | - Mengxiang Su
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Bin Di
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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27
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Pragst F, Hartwig S. Repeated poisoning of the life partner by thallium - a case of questionable Munchausen by adult proxy syndrome with ensuing attempted murder. Int J Legal Med 2022; 136:695-704. [PMID: 35190879 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
After the use of thallium as rat poison was banned, the knowledge about the severe and treacherous course of poisonings with this toxic metal has widely been lost. In the present case, the male victim sustained two insidious poisoning attacks in 2017 and 2020 by the perpetrator, his female life partner. In the first poisoning episode, he suffered from increasing heavy pain of the abdomen, stinging pain of both legs, persistent obstipation, hyperesthesia, and, after about 2 weeks, tuft-wise loss of hair as typical symptoms of the thallium poisoning. Within 7 weeks, he was successively examined in six hospitals with a wide variety of diagnostic methods, but a conclusive explanation of the complaints was not found. The possibility of a metal intoxication was then suggested by the perpetrator who privately arranged the analysis of a blood sample with the result of 175 µg/l thallium. Although a criminal poisoning was assumed, the perpetrator was not identified. After the victim left the perpetrator, she subtly executed a second poisoning attack with thallium sulfate (blood level 1230 µg/l after 1 day, urine level 4760 µg/l after 10 days, and hair concentrations 3.26-0.49 from proximal to distal in 9 segments). The perpetrator was sentenced to 10.5 years imprisonment for grievous bodily harm and attempted murder. Because of the behavior of the perpetrator, a Munchausen by proxy syndrome was discussed as a motivation of the first poisoning but was excluded by the psychiatric expert because of a missing antisocial personality disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Pragst
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Turmstraße 21 (Haus N), 10559, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Hartwig
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Turmstraße 21 (Haus N), 10559, Berlin, Germany
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Thomas O, Le Bot B, Verrey D, Durand S, Harpet C, Froment A, Jégou B. High lead level in the Alps in XIXth century, learning from the analysis of 138 historical hair stands. Chemosphere 2022; 286:131658. [PMID: 34416585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of hair is known to provide useful information about environmental and toxic exposures. Very little historical use has been made of this type of investigation. Here we study 138 human hair samples from 19th century in France. In order to examine the potential association between contamination and historical health impacts, we characterized contamination by 33 elements in a set of hair strands sampled during the last quarter of the 19th century in the Savoy region of France. After a selected washing step on 138 hair strands conserved at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris (France), we assessed the presence of inorganics by ICP/MS, and lead level was higher than values reported in literature. We then compared concentrations and distributions between women and men, sampling locations and crossing gender and geographical origin. Hair lead level was high throughout Savoy at the end of the 19th century: significantly higher for people living in towns or industrial valleys, and lower for those of countryside and mountains areas. Environmental and economic changes (industrialization and urbanization with water adduction and leaded paints), living habits (kitchenware, cosmetics, wine, and tobacco), and local features (mines exploitation, railroad development, and industrialized narrow valleys) could be envisaged for explaining the level of lead contamination. In the same period, the two main industrial valleys of Savoy (Maurienne and Tarentaise) had high rates of endemic goiter and cretinism and among the highest hair lead levels. Other lines of evidence will need to be explore to investigate a possible link between historical Pb exposure and goiter in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Thomas
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - B Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - D Verrey
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - S Durand
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - C Harpet
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, EHESP, CNRS, ARENES-UMR_S 6051, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - A Froment
- Musée National d'histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France
| | - B Jégou
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
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Yang H, Xiang P, Yu M, Zou D, Fan X, Wang X, Liu W. Confirmation of Gelsemium elegans poisoning by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of koumine, gelsemine, and gelsenicine in hair. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 210:114546. [PMID: 34972069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, accurate, simple, and rapid analytical UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for identification and quantification of koumine, gelsemine, and gelsenicine in human hair. Approximately 10 mg of hair was extracted with methanol by cryogenic grinding. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 1 to 5 pg/mg, and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 2 to 10 pg/mg. The method was linear over a concentration range from the LOQs to 1000 pg/mg, and the linear correlation (R2) of the calibration curves was above 0.998 for all three analytes. The bias varied from -6.5-13.1%, while the intra- and inter-day precision relative standard deviation (RSD) values were 4.3-12.4% and 3.7-13.2%, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 79.3% to 103.5%, and matrix effects ranged from 74.3% to 105.5%. The described method was used for the quantitative determination of koumine, gelsemine, and gelsenicine in a human hair sample from a Gelsemium elegans poisoning case. The highest concentrations of koumine, gelsemine, and gelsenicine were 27.2, 18.1, and 4.2 pg/mg, respectively, and corresponded to the segment associated with the ingestion period. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe hair analysis in a G. elegans poisoning case and to provide quantitative toxicological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Miao Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Xianyu Fan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China.
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Niebel A, Pragst F, Krumbiegel F, Hartwig S. Prevalence of cathinones and other new psychoactive substances in hair of parents and children of families with known or suspected parental abuse of conventional illegal drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 331:111148. [PMID: 34923263 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair analysis of parents and their children was regularly used since 2011 as a diagnostic tool in a social support project for families with known or suspected abuse of conventional illegal drugs and revealed a high incidence of cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamines, ecstasy and heroin. In this context, the prevalence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in these families should be important for a realistic estimate of the situation. METHODS The extracts of 1537 hair samples from 318 children (age 1-14 years), 44 adolescents and 611 adults, which were collected and tested for conventional drugs between June 2016 and April 2021 and frozen at -20 °C, were reanalyzed by a validated LC-MS/MS method (limits of quantitation 5-24 pg/mg) for 33 cathinones, 10 phenylethylamines, 5 piperazines including the antidepressant trazodone, 2 tryptamines, 9 designer benzodiazepines, 4 synthetic opioids and 4 ketamine-like substances including phencyclidine. RESULTS Between one and up to five from 42 of these substances were detected in 227 samples (14.8%). The most frequently detected substances were benzedrone (62x), α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (41x), N-ethylamphetamine (29x), dimethyltryptamine (13x) and pyrovalerone (11x). The quantification was possible only for 34 results of 15 drugs and the remaining majority of the results were unambiguously identified below LLOQ. The relative frequency of conventional drugs in the 227 NPS positive samples was higher than in all 1310 NPS negative samples for cocaine (69.6% vs. 56.0%), heroin (6-acetylmorphine 8.8% vs. 4.9%), amphetamine (16.3% vs. 7.7%) and MDMA (16.3% vs. 7.0%) but was similar for THC (38.3% vs. 36.3%) and benzodiazepines (1.8% vs. 1.7%). The high prevalence of N-ethylamphetamine can be explained as a byproduct of the illicit amphetamine synthesis from benzaldehyde and nitroethane rather than as a separate drug or as a combined metabolite of amphetamine and ethanol. The isolated appearance of 3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine in 9 hair samples collected in January 2017 can be caused either by its use as an NPS or by its formation as a metabolite of the medical drug flibanserin. The results were compared within 17 families whose members were tested at the same time and showed positive NPS results. The detected drugs agreed between both parents only in about half of the cases whereas the drugs found in children's hair was always detected also in hair of one or both parents. CONCLUSION The re-testing of hair extracts for NPS after long-time storage in frozen state enables an impression about the relative high prevalence in the tested population group, despite the limitation by partial degradation of the substances and the corresponding impossibility in quantitative assessments. In addition to conventional drugs, the hair test for these substances should be useful in unclear cases of child's welfare endangerment and in family law.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Niebel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Turmstraße 21 (Haus N), 10559 Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Pragst
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Turmstraße 21 (Haus N), 10559 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Krumbiegel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Turmstraße 21 (Haus N), 10559 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Hartwig
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Turmstraße 21 (Haus N), 10559 Berlin, Germany
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Seyrek Y, Akkuş M. A prospective study on long-term trace metal accumulation in hair: Is there any difference between minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum and carinatum? J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:2253-2257. [PMID: 33551146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there is no study about trace metal level increases in hair after stainless steel pectus bar implantation. We aimed to determine whether there was any significant increase in the levels of trace metals in the hair of children who underwent minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) and minimally invasive repair of pectus carinatum (MIRPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective study, we collected the data of 223 patients who underwent MIRPE and MIRPC between November 2013 and August 2020. The levels of main components of the stainless steel pectus bar ("PES", Medxpert GmbH, Escbach, Germany) namely Cr, Fe, Ni, and Mo in hair were analyzed. The study involved two study groups: A group of patients who underwent MIRPE with a single bar (n = 112) and a group of patients who underwent MIRPC (n = 71). Both groups were analyzed in two different timelines: A group of consecutive patients prior to bar implantation and a group of the same patients who underwent bar removal after a mean time of 34.6 ± 5.1 months. RESULTS Statistically significant increases in all studied trace metal levels were observed in the single-bar MIRPE group. In the MIRPC group, the accumulation of studied trace metals was no statistically significant. The double-bar MIRPE group had higher trace metal increase rates compared to single-bar MIRPE group (p>0.05). CONCLUSION In our study; increases in iron, chrome, nickel and molybdenum levels were observed in both MIRPE and MIRPC patients by hair trace metal analysis; but these increases were statistically significant in only MIRPE group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Seyrek
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Murat Akkuş
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jiang S, Zhong Y, Qiao H, Di B, Chen J, Su M. UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of caffeine and illicit psychoactive drugs in hair using a single-step high-speed grinding extraction - Insights into a cut-off value for caffeine abuse. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114489. [PMID: 34847460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is a commonly consumed psychoactive substance whose addictive potential has long been reported. Excessive caffeine intake may lead to severe health damage or drug addiction problems; however, studies on the surveillance of caffeine abuse by the Chinese population are lacking. This study aimed to propose a concentration value for caffeine based on hair analysis to distinguish excessive intake from normal consumption, and provide an analytical tool for forensic toxicology investigations of caffeine and other frequently abused drugs. A sensitive and accurate ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to detect caffeine and 13 illicit drugs and their metabolites in hair. Thereafter, this method was employed to test 479 real samples. Briefly, the hair samples were washed with water and acetone, and subsequently extracted by one-step high-speed grinding with acetonitrile-buffer solution. The lower limit of quantifications of 0.05 ng/mg for caffeine and THC, and 0.005 ng/mg for others, were achieved for all substances. The results revealed a mean caffeine concentration of 0.78 (range 0.008-3.5 ng/mg) based on 24 healthy volunteers, 55.0 (range 3.07-292.2 ng/mg) based on 52 self-reported caffeine abuse participants, and 5.78 (range 0-140.34 ng/mg) based on 403 drug addicts. The mean caffeine concentration in hair from self-reported caffeine abusers was 70-fold higher than that in hair from healthy volunteers. A tentative cut-off level of 5.5 ng/mg as an indicator of excessive caffeine consumption was developed based on receiver operating characteristic analysis. Additionally, the assessment of 403 hair samples from drug addicts indicated that illicit drug abusers had potential for caffeine abuse, especially polydrug users. This hair analysis method serves as a useful tool for the large-scale surveillance of caffeine and illicit drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuling Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongwei Qiao
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, P.R. of China, Beijing 100741, China
| | - Bin Di
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Chen
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, P.R. of China, Beijing 100741, China.
| | - Mengxiang Su
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Ueki R, Fukusaki E, Shimma S. History of hair analysis by mass spectrometry imaging. J Biosci Bioeng 2021:S1389-1723(21)00291-7. [PMID: 34840067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In conventional forensic science, blood and urine have been used for drug testing. However, hair has recently attracted attention as a new source of biological information in this milieu. Drugs and biomolecules taken up by the hair from the capillaries of the scalp are retained in the hair without being degraded by enzymes, migrating toward the tip of the hair as the hair grows at a constant rate. As a result, drug residues are stored in the hair in chronological order. In recent years, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has been developed to visualize the history of drug use in hair samples, making use of this unique property. Advances in this drug testing technique are expected to create a powerful deterrent for drug abuse and doping. In this paper, we introduce the history of hair research using MSI and the evolution of instruments, matrices, and methods.
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Schaefer VD, Müller VV, Feltraco Lizot LDL, Hahn RZ, Schneider A, Antunes MV, Linden R. Sensitive determination of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and complementary cannabinoids in hair using alkaline digestion and mixed-mode solid phase extraction followed by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 328:111047. [PMID: 34649099 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hair drug testing can be used for the evaluation of cannabis use with a large detection window, and is required for professional driving license granting in Brazil. A positive hair result for cannabis use requires quantification of the metabolite THC-COOH above the cutoff value of 0.2 ng/g. The achievement of such lower limit of quantification is challenging, particularly with the use of liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometers (LC-MS/MS). In this study, a very sensitive LCMS/ MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of THC-COOH along with THC, CBD, and CBN was developed and validated. Sample preparation was based on hair hydrolysis, followed by selective ion-exchange solid-phase extraction. The extraction yield was 101.5-101.6% for THC-COOH, 92.3-97.4% for THC, 89.7-95.2% for CBN, and 104.9-121.1% for CBD. Internal standard corrected matrix effects were - 2.7 to - 1,1 for THCCOOH and - 11.5 to - 0.1% for the other analytes. The lower limit of quantification was 01 ng/g for THC-COOH and 25 ng/g for THC, CBD, and CBN. The assay fulfilled validation guidelines acceptance criteria. The measurement uncertainties were determined and the assay was ISO17025 accredited, being currently used in routine testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitoria Daniela Schaefer
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Victória Vendramini Müller
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Zilles Hahn
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Anelise Schneider
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Venzon Antunes
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.
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Florou D, Boumba VA. Hair analysis for New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): Still far from becoming the tool to study NPS spread in the community? Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1699-1720. [PMID: 34646750 PMCID: PMC8501677 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of 280 NPS has been reported to be enabled through hair analysis. The LODs/ LOQs for these NPS are as low as pg/mg of hair. The NPS hair concentrations in clinical/forensic samples are considerably higher than the respective LOD. Untargeted-mass spectroscopic detection techniques could advance NPS hair analysis. NPS hair analysis could become the tool to monitor the extent of NPS use worldwide.
In this review article, we performed an overview of extraction and chromatographic analysis methods of NPS in hair from 2007 to 2021, evaluating the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of reporting (LOR), and limit of identification (LOI) values reported for each NPS. Our review aimed to highlight the limitations of modern hair analytical techniques, and the prerequisites for the proper evaluation and use of analytical results in relation to the objectives of NPS hair analysis. In the selected studies the detection of a total of 280 NPS was reported. The detected NPS belonged to seven classes: synthetic cannabinoids with 109 different substances, synthetic opioids with 58, cathinones with 50, phenethylamines with 34, other NPS with 15, tryptamines with ten, and piperazines with four substances. The NPS hair analysis of real forensic/ clinical cases reported the detection of only 80 NPS (out of the 280 targeted), in significantly higher levels than the respective LODs. The analytical protocols reviewed herein for NPS hair analysis showed continuously growing trends to identify as many NPS as possible; the extraction methods seem to have a limited potential to improve, while the various mass spectroscopic techniques and relevant instrumentation provide an enormous field for development and application. Hair is a biological indicator of the past chronic, sub-chronic, and, even, in certain cases, acute exposure to xenobiotics. Therefore, future research in the field could progress NPS hair analysis and aim the monitoring of NPS expansion and extent of use in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Florou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassiliki A Boumba
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Hobo Y, Nishikawa J, Miyashiro Y, Fujikata A. Analysis of hair steroid hormone concentrations at different parts of the head by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:260-266. [PMID: 34627827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid hormones are known to be associated with diseases like androgenetic alopecia (AGA) resulting in hair loss. The lack of a detailed analysis of the local concentration of steroids in different parts of the head underlies the rationale and purpose of this study. METHODS To evaluate the concentration distributions of steroid hormones in hair in different parts of the head, hair samples of 8 healthy men from 9 point-areas covering the frontal, parietal, and occipital regions were collected. Eight steroid hormones were measured by using the LC-MS/MS and region-wise comparison for different hormones was done using the mean z-score and Tukey's HSD. RESULTS Five of the 8 hormones had a high concentration in the parietal region, with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) showing a peak in the central parietal region (z = 1.59) suggesting a correlation with AGA's clinical presentation. Whereas, no significant differences were observed for testosterone and cortisol between the parietal and occipital regions. Higher DHT levels at the parietal region were also verified with a small group of AGA patients. CONCLUSIONS This research expands upon the role of steroid hormones in hair follicle tissue elucidating their relationship with disease, thus contributing to disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hobo
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Miyashiro
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Fujikata
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Willeman T, Allibe N, Sauerbach L, Barret A, Eysseric-Guerin H, Paysant F, Stanke-Labesque F, Scolan V. Homicidal poisoning series in a nursing home: retrospective toxicological investigations in bone marrow and hair. Int J Legal Med 2021. [PMID: 34591183 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Homicidal poisonings remain rare and can be difficult to detect, especially in the elderly or in medical settings. In this atypical poisoning series, a young nursing assistant purposely poisoned thirteen residents of a nursing home and killed ten of them. The medications used were a mix of psychotropic medications (cyamemazine, loxapine, tiapride, risperidone, and mirtazapine), under liquid formulation, which were inducing malaise and coma. The forensic investigation included analysis of blood, urine, hair, and bone marrow and exhumations of seven corpses up to 3 years after the inhumation. Hair collected from a hairbrush of a cremated victim have been analyzed. Bone marrow sample preparation was based on a liquid/liquid triple extraction. Hair were incubated after decontamination overnight at 55 °C in methanol. Segmentation was possible for seven samples, except for delayed exhumation samples (n = 4) and hairbrush hair sample (n = 1). The extracts were then analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for unknown screening and using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for a targeted screening and quantification. Screenings revealed the presence of the same mix of psychotropic medications. Cyamemazine, mirtazapine, loxapine, tiapride, and risperidone hair concentrations were 6-17,458 pg/mg, 74-1271 pg/mg, 9-1346 pg/mg, 13-148 pg/mg, and 3-5 pg/mg, respectively. Cyamemazine bone marrow concentrations were 229 and 681 ng/g and 152-717 ng/mL in blood. Patients' medications were also identified and quantified. This poisoning series provide analytical data that could support subsequent toxicological result interpretation in similar forensic cases.
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Nzekoue FK, Agostini M, Verboni M, Renzoni C, Alfieri L, Barocci S, Ricciutelli M, Caprioli G, Lucarini S. A comprehensive UHPLC-MS/MS screening method for the analysis of 98 New Psychoactive Substances and related compounds in human hair. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114310. [PMID: 34391138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the targeted analysis of 98 New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) from the hair matrix. The monitored compounds included various chemical classes (7 phenethylamines, 10 tryptamines, 18 cathinones, 24 synthetic opioids, and 38 synthetic cannabinoids) with emphasis given to newly emerged NPS. The method employed a direct extraction process through the incubation of hair samples (25 mg) and internal standards with M3® reagent at 100 °C for 60 min, followed by extract purification through acid and basic liquid-liquid micro-extraction (LLME). Extracted compounds were analyzed through LC-MS/MS system operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode. NPS were separated in 9.5 min with a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (2.7 μm, 4.6 × 50 mm) using a gradient eluting mobile phase composed of water and acetonitrile/water (95:5) both containing 0.1 % of formic acid. The developed and validated method shows a good precision (≤ 15 %), linearity (R2 between 0.993 and 0.999), selectivity, and sensitivity (LOD: 0.6-10.3 pg mg-1 and LOQ: 2.1-34.4 pg mg-1). The method showed also reduced matrix effect and acceptable recovery for most of the targeted compounds. Our results showed that this method is suitable for quantifying NPS in hair matrix and could be employed in the context of routine analyses in analytical laboratories.
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Peng FJ, Emond C, Hardy EM, Sauvageot N, Alkerwi A, Lair ML, Appenzeller BMR. Population-based biomonitoring of exposure to persistent and non-persistent organic pollutants in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: Results from hair analysis. Environ Int 2021; 153:106526. [PMID: 33839549 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure of humans to pollutants has been associated with adverse health outcomes, but few studies have evaluated the multiple exposure of general populations. In the present study, we used hair analysis to assess the exposure of a general adult population (n = 497) in Luxembourg to 34 persistent and 33 non-persistent organic pollutants from 11 chemical families, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), and pyrethroid pesticides (PYRs). We detected 24 persistent and 29 non-persistent organic pollutants, with 17 pollutants being detected in more than 50% of hair samples. The median concentrations for pollutants detected in 100% of the samples were 0.37 pg/mg for lindane (γ-HCH), 0.15 pg/mg for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 14.1 pg/mg for p-nitrophenyl (PNP), and 0.10 pg/mg for trifluralin. Each participant in this study had detectable levels of at least 10 of the pollutants analyzed, and 50% of participants had 19 or more, suggesting the simultaneous exposure to numerous different pollutants among our study population. Significant correlations were often found between pollutants from the same family, with the strongest being found between two PYR metabolites, trans/cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylic acid (Cl2CA) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). Results from multiple linear regression analyses showed that sex, age and/or body mass index were significantly associated with 15 out of the 17 frequently detected pollutants. The current study is the first nationwide biomonitoring investigating organic contaminants in the Luxembourg population using hair analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Claude Emond
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; PhysioKinetic Simulations to Human Inc. (PKSH Inc), Mascouche, QC, J7K 0M6, Canada
| | - Emilie M Hardy
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Sauvageot
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Ala'a Alkerwi
- Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Marie-Lise Lair
- Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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Allibe N, Paysant F, Willeman T, Stanke-Labesque F, Scolan V, Eysseric H. Ocfentanil testing in hair from a fatality case: Comparative analysis of a lock of hair versus a single hair fiber. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 326:110937. [PMID: 34352408 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In clinical and forensic toxicology, hair analysis offers a larger window for detecting drug exposure than blood or urine. Drug measurements are generally carried out using a segmented lock of hair, but few articles report the use of a single hair to document drug exposure. Nevertheless, single hair analysis can be very useful, particularly if only small amounts of biological matrices are available. More data on analyzing new synthetic opioids (NSOs) in hair are needed to help interpretation in future cases. In this study, segmental single hair analysis is compared with segmental hair lock analysis to document an ocfentanil-related death. The hair lock and single hair analyses were performed using the LC-MS/MS method after decontamination and incubation. Ocfentanil (OcF) concentrations ranged from 42 to 150 pg/mg in the segmented hair lock, depending on the segments. The hair lock and single hair analyses showed similar results: the highest concentrations were measured in the first two centimeters and decreased from root to tip. The similar profiles obtained from both the lock of hair and the single hair demonstrate the relevance of single hair analysis in cases where very few data are available. This article describes OcF concentrations in an authentic hair sample after a documented intake of this molecule in a fatality.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Allibe
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale, Université Grenoble Alpes, France.
| | - F Paysant
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale, Université Grenoble Alpes, France; Clinique de Médecine Légale, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - T Willeman
- Clinique de Médecine Légale, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacogénétique-Toxicologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - F Stanke-Labesque
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacogénétique-Toxicologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - V Scolan
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale, Université Grenoble Alpes, France; Clinique de Médecine Légale, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - H Eysseric
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale, Université Grenoble Alpes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacogénétique-Toxicologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, France
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Meredith W. Diagnostic challenges, best sources, and future paths for diagnoses of Beethoven's physical and mental illnesses. Wien Med Wochenschr 2021. [PMID: 34196876 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-021-00857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Significant problems have plagued medical and musicological researchers who wish to understand the complexities of Beethoven's physical and mental health. The most significant is a lack of detailed information on the composer's medical and mental conditions as they appeared and progressed. Though he consistently saw well-regarded doctors from around 1800 to his death, only one wrote a detailed description and only a few left information in the conversation books. Other problems are the limited medical knowledge about certain diseases at the time (such as the causes of deafness) and treatments with no or limited effectiveness (both for deafness and liver disease, for instance). Two additional problems are the focus of this essay. The first is the fact that studying the composer's health and diseases is a cross-disciplinary endeavor that requires specialized knowledge both of medical science and of musicological expertise into every corner of Beethoven's biography. The second concerns acquiring a knowledge of all the available sources that have survived to document the composer's health and a critical assessment of their value.
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Sasaki K, Shima N, Kamata T, Ishikawa A, Nitta A, Wada M, Nakano-Fujii S, Kakehashi H, Sato T, Katagi M. Incorporation of five common hypnotics into hair after a single dose and application to a forensic case of drug facilitated crimes. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110881. [PMID: 34237583 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain fundamental information on the disposition of hypnotics into hair after a single oral dose the quantitative hair analysis of triazolam (TZ), etizolam (EZ), flunitrazepam (FNZ), nitrazepam (NZ) and zolpidem (ZP) have been performed using a validated LC-MS/MS procedure. Hair specimens (straight, black) were collected from three subjects about one month and three months after a single 0.25 mg dose of TZ, 1 mg of EZ, 2 mg of FNZ, 5 mg of NZ and 10 mg of ZP tartrate. The subjects ingested just one out of five different hypnotics on each day, each of five days in turn. All ingested hypnotics have been detected in hair from each subject both one month and three months after intake, and their concentrations were in the range of 0.023-0.043 pg/hair strand (0.077-0.36 pg/mg) for TZ, 0.11-0.63 pg/hair strand (0.44-5.2 pg/mg) for EZ, 0.14-2.6 pg/hair strand (0.56-22 pg/mg) for FNZ, 0.33-1.7 pg/hair strand (1.3-17 pg/mg) for NZ and 20-40 pg/hair strand (120-270 pg/mg) for ZP. For FNZ and NZ, not only the parent drugs but also their metabolites, 7-amino-FNZ and 7-amino-NZ, were detected in the range of 2.3-9.2 pg/hair strand (9.2-82 pg/mg) and 2.4-9.1 pg/hair strand (8.0-55 pg/mg), respectively. The calculated incorporation ratios into hair against the dose were found to exhibit similarity between the four benzodiazepines. This finding suggests the ability to apply these quantitative data to approximately estimating the amounts of other benzodiazepines, which have similar chemical structures, in hair although it should be noted that the amounts of drugs in hair varies considerably depending on the hair color. On the other hand, the incorporation ratio of ZP showed 15-29 times higher than that of TZ, indicating that lipophilic ZP was more likely to incorporate into hair than benzodiazepines. In addition, the application of the present data to a drug-facilitated sexual assault was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sasaki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Tooru Kamata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Akari Ishikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nitta
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Misato Wada
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Shihoko Nakano-Fujii
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Hidenao Kakehashi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Takako Sato
- Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
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Kim SY, Kwon NH, Cheong JC, Kim JY. LC-MS/MS method for determining picogram-level of zolpidem and its main metabolites in hair using a zirconia-based sorbent. Talanta 2021; 228:122041. [PMID: 33773721 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although urine and blood samples have been conventionally used for testing zolpidem (ZPD), a sedative-hypnotic, these matrices have limited application because they have a relatively short detection period and can be used only in case of recent drug exposure. Therefore, it is necessary to use an alternative biological sample to obtain the evidence of ZPD misuse. Herein, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of ZPD and its metabolites, zolpidem phenyl-4-carboxylic acid (ZPCA) and zolpidem 6-carboxylic acid (ZCA), in hair to resolve the above-mentioned problems. Mechanical pulverization of hair, methanol extraction with sonication, and the zirconia-based hybrid solid-phase extraction technique were used for obtaining improved extraction efficiency and effective sample purification. The treated hair sample was analyzed using the LC-MS/MS method with the electrospray ionization source in positive and multiple-reaction monitoring modes. The target analytes were separated and detected within 8 min using an Xselect HSS T3 column. Gradient elution was performed using 5 mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile. The lower limit of quantification of ZPD, ZPCA, and ZCA were 1.0, 0.5, and 1.0 pg mg-1, respectively. The calibration ranges were 1.0-1000.0 pg mg-1 for ZPD, 0.5-200.0 pg mg-1 for ZPCA, and 1.0-200.0 pg mg-1 for ZCA, with the determination coefficients (r2 ≥ 0.9986). The intraday accuracy and precision ranged from -7.1 to 9.0% and within 6.5%, respectively, and the interday accuracy and precision ranged from -6.1 to 7.9% and within 5.4%, respectively. The recovery, matrix effect, and process efficiency were 65.2-96.6%, 64.6-106.5%, and 44.3-100.5%, respectively, with the relative standard deviation of 4.0-5.0%. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze 13 forensic hair samples of ZPD abusers, and the concentration ratios of ZPD and its two main metabolites (ZPCA and ZCA) in the ZPD-positive samples were also presented. These results revealed that ZPCA and ZCA were not easily incorporated into hair, and demonstrated that their analysis in hair samples requires the employed method to have picogram-level sensitivity. Therefore, the developed method was suitable for simultaneous analysis of ZPD, ZPCA, and ZCA in hair samples, and it could provide clear evidence for illegal ZPD administration, including ZPD-facilitated sexual assault.
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Carelli C, Freni F, Moretti M, Vignali C, Ballardini M, Morini L. A case report on fatal intoxication by tapentadol: Study of distribution and metabolism. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 324:110825. [PMID: 34000617 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a case in which a tapentadol acute intoxication was suspected as the cause of death of a 39-year-old man: approximately two days after death, cardiac and femoral blood, as well as urine, bile, gastric content and chest hair, were collected during the autopsy. Tapentadol was detected before and after hydrolysis in femoral (530 ng/mL unconjugated and 1570 ng/mL conjugated) and cardiac (680 ng/mL unconjugated and 3440 ng/mL conjugated) blood, and additionally in bile (3200 ng/mL), urine (9300 ng/mL), chest hair (2850 pg/mg) and gastric content. LC-QTOF screening analysis confirmed the presence of five different tapentadol metabolites (tapentadol-O-glucuronide, tapentadol-O-sulfate, N-desmethyltapentadol, N-desmethyltapentadol-glucuronide and N-desmethyltapentadol-O-sulfate), in urine, bile, cardiac and femoral blood. Positivity of body hairs allowed us to conclude that the man had used tapentadol in the last weeks/months. Autopsy and toxicological results (also positive for clotiapine, diazepam and chlordesmethyldiazepam) suggested that tapentadol could have caused, even at low concentrations, a severe respiratory depression, which contributed to the death of the subject. This is one of the few cases in literature where tapentadol was detected in blood, together with its metabolites, and the only one in which the parent drug was identified in hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Freni
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Claudia Vignali
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marco Ballardini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Liu M, Yang H, Hu J, Shen B, Xiang P, Qiang H, Deng H, Yu Z, Shi Y. Analysis of 28 hair samples from users of the hallucinogenic beverage ayahuasca. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 323:110790. [PMID: 33894686 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive beverage widely used in religious ceremonies in Amazonia. Dimethyltryptamine is the main active compound of ayahuasca. Dimethyltryptamine has many hazardous effects, including hallucinations. In the present study, a fast and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantitation of dimethyltryptamine in hair samples. Twenty-milligram hair samples were pulverized with methanol below 4 °C. After ultrasonication, centrifugation and filtration, 200 μL of supernatant was placed into an autosampler vial for LC-MS/MS analysis. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 3 pg/mg. The resulting calibration curve for dimethyltryptamine fit the expression y = 281.50213x + 0.00231 (R2 = 0.992). Acceptable intraday and interday precision (RSD < 15%) and accuracy (92-113%) were achieved. The dilution integrity was deemed acceptable based on accuracy (96%) and precision (1.8%). The validated method was successfully applied to 28 forensic cases. The concentrations of dimethyltryptamine ranged from 3 to 1109 pg/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Huosheng Qiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Hongxiao Deng
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China.
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Tam FI, Steding J, Steinhäuser JL, Ritschel F, Gao W, Weidner K, Roessner V, Kirschbaum C, Ehrlich S. Hair endocannabinoid concentrations in individuals with acute and weight-recovered anorexia nervosa. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110243. [PMID: 33444649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system has been suggested to modulate energy metabolism and stress response and could be an important factor in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa (AN). In the context of AN, excessive physical activity may influence endocannabinoid concentrations. The objective of this study was to investigate hair endocannabinoid concentrations at different stages of the disorder. Measurement in hair allows for a cumulative assessment of endocannabinoid concentrations independent of circadian rhythms. METHODS In a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal design, we measured hair concentrations of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol and the endocannabinoid-related compounds palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide, and stearoylethanolamide in female underweight patients with acute AN (n = 67, reassessment of n = 47 after short-term weight restoration with a body mass index increase of at least 14%), individuals long-term recovered from AN (n = 27), and healthy control participants (n = 84). RESULTS Hair concentrations of anandamide and all endocannabinoid-related compounds were elevated in acute AN and decreased over the course of short-term weight restoration. Anandamide concentrations remained elevated in long-term recovered AN patients. In long-term recovered patients, physical activity correlated positively with the concentrations of all endocannabinoid-related compounds. CONCLUSION The current study provides evidence for a significant alteration of the endocannabinoid system in acute AN, which may partly persist into long-term recovery. The endocannabinoid system may be a possible target for pharmaceutical interventions in AN, which should be explored in further preclinical and subsequently clinical randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike I Tam
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julius Steding
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas L Steinhäuser
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Ritschel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wei Gao
- Biopsychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C. G. Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
Two different strands of hair taken from Beethoven’s head after his death were examined for heavy metals using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser ablation-ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy). The results revealed the presence of small lead particles on the surface of Beethoven’s hairs and fluctuating lead levels in hair medulla along the length of the hair due to alternating lead exposure, with an average lead exposure of 100 times the normal value. The time-line attached to the peaks of these fluctuating values correlate with the pneumonia treatment and the paracenteses performed, including the subsequent treatment of the procedure wounds. While the administration of lead-containing drugs and treatments had been proven to resolve the pneumonia, it had simultaneously caused massive liver failure, accelerated by pre-existing cirrhosis. The question as to whether Beethoven’s death was a case of malpractice can only be answered from a forensic point of view ex ante, since the state of the medical knowledge of the time has to be taken into account.
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Damaso N, Ashe EC, Meiklejohn KA, Kavlick MF, Robertson JM. Comparison of polymerases used for amplification of mitochondrial DNA from challenging hairs and hairs of various treatments. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 52:102484. [PMID: 33662687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Forensic DNA analysis of hair evidence typically involves the amplification and sequencing of the control region (CR) of the mitochondrial genome (mtgenome). In compromised hair samples, such as shed hairs, the number of mtgenome copies could be low; thus, it is imperative that the polymerase used in PCR is efficient to ensure maximum amplification. Considering this, the first phase of this study compared the yields obtained from 12 polymerases (sourced from a range of commercial companies) when amplifying the CR, hypervariable (HV) region II (HV2), and hypervariable subregion II-B (HV2B). This initial assessment was performed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from 2 cm of hair adjacent to the root from three donors of different self-reported ancestries and hair color/texture. PrimeSTAR HS and KAPA HiFi HotStart consistently generated significantly higher amplicon yields (p < 0.05, ~5-fold increase) for most regions than AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase (the polymerase validated for use in most forensic laboratories). The second phase of this project was focused on assessing the broad utility of these top two performing polymerases for amplifying two regions of the mtgenome (CR and HV2B) from hair samples representing diverse self-reported ancestral origins (European, Latin American, African American, Asian, and Native American), characteristics/treatments (bleached, dyed, and chemically straightened), and anatomical origins (e.g., head and pubic region) (n = 41). These regions were chosen as they are the most challenging to amplify and sequence in compromised hair samples due to length (i.e., the CR is ~1.2 kb) and repeat structure (i.e., the polycytosine stretch within HV2B). The results indicated that regardless of sample type, PrimeSTAR HS and KAPA HiFi HotStart polymerases outperformed (p < 0.05) AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase (averaging 11- and 8-fold increased yields, respectively). The results from this study highlight that enhanced commercially available polymerases appear to significantly improve the amplification of mtDNA from challenging hair samples.
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Wang X, Xiang P, Drummer OH, Ji J, Zhuo Y, Duan G, Shen M. Pharmacokinetic study of midazolam and α-hydroxymidazolam in guinea pig blood and hair roots after a single dose of midazolam. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 195:113890. [PMID: 33454503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of midazolam (M) and its metabolites into the hair root following a single administration was examined by following the time course of M and α-hydroxymidazolam (αHM) in hair roots and blood from guinea pigs. The back hair of guinea pigs was shaved before drug administration and before each sampling, and hair roots (3-5 mm) were plucked at 5, 15, and 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 h, and 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The kinetic parameters of M and αHM in guinea pig blood and hair roots were determined for three doses (5, 10, and 25 mg/kg). Comparisons of drug time course between hair roots and blood indicated an association between drug concentrations in the hair root and the blood. M and αHM entered the hair root within 5 min after a single exposure. The detection windows were also longer for the hair root than for the blood. Consequently, the hair root can be a valuable specimen in acute poisonings or drug-facilitated crime (DFC) cases, if other matrices are unavailable, or if blood and urine results are negative. Hair shafts (with hair roots) were plucked at 28 days and segmented. The concentrations of M and αHM were lower in the hair shafts than in the hair roots. The concentrations of the metabolite αHM in hair shafts were barely detectable. The concentrations of M and αHM in the hair root showed a moderate correlation with dose. Comparison of drug levels in hair roots between the washed group and the unwashed group indicated a generally stable percentage between the washed and unwashed groups of 40-60 % during the entire time course. This indicates that drugs are likely to be immobilized in the hair root at the beginning of the incorporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Olaf H Drummer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiaojiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
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Reckers A, Huo S, Esmail A, Dheda K, Bacchetti P, Gandhi M, Metcalfe J, Gerona R. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying delamanid and its metabolite in small hair samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1169:122467. [PMID: 33713954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New all-oral regimens for rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) are being scaled up globally. Measurement of drug concentrations in hair assesses long-term drug exposure. Delamanid (DLM) is likely to be a key component of future RR-TB treatment regimens, but a method to describe its quantification in hair via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has not previously been described. We developed and validated a simple, fast, sensitive, and accurate LC-MS/MS method for quantifying DLM and its metabolite DM-6705 in small hair samples. We pulverized and extracted two milligrams of hair in methanol at 37 °C for two hours, and diluted 1:1 with water. A gradient elution method eluted DLM, DM-6705, and the internal standard OPC 14714 within 3 min, bringing overall analysis time to 5.5 min. The method has limits of detection (LOD) of 0.0003 ng/mg for DLM and 0.003 ng/mg for DM-6705. The established linear dynamic ranges are 0.003-2.1 ng/mg and 0.03-21 ng/mg for DLM and DM-6705, respectively. Eleven of 12 participant hair samples had concentrations within DLM's linear dynamic range, while all 12 samples had concentrations within the quantifiable range for DM-6705. The ranges of concentrations observed in these clinical samples for DLM and DM-6705 were 0.004-0.264 ng/mg hair and 0.412-12.041 ng/mg hair respectively. We demonstrate that while DLM was detected in hair at very low levels, its primary metabolite DM-6705 had levels approximately 100 times higher. Measuring DM-6705 in hair may accurately reflect long-term adherence to DLM-containing regimens for drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Reckers
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States
| | - Stella Huo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, UCSF, United States
| | - Ali Esmail
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, United States
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCSF, United States
| | - John Metcalfe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, UCSF, United States.
| | - Roy Gerona
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States.
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