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Rubio L, Costa M, Barrulas P, Lores M, Garcia-Jares C, Barrocas-Dias C. Understanding the chemical and mineralogical composition of commercial henna and jagua tattoos and dyes-a multi-analytical approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6233-6246. [PMID: 35829771 PMCID: PMC9314285 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temporary tattoos and dyes constitute a great analytical challenge in relation to the regulatory control of their ingredients. Most of these commercial products are not labeled according to their content and their chemical nature is highly diverse. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze these complex samples to evaluate the potential presence of metallic impurities, to ensure the safety of cosmetic products contributing to health protection. This study proposes a multi-analytical methodology, which includes handheld X-ray fluorescence (h-XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), complemented by variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (VP-SEM-EDS) to fully characterize 34 commercial samples of jagua and henna tattoos and dyes. The approach allowed the identification of the main constituents providing complementary compositional data and differences between sample types were established. In addition, information on the degree of natural pigments homogeneity was also obtained. The results' discussion considering the current European cosmetics regulation may be useful to support the drafting of safety requirements and specific regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rubio
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mafalda Costa
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barrulas
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
| | - Marta Lores
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Jares
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Barrocas-Dias
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
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Guerra E, Gosetti F, Marengo E, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C. Study of photostability of three synthetic dyes commonly used in mouthwashes. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Alneyadi AH, Shah I, AbuQamar SF, Ashraf SS. Differential Degradation and Detoxification of an Aromatic Pollutant by Two Different Peroxidases. Biomolecules 2017; 7:E31. [PMID: 28335468 PMCID: PMC5372743 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of organic pollutants is a new and promising remediation approach. Peroxidases are one of the most commonly used classes of enzymes to degrade organic pollutants. However, it is generally assumed that all peroxidases behave similarly and produce similar degradation products. In this study, we conducted detailed studies of the degradation of a model aromatic pollutant, Sulforhodamine B dye (SRB dye), using two peroxidases-soybean peroxidase (SBP) and chloroperoxidase (CPO). Our results show that these two related enzymes had different optimum conditions (pH, temperature, H₂O₂ concentration, etc.) for efficiently degrading SRB dye. High-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry analyses confirmed that both SBP and CPO transformed the SRB dye into low molecular weight intermediates. While most of the intermediates produced by the two enzymes were the same, the CPO treatment produced at least one different intermediate. Furthermore, toxicological evaluation using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds demonstrated that the SBP-based treatment was able to eliminate the phytotoxicity of SRB dye, but the CPO-based treatment did not. Our results show, for the first time, that while both of these related enzymes can be used to efficiently degrade organic pollutants, they have different optimum reaction conditions and may not be equally efficient in detoxification of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Hamad Alneyadi
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. BOX 15551, Al-Ain, UAE.
| | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. BOX 15551, Al-Ain, UAE.
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. BOX 15551, Al-Ain, UAE.
| | - Syed Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. BOX 15551, Al-Ain, UAE.
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