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Yang F, Wenzel M, Bureik M, Parr MK. Glucuronidation Pathways of 5- and 7-Hydroxypropranolol: Determination of Glucuronide Structures and Enzyme Selectivity. Molecules 2023; 28:7783. [PMID: 38067513 PMCID: PMC10707847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker medication, has been utilized in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases for several decades. Its hydroxynaphthyl metabolites have been recognized to possess varying degrees of beta-blocker activity due to the unaltered side-chain. This study achieved the successful separation and identification of diastereomeric glucuronic metabolites derived from 4-, 5-, and 7-hydroxypropranolol (4-OHP, 5-OHP, and 7-OHP) in human urine. Subsequently, reaction phenotyping of 5- and 7-hydroxypropranolol by different uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) was carried out, with a comparison to the glucuronidation of 4-hydroxypropranolol (4-OHP). Among the 19 UGT enzymes examined, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2A1, and UGT2A2 were found to be involved in the glucuronidation of 5-OHP. Furthermore, UGT1A6 exhibited glucuronidation activity towards 7-OHP, along with the aforementioned eight UGTs. Results obtained by glucuronidation of corresponding methoxypropranolols and MS/MS analysis of 1,2-dimethylimidazole-4-sulfonyl (DMIS) derivatives of hydroxypropranolol glucuronides suggest that both the aromatic and aliphatic hydroxy groups of the hydroxypropranolols may be glucuronidated in vitro. However, the analysis of human urine samples collected after the administration of propranolol leads us to conclude that aromatic-linked glucuronidation is the preferred pathway under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (M.W.)
| | - Maxi Wenzel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (M.W.)
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (M.W.)
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2
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Chen CJ, Lee DY, Yu J, Lin YN, Lin TM. Recent advances in LC-MS-based metabolomics for clinical biomarker discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:2349-2378. [PMID: 35645144 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The employment of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) untargeted and targeted metabolomics has led to the discovery of novel biomarkers and improved the understanding of various disease mechanisms. Numerous strategies have been reported to expand the metabolite coverage in LC-MS-untargeted and targeted metabolomics. To improve the sensitivity of low-abundance or poor-ionized metabolites for reducing the amount of clinical sample, chemical derivatization methods are used to target different functional groups. Proper sample preparation is beneficial for reducing the matrix effect, maintaining the stability of the LC-MS system, and increasing the metabolite coverage. Machine learning has recently been integrated into the workflow of LC-MS metabolomics to accelerate metabolite identification and data-processing automation, and increase the accuracy of disease classification and clinical outcome prediction. Due to the rapidly growing utility of LC-MS metabolomics in discovering disease markers, this review will address the recent advances in the field and offer perspectives on various strategies for expanding metabolite coverage, chemical derivatization, sample preparation, clinical disease markers, and machining learning for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiaxin Yu
- AI Innovation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ning Lin
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Lin
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lee KM, Han SM, Lee S, Jeong TY, Kim HJ, Min H, Kim KH, Cha S, Oh WK, Lee J. Fluoride-assisted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of propofol and its metabolites without derivatization in urine. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462360. [PMID: 34246057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The misuse of propofol for recreational purposes has become a serious social issue. Accordingly, practical and sensitive analytical methods to investigate the chronic abuse and toxicity of propofol are required. However, current propofol determination methods using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) suffer from problems associated with loss in sample preparation due to its volatility and its poor ionization efficiency and collision-induced dissociation in mass spectrometry. Herein, we have developed a sensitive and accurate fluoride-assisted LC-MS/MS method combined with direct-injection for propofol determination. Ionization via fluoride-ion attachment/induced deprotonation, effected by ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase, was found to dramatically improve the sensitivity of propofol without derivatization. Furthermore, direct injection without derivatization enables the simultaneous analysis of propofol and its phase II metabolites without analyte loss. The optimal concentration of ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase was found to be 1 mM under methanol conditions. The linearity is good (R2 ≥ 0.999) and the intra- and inter-day precisions for propofol determination are between 1.9 and 8.7%. The accuracies range from 87.5% to 105.4% and the limits of detection and quantitation for propofol in urine are 0.15 and 0.44 ng mL-1, respectively. The present method was successfully applied to human urine and showed a sufficient sensitivity to determine propofol and five phase II metabolites over 48 h in human urine after administration. Consequently, the fluoride-assisted LC-MS/MS method was demonstrated to be sensitive, accurate, and practical for the determination of propofol and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mi Lee
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Moon Han
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Jeong
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Sajeeda S, Kumar L, Verma R. An Overview of Analytical Methods for the Estimation of Propofol in Pharmaceutical Formulations, Biological Matrices, and Hair Marker. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1694-1701. [PMID: 33870775 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1910927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Propofol (PFL) owing to its excellent inhibitory property of neurotransmitters in CNS by positive modulation of ligand gated ion channels to an integrated chloride channeled GABAA thereby acts as a general anesthetic. It differs from other general anesthetics chemically and pharmacologically as it has lesser side effects compared to other general anesthetics and is most commonly used. The present review focuses on two aspects (a) various analytical methods used in quantification of Propofol in pharmaceutical formulations and (b) various analytical methods used to determine Propofol in biological matrices and some biological markers like hair and end tidal nasal air for forensic purpose to estimate drug concentration in suspected cases. Here the various analytical methods are developed using different parameters and validation of employed methods are discussed. Estimated parameters like the linearity, LOQ (Limit of quantification), % recovery, slope, intercept, validation are discussed for the individual method. The critical quality attributes like the wavelength of detection, columns, flow rate, gas flow, and the sample preparation methods for the determination of PFL by bioanalytical methods are also discussed. Type of electrode, mechanism involved and the potential voltage applied for a particular electrochemical method are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sajeeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchi Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
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Zaikin VG, Borisov RS. Options of the Main Derivatization Approaches for Analytical ESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1287-1342. [PMID: 33557614 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1873100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of preliminary chemical labeling (derivatization) in the analysis process by such powerful and widespread methods as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a popular and widely used methodological approach. This is due to the need to remove some fundamental limitations inherent in these powerful analytic methods. Although a number of special reviews has been published discussing the utilization of derivatization approaches, the purpose of the present critical review is to comprehensively summarize, characterize and evaluate most of the previously developed and practically applied, as well as recently proposed representative derivatization reagents for ESI-MS and MALDI-MS platforms in their mostly sensitive positive ion mode and frequently hyphenated with separation techniques. The review is focused on the use of preliminary chemical labeling to facilitate the detection, identification, structure elucidation, quantification, profiling or MS imaging of compounds within complex matrices. Two main derivatization approaches, namely the introduction of permanent charge-fixed or highly proton affinitive residues into analytes are critically evaluated. In situ charge-generation, charge-switch and charge-transfer derivatizations are considered separately. The potential of using reactive matrices in MALDI-MS and chemical labeling in MS-based omics sciences is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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6
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Rapid determination and continuous monitoring of propofol in microliter whole blood sample during anesthesia by paper spray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:279-287. [PMID: 33106945 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent in sedation and general anesthesia. To improve the safety and maintain the depth of anesthesia, it is important to develop a rapid, sensitive, and reliable method to monitor the concentration of propofol in blood during anesthesia continuously. Here, we present a novel strategy based on paper spray ionization-mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) to detect propofol. Samples (in 10 μL) were mixed with methanol as protein precipitation solvent and 2,6-dimethylphenol as internal standard. Protein micro-precipitation was achieved with methanol by vortexing and centrifuging for 5 s each, and propofol was extracted to the supernatant. PSI-MS was performed in negative ionization mode, and MS signal lasted for 1 min. The analysis of a single sample was completed within 2 min. The area ratios of propofol to internal standard were calculated for quantification. Limit of detection of 5.5 ng mL-1 and limit of quantification of 18.2 ng mL-1 were achieved for propofol in whole blood. Calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.02-10 μg mL-1. The developed method was used successfully in monitoring the propofol concentration in 3 patients' whole blood during anesthesia, showing its further application in controlling and feeding-back target concentration infusion. Graphical abstract.
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7
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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Ma JB, Wu HW, Liao YF, Rui QH, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. Application of petal-shaped ionic liquids modified covalent organic frameworks for one step cleanup and extraction of general anesthetics in human plasma samples. Talanta 2020; 210:120652. [PMID: 31987200 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, the novel petal-shaped ionic liquids modified covalent organic frameworks (PS-IL-COFs) particles have been synthesized by using ionic liquids as modifying agent, which could be beneficial to avoid the aggregation of COFs during the preparation and improve its dispersing performance. The novel PS-IL-COFs particles have been used and evaluated in the one step cleanup and extraction (OSCE) procedure for human plasma prior to the analysis of 3 general anesthetics by liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the OSCE procedure, human plasma samples are directly mixed with extraction solvent and PS-IL-COFs particles, and the extraction and cleanup procedure have been carried out simultaneously. Compared with the Oasis PRiME HLB cartridge method, the OSCE procedure using PS-IL-COFs particles as sorbents is much more effective for the minimization of ion suppression resulted from blood phospholipids. Under optimal conditions, the PS-IL-COFs particles show higher cleanup efficiency of 3 general anesthetics with recoveries in the range of 82.5%-115%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for propofol, ketamine and etomidate are 0.18 μg/L, 0.15 μg/L and 0.016 μg/L, respectively. Validation results on linearity, specificity, precision and trueness, as well as on the application to analysis of general anesthetics in a case of a 54-year-old female suffered gallstone demonstrate the applicability to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Ma
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315010, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Yu-Feng Liao
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315010, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Rui
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315010, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
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Development of a LC–MS/MS method for determination of propofol-glucuronide in hair and preliminary study on relationships between dose and hair concentration. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 306:110070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Hess C, Sydow K, Kueting T, Kraemer M, Maas A. Considerations regarding the validation of chromatographic mass spectrometric methods for the quantification of endogenous substances in forensics. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 283:150-155. [PMID: 29301115 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for correct evaluation of forensic toxicological results in daily routine work and scientific studies is reliable analytical data based on validated methods. Validation of a method gives the analyst tools to estimate the efficacy and reliability of the analytical method. Without validation, data might be contested in court and lead to unjustified legal consequences for a defendant. Therefore, new analytical methods to be used in forensic toxicology require careful method development and validation of the final method. Until now, there are no publications on the validation of chromatographic mass spectrometric methods for the detection of endogenous substances although endogenous analytes can be important in Forensic Toxicology (alcohol consumption marker, congener alcohols, gamma hydroxy butyric acid, human insulin and C-peptide, creatinine, postmortal clinical parameters). For these analytes, conventional validation instructions cannot be followed completely. In this paper, important practical considerations in analytical method validation for endogenous substances will be discussed which may be used as guidance for scientists wishing to develop and validate analytical methods for analytes produced naturally in the human body. Especially the validation parameters calibration model, analytical limits, accuracy (bias and precision) and matrix effects and recovery have to be approached differently. Highest attention should be paid to selectivity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Hess
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Konrad Sydow
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Theresa Kueting
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Kraemer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Maas
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
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Simultaneous extraction of propofol and propofol glucuronide from hair followed by validated LC–MS/MS analyses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:236-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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