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Merelli V, Caccia G, Mazzarelli D, Franceschetti L, Paciello O, Bonizzoni L, Caccianiga M, Campobasso C, Cattaneo C. Skin surface debris as an archive of environmental traces: an investigation through the naked eye, episcopic microscope, ED-XRF, and SEM-EDX. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:123-137. [PMID: 37227490 PMCID: PMC10772008 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Traces from bodies can be of various nature, for example of biological or inorganic origin. Some of these historically have received more consideration than others in forensic practice. Samplings of gunshot residues or biological fluid traces are commonly standardized, whereas macroscopically invisible environmental traces are usually ignored. This paper simulated the interaction between a cadaver and a crime scene by placing skin samples on the ground of five different workplaces and inside the trunk of a car. Traces on samples were then investigated through different approaches: the naked eye, episcopic microscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF). The purpose is to provide the forensic scientist with the awareness of the value of debris on skin and then to highlight implications for forensic investigations. Results demonstrated that even naked eye observation can reveal useful trace materials, for defining the possible surrounding environment. As a next step, the episcopic microscope can increase the number of visible particulates and their analysis. In parallel, the ED-XRF spectroscopy can be useful to add a first chemical composition to the morphological data. Finally, the SEM-EDX analysis on small samples can provide the greatest morphological detail and the most complete chemical analysis, although limited, like the previous technique, to inorganic matrices. The analysis of debris on the skin, even with the difficulties due to the presence of contaminants, can provide information on the environments involved in criminal events that can add to the investigation framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Merelli
- Labanof (Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense), Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Caccia
- Labanof (Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense), Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Sperimentale, Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Debora Mazzarelli
- Labanof (Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense), Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Franceschetti
- Labanof (Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense), Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria E Produzioni Animali, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Letizia Bonizzoni
- Dipartimento Di Fisica Aldo Pontremoli, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Campobasso
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Sperimentale, Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- Labanof (Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense), Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Serol M, Ahmad SM, Quintas A, Família C. Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues. Molecules 2023; 28:5550. [PMID: 37513421 PMCID: PMC10386329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of firearms is of paramount importance for investigating crimes involving firearms, as it establishes the link between a particular firearm and firearm-related elements found at a crime scene, such as projectiles and cartridge cases. This identification relies on the visual comparison of such elements against reference samples from suspect firearms or those existing in databases. Whenever this approach is not possible, the chemical analysis of the gunpowder and gunshot residue can provide additional information that may assist in establishing a link between samples retrieved at a crime scene and those from a suspect or in the identification of the corresponding model and manufacturer of the ammunition used. The most commonly used method for the chemical analysis of gunshot residue is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, which focuses on the inorganic elements present in ammunition formulation, particularly heavy metals. However, a change in the legal paradigm is pushing changes in these formulations to remove heavy metals due to their potential for environmental contamination and the health hazards they represent. For this reason, the importance of the analysis of organic compounds is leading to the adoption of a different set of analytical methodologies, mostly based on spectroscopy and chromatography. This manuscript reviews the constitution of primer and gunpowder formulations and the analytical methods currently used for detecting, characterising, and identifying their compounds. In addition, this contribution also explores how the information provided by these methodologies can be used in ammunition identification and how it is driving the development of novel applications within forensic ballistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Serol
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Samir Marcos Ahmad
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Família
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário-Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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Redouté Minzière V, Robyr O, Weyermann C. Should inorganic or organic gunshot residues be analysed first? Forensic Sci Int 2023:111600. [PMID: 36801088 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residues (GSR) collected during the investigation of firearm-related incidents can provide useful information for the reconstruction of the events. Two main types of GSR traces can be targeted by forensic scientists, the inorganic (IGSR) and the organic GSR (OGSR). Up to now, forensic laboratories have mainly focused on the detection of inorganic particles on the hands and clothes of a person of interest using carbon stubs analysed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Several approaches have been proposed to also analyse the organic compounds since they might bring additional information for the investigation. However, implementing such approaches might disrupt the detection of IGSR (and vice versa depending on the applied sequence of analysis). In this work, two sequences were compared for the combined detection of both types of residues. One carbon stub was used for collection, and the analysis was performed either by targeting the IGSR or the OGSR first. The aim was to evaluate which one allows maximum recovery of both types of GSR while minimising losses that might occur at different stages of the analysis process. SEM/EDS was used for the detection of IGSR particles while an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis of OGSR compounds. Extracting OGSR first required the implementation of an extraction protocol that did not interfere with the IGSR particles present on the stub. Both sequences allowed good recovery of the inorganic particles since no significant difference was observed in the detected concentrations. However, OGSR concentrations were lower after IGSR analysis than before for two compounds (ethyl and methylcentralite). Thus, it is advised to extract rapidly the OGSR before or after IGSR analysis to avoid losses during the storage and analysis processes. The data also indicated that there was a low correlation between IGSR and OGSR highlighting the potential of a combined detection and analysis of both types of GSR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Robyr
- Microscan Service SA, Chavannes-près-Renens, Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mazur DM, Sosnova AA, Latkin TB, Artaev BV, Siek K, Koluntaev DA, Lebedev AT. Application of clusterization algorithms for analysis of semivolatile pollutants in Arkhangelsk snow. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:2587-2599. [PMID: 36289105 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The best way to understand the environmental status of a certain region involves thorough non-target analysis, which will result in a list of pollutants under concern. Arkhangelsk (64° 32' N 40° 32' E, pop. ~ 344,000) is the largest city in the world to the north of the 60th parallel. Several industrial enterprises and the "cold finger" effect represent the major sources of air contamination in the city. Analysis of snow with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry allows detecting and quantifying the most hazardous volatile and semivolatile anthropogenic pollutants and estimating long-term air pollution. Target analysis, suspect screening, and non-target analysis of snow samples collected from ten sites within the city revealed the presence of several hundreds of organic compounds including 18 species from the US EPA list of priority pollutants. Fortunately, the levels of these compounds appeared to be much lower than the safe levels established in Russia. Phenol and dioctylphthalate could be considered as the pollutants of concern because their levels were about 20% of the safe thresholds. ChromaTOF® Tile, MetaboAnalyst software platform, and open-source software protocols were applied to process the obtained data. The obtained clusterization results of the samples were generally similar for various tools; however, each of them had certain peculiarities. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) hexanedioate, benzyl alcohol, phthalates, aniline, dinitrotoluenes, and fluoranthene showed the strongest influence on the clusterization of the studied samples. Possible sources of the major pollutants were proposed: car traffic and pulp and paper mills.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Mazur
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - A A Sosnova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - T B Latkin
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - B V Artaev
- LECO Corporation, 3000 Lakeview Avenue, St. Joseph, MI, USA
| | - K Siek
- LECO Corporation, 3000 Lakeview Avenue, St. Joseph, MI, USA
| | - D A Koluntaev
- "Scietegra", 12, 5 quarter, EZhKEdem, Gavrilkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A T Lebedev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Séguin K, Falardeau M, Mousseau V, Ducharme N, Cadola L, Crispino F. First lessons regarding the data analysis of gunshot residue traces at activity level in TTADB. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2021.2007666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Séguin
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Mylène Falardeau
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Médecine Légale, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Mousseau
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- École de Criminologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Criminologie Comparée (CICC), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Nadia Ducharme
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Liv Cadola
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Frank Crispino
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Criminologie Comparée (CICC), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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Kanu AB. Recent developments in sample preparation techniques combined with high-performance liquid chromatography: A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462444. [PMID: 34380070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article compares and contrasts sample preparation techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and describes applications developed in biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene in the last two decades. The proper sample preparation technique can offer valued data for a targeted application when coupled to HPLC and a suitable detector. Improvements in sample preparation techniques in the last two decades have resulted in efficient extraction, cleanup, and preconcentration in a single step, thus providing a pathway to tackle complex matrix applications. Applications such as biological therapeutics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, environmental/industrial hygiene, forensics, glycan cleanup, etc., have been significantly enhanced due to improved sample preparation techniques. This review looks at the early sample preparation techniques. Further, it describes eight sample preparation technique coupled to HPLC that has gained prominence in the last two decades. They are (1) solid-phase extraction (SPE), (2) liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), (3) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), (4) Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS), (5) solid-phase microextraction (SPME), (6) ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UASE), and (7) microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MWASE). SPE, LLE, GPC, QuEChERS, and SPME can be used offline and online with HPLC. UASE and MWASE can be used offline with HPLC but have also been combined with the online automated techniques of SPE, LLE, GPC, or QuEChERS for targeted analysis. Three application areas of biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene are reviewed for the eight sample preparation techniques. Three hundred and twenty references on the eight sample preparation techniques published over the last two decades (2001-2021) are provided. Other older references were included to illustrate the historical development of sample preparation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakarr Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, United States.
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Feeney W, Menking-Hoggatt K, Vander Pyl C, Ott CE, Bell S, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Detection of organic and inorganic gunshot residues from hands using complexing agents and LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3024-3039. [PMID: 34159965 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) refers to a conglomerate consisting of both organic molecules (OGSR) and inorganic species (IGSR). Historically, forensic examiners have focused only on identifying the IGSR particles by their morphology and elemental composition. Nonetheless, modern ammunition formulations and challenges with the GSR transference (such as secondary and tertiary transfer) have driven research efforts for more comprehensive examinations, requiring alternative analytical techniques. This study proposes the use of LC-MS/MS for chromatographic separation and dual detection of inorganic and organic residues. The detection of both target species in the same sample increases the confidence that chemical profiles came from a gun's discharge instead of non-firearm-related sources. This strategy implements supramolecular molecules that complex with the IGSR species, allowing them to elute from the column towards the mass spectrometer while retaining isotopic ratios for quick and unambiguous identification. The macrocycle (18-crown-6-ether) complexes with lead and barium, while antimony complexes with a chelating agent (tartaric acid). The total analysis time for OGSR and IGSR in one sample is under 20 minutes. This manuscript expands from a previous proof-of-concept publication by improving figures of merit, increasing the target analytes, testing the method's feasibility through a more extensive set of authentic specimens collected from the hands of both shooters and non-shooters, and comparing performance with other analytical techniques such as ICP-MS, electrochemical methods and LIBS. The linear dynamic ranges (LDR) spread across the low ppb range for OGSR (0.3-200 ppb) and low ppm range (0.1-6.0 ppm) for IGSR. The method's accuracy increased overall when both organic and inorganic profiles were combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Feeney
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Gunshot residue (GSR) is a shred of important trace evidence which helps forensic scientists solve a huge range of incidents related to firearms. The identification of the shooter to bullet identification from a gunshot wound help reconstruct a scene of the crime.
Main body
The review of this scientific paper is based on gunshot residue, its composition, and the growing advanced technology which allow us to study about how GSR analysis help to identify and detect residues. Various methods are acquired to identify and analyze organic and inorganic residues present when ammunition is fired. The review highlights the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis part which emphasize on all the methods developed so far. The use of conventional methods including colorimetric and instrumentation-based analysis and advanced technology including electrochemical technique for detecting residues from the last 50 years. Spot tests or chemical tests were performed but they degrade the sample and can sometimes cause hindrance with some other nearby material present at the crime scene. Instrumentation techniques including AAS, ICP-MS, SEM, SEM-EDX, GC, HPLC, etc. are discussed in detail. Mostly advanced electrochemical methods developed are for inorganic gunshot residues (IGSR), but some researchers worked on both residues. Also, the fabricated electrochemical cells are replaced by a single strip-based technique for easy detection. So, to combat these issues, various scientists are moving towards sensor-based methods for rapid and reliable detection. These methods are more user-friendly, sensitive, and cost-effective and provide rapid detection results.
Conclusions
This review results in the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis using sophisticated methods that emphasize all the methods developed so far and it also culminates the merits and demerits of all detection methods.
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Bessa BGDO, Silva-Neto HDA, Coltro WKT, Rocha TL, Lopes WR. Lead toxicity in Lucilia cuprina and electrochemical analysis: a simple and low-cost alternative for forensic investigation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3201-3208. [PMID: 33665673 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Entomotoxicology allows the detection and analysis of substances such as poisons, drugs, and metals in necrophagous insects using analytical protocols. In a forensic situation related to death by gunshot, the gunshot residue (GSR) is dispersed at the crime scene and may be consumed by necrophagous insects. Lead (Pb) is the most abundant metal in GSR samples and it can be determined using non-portable methods. However, the toxicity effects of GSR samples on Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and the detection of Pb via portable electrochemical methods have not been investigated. This study describes for the first time the toxicity analysis of Pb on immature L. cuprina through their survival rate and influence of Pb on immature development. In addition, the bioaccumulation of Pb in the larvae samples was determined based on square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) measurements. The results revealed a low limit of detection to Pb (6.5 μg L-1) and the analytical performance was satisfactory because it measures Pb levels in larvae exposed to a diet containing 50 μg Pb g-1. Furthermore, the levels of Pb influenced the survival rate and development time of the immature L. cuprina. Larvae exposed to a high concentration of the metal (50 μg Pb g -1) showed statistically significant changes (p < 0.05). The presence of Pb in immature L. cuprina can be used to estimate the post-mortem interval; thus, the present study provides important information in forensic entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara G de O Bessa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago L Rocha
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Welinton R Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
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Look before washing and cleaning: A caveat to pathologists and anthropologists. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 79:102137. [PMID: 33647534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Partially or totally skeletonized bodies are undoubtedly the most challenging scenario to deal with for forensic pathologists and anthropologists. Indeed, in such cases, being able to figure out the cause and manner of death is often tricky. Human remains require to be washed and cleaned before a thorough assessment of any signs of trauma. However, bones and any fragment of more or less putrefied soft tissues may be home to crucial traces for investigative purposes. They are often located in the context of apparently meaningless dirt and, sometimes they are even invisible to the naked eye. Therefore, their careless cleaning inevitably leads to an unintentional loss of such traces with a negative impact on subsequent investigations. For these reasons before proceeding with cleaning, exhaustive examination and sampling must be carried out. In particular fragments of soft tissues, even if putrefied, are absolutely not to be considered as a hindrance for forensic purposes, since they could still provide valuable information after histological examination. Finally, forward-thinking professionals should think about the possible presence of exogenous micro-traces of forensic concern and collect specimens to be analyzed through in-depth analyses, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDX). The present series of cases demonstrates that crucial forensic information can be obtained through the analysis of apparently meaningless residues and even of micro-traces not visible to the naked eye and mixed with trivial dirt.
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Black O, Smith SC, Roper C. Advances and limitations in the determination and assessment of gunshot residue in the environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111689. [PMID: 33396021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) stemming from the discharge of firearms has been essential to advancements in the field of forensic science however the human and environmental health impacts from GSR are far less researched. GSR represents a multifaceted concern: it contains a complex mixture of inorganic and organic components and produces airborne particles with variable sizes, depositions, and fates. Herein we evaluate studies in the literature examining GSR collection, deposition, composition, environmental contamination, and potential remediation techniques within the last two decades (2000 - 2020). Throughout we reflect upon key findings and weaknesses in relation to environmental characterization of GSR and associated firearm contaminants. Research focused on techniques to analyze both inorganic and organic GSR simultaneously has begun, but requires additional effort. A vast majority of the available environmental characterization literature focuses on soil contamination at outdoor firing ranges for a select number of elements (Cu, Pb, Sb) with comparisons between ranges or at different collection distances and depths. There is limited ability for between study comparisons due to collection and analysis differences as well as a lack of background soil sampling. Notably, these studies lack direct quantification of the contribution of contaminants from GSR as well as analysis of organic compounds. Currently, there is a need for air monitoring to determine the composition, deposition, and fate of GSR, particularly in outdoor settings. This review summarizes the collection, characterization, and environmental studies related to GSR and highlights areas of research needed to establish the environmental health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Black
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samuel Cole Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Courtney Roper
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Charles S, Geusens N, Vergalito E, Nys B. Interpol review of gunshot residue 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2021; 2:416-428. [PMID: 33385140 PMCID: PMC7770441 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in gunshot residue analysis from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Geusens
- INCC-NICC, Chaussée de Vilvorde 100, B-1120, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Nys
- INCC-NICC, Chaussée de Vilvorde 100, B-1120, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Tandem detection of organic and inorganic gunshot residues using LC–MS and SEM-EDS. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 314:110389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Simultaneous determination of lead and antimony in gunshot residue using a 3D-printed platform working as sampler and sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1130:126-136. [PMID: 32892932 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
3D-printing is an emerging technique that enables the fast prototyping of multiple-use devices. Herein we report the fabrication of a 3D-printed graphene/polylactic acid (G-PLA) conductive electrode that works as a sampler and a voltammetric sensor of metals in gunshot residue (GSR) using a commercially-available G/-PLA filament. The 3D-printed surface was used as swab to collect GSR and next submitted to a square-wave voltammetric scan for the simultaneous detection of Pb2+ and Sb3+. The proposed sensor presented excellent analytical performance, with limit of detection values of 0.5 and 1.8 μg L-1 to Pb2+ and Sb3+, respectively, and linear ranges between 50 and 1500 μg L-1. Sampling was performed through the direct contact of G-PLA electrode in hands and clothes of shooters, followed by immersion in the electrochemical cell in the presence of supporting electrolyte for the SWASV scan. The proposed method showed a great performance in the recovery, identification and semi-quantification of Pb2+ and Sb3+ in the evaluated samples without the need for sample preparation. Moreover, the device can be reused as sampler and sensor (until three times without loss of electrochemical performance) and the fabrication is reproducible (RSD = 7%, for three different devices). Hence, this 3D-printed material is an excellent candidate for the analysis of GSR, an indispensable analysis in the forensic field.
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15
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Feeney W, Vander Pyl C, Bell S, Trejos T. Trends in composition, collection, persistence, and analysis of IGSR and OGSR: A review. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Redouté Minzière V, Werner D, Schneider D, Manganelli M, Jung B, Weyermann C, Gassner A. Combined Collection and Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Gunshot Residues. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1102-1113. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Werner
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles University of Lausanne Bâtiment Batochime 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Daniela Schneider
- Forensic Science Laboratory Kantonspolizei Aargau Tellistrasse 85 5000 Aarau Switzerland
| | - Manuela Manganelli
- Forensic Science Laboratory Kantonspolizei Aargau Tellistrasse 85 5000 Aarau Switzerland
| | - Balthasar Jung
- Forensic Science Laboratory Kantonspolizei Aargau Tellistrasse 85 5000 Aarau Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles University of Lausanne Bâtiment Batochime 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Anne‐Laure Gassner
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles University of Lausanne Bâtiment Batochime 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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17
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Gassner AL, Weyermann C. Prevalence of organic gunshot residues in police vehicles. Sci Justice 2020; 60:136-144. [PMID: 32111286 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the organic gunshot residue (OGSR) background level of police vehicles in Switzerland. Specimens from 64 vehicles belonging to two regional police services were collected and analysed by LC-MS in positive mode. The driver's and back seats were sampled separately to monitor potential differences between locations and to assess the risks of a suspect being contaminated by OGSR during transportation to a police station. The results showed that most of the 64 vehicles were uncontaminated (44 driver's seats and 38 back seats respectively). Up to six of the seven targeted compounds were detected in a single sample, once on a driver's seat and twice on back seats. The contamination frequency generally decreased as the number of compounds detected together increased. The amounts detected were in the low ng range and less than amounts generally detected just after discharge on a shooter. Our data indicated that detecting a combination of four or more compounds on a police vehicle seat appears to be a relatively rare occurrence. The background contamination observed was most probably due to secondary transfer from police officers (e.g. through recent participation in a shooting session or firearm manipulation) or from firearms stored in the vehicles. The present results might be used as a recommendation to minimize contact of a suspect with contaminated surfaces if OGSR is implemented in routine work in parallel to IGSR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Gassner
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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18
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Khandasammy SR, Rzhevskii A, Lednev IK. A Novel Two-Step Method for the Detection of Organic Gunshot Residue for Forensic Purposes: Fast Fluorescence Imaging Followed by Raman Microspectroscopic Identification. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11731-11737. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby R. Khandasammy
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Alexander Rzhevskii
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2 Radcliff Rd., Tewksbury, Massachusetts 01876, United States
| | - Igor K. Lednev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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19
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Donghi M, Mason K, Romolo FS. Detecting Gunshot Residue from Sellier & Bellot Nontox Heavy Metal‐free Primer by
in situ
Cathodoluminescence. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1658-1667. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Mason
- Ardennes Analytique Hungary Kft Szőce Hungary
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20
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Goudsmits E, Blakey LS, Chana K, Sharples GP, Birkett JW. The analysis of organic and inorganic gunshot residue from a single sample. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 299:168-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Single shot, single sample, single instrument detection of IGSR and OGSR using LC/MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 299:215-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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An investigation on the secondary transfer of organic gunshot residues. Sci Justice 2019; 59:248-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Manganelli M, Weyermann C, Gassner AL. Surveys of organic gunshot residue prevalence: Comparison between civilian and police populations. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 298:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Secondary transfer of organic gunshot residues: Empirical data to assist the evaluation of three scenarios. Sci Justice 2019; 59:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Mistek E, Fikiet MA, Khandasammy SR, Lednev IK. Toward Locard's Exchange Principle: Recent Developments in Forensic Trace Evidence Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:637-654. [PMID: 30404441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mistek
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Marisia A Fikiet
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Shelby R Khandasammy
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Igor K Lednev
- Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , 1400 Washington Avenue , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
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26
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A forensic investigation on the persistence of organic gunshot residues. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 292:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Merli D, Amadasi A, Mazzarelli D, Cappella A, Castoldi E, Ripa S, Cucca L, Cattaneo C, Profumo A. Comparison of Different Swabs for Sampling Inorganic Gunshot Residue from Gunshot Wounds: Applicability and Reliability for the Determination of Firing Distance. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:558-564. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Merli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Pavia V.le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Alberto Amadasi
- LABANOF Laboratorio di Antropologia ed Odontologia Forense Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni Università degli Studi di Milano v. Mangiagalli 37 Milano Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche sede operativa di Medicina Legale Università degli Studi di Bologna Via Irnerio 49 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Debora Mazzarelli
- LABANOF Laboratorio di Antropologia ed Odontologia Forense Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni Università degli Studi di Milano v. Mangiagalli 37 Milano Italy
| | - Annalisa Cappella
- LABANOF Laboratorio di Antropologia ed Odontologia Forense Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni Università degli Studi di Milano v. Mangiagalli 37 Milano Italy
| | - Elisa Castoldi
- LABANOF Laboratorio di Antropologia ed Odontologia Forense Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni Università degli Studi di Milano v. Mangiagalli 37 Milano Italy
| | - Stefano Ripa
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Pavia V.le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Lucia Cucca
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Pavia V.le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- LABANOF Laboratorio di Antropologia ed Odontologia Forense Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni Università degli Studi di Milano v. Mangiagalli 37 Milano Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Pavia V.le Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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28
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Heringer RD, Ranville JF. Gunshot residue (GSR) analysis by single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). Forensic Sci Int 2018; 288:e20-e25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Maitre M, Kirkbride KP, Horder M, Roux C, Beavis A. Thinking beyond the lab: organic gunshot residues in an investigative perspective. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2018.1457718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Maitre
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - K. P. Kirkbride
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M. Horder
- Forensic Ballistics Investigation Section, Forensic Services Group, NSW Police Force, Surry Hills, Australia
| | - C. Roux
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A. Beavis
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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30
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Fedick PW, Bain RM. Swab touch spray mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of organic gunshot residue from human hand and various surfaces using commercial and fieldable mass spectrometry systems. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Hofstetter C, Maitre M, Beavis A, Roux CP, Weyermann C, Gassner AL. A study of transfer and prevalence of organic gunshot residues. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 277:241-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Brożek-Mucha Z. Trends in analysis of gunshot residue for forensic purposes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5803-5811. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Stability of smokeless powder compounds on collection devices. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 270:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Stevens B, Bell S, Adams K. Initial evaluation of inlet thermal desorption GC–MS analysis for organic gunshot residue collected from the hands of known shooters. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Gassner AL, Ribeiro C, Kobylinska J, Zeichner A, Weyermann C. Organic gunshot residues: Observations about sampling and transfer mechanisms. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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