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Gagliani F, Di Giulio T, Grecchi S, Benincori T, Arnaboldi S, Malitesta C, Mazzotta E. Green Synthesis of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based on a Novel Thiophene-Derivative for Electrochemical Sensing. Molecules 2024; 29:1632. [PMID: 38611911 PMCID: PMC11013891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
An environmentally friendly and sustainable approach was adopted to produce a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) via electropolymerization, with remarkable electrochemical sensing properties, tested in tyrosine (tyr) detection. The 2,2'-bis(2,2'-bithiophene-5-yl)-3,3'-bithianaphtene (BT2-T4) was chosen as functional monomer and MIP electrosynthesis was carried out via cyclic voltammetry on low-volume (20 μL) screen-printed carbon electrodes (C-SPE) in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((BMIM) TFSI). An easy and rapid washing treatment allowed us to obtain the resulting MIP film, directly used for tyr electrochemical detection, carried out amperometrically. The sensor showed a linear response in the concentration range of 15-200 μM, with LOD of 1.04 µM, LOQ of 3.17 μM and good performance in selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Tyrosine amperometric detection was also carried out in human plasma, resulting in a satisfactory recovery estimation. The work represents the first use of BT2-T4 as a functional monomer for the production of a molecularly imprinted polymer, with a green approach afforded by using a few microliters of a room temperature ionic liquid as an alternative to common organic solvents on screen-printed carbon electrodes, resulting in a valuable system that meets the green chemistry guidelines, which is today an essential criterion in both research and application field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gagliani
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Tiziano Di Giulio
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.G.)
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.G.)
| | - Cosimino Malitesta
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.G.); (C.M.)
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2
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Arnaboldi S, Salinas G, Bonetti G, Cirilli R, Benincori T, Kuhn A. Bipolar electrochemical rotors for the direct transduction of molecular chiral information. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 218:114740. [PMID: 36179630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Efficient monitoring of chiral information of bioactive compounds has gained considerable attention, due to their involvement in different biochemical processes. In this work, we propose a novel dynamic system for the easy and straightforward recognition of chiral redox active molecules and its possible use for the efficient measurement of enantiomeric excess in solution. The approach is based on the synergy between the localized enantioselective oxidation of only one of the two antipodes of a chiral molecule and the produced charge-compensating asymmetric proton flux along a bipolar electrode. The resulting clockwise or anticlockwise rotation is triggered only when the probe with the right chirality is present in solution. The angle of rotation shows a linear correlation with the analyte concentration, enabling the quantification of enantiomeric ratios in mixtures where the two antipodes are present in solution. This device was successfully used to simultaneously measure different ratios of the enantiomers of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and tryptophan. The versatility of the proposed approach opens up the possibility to use such a dynamic system as a straightforward (bio)analytical tool for the qualitative and quantitative discrimination of different redox active chiral probes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33607, Pessac, France
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33607, Pessac, France.
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3
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Arnaboldi S, Grecchi S, Vaghi L, Penoni A, Scapinello L, Buzzi IF, Cirilli R, Pierini M, Benincori T, Mussini PR. Trópos
and
Átropos
Biindole Chiral Electroactive Monomers: A Voltammetry and HPLC Comparative Insight. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Luca Vaghi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Penoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Luca Scapinello
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Ivo Franco Buzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci Istituto Superiore di Sanita' Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Marco Pierini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
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Abstract
π-conducting materials such as chiral polythiophenes exhibit excellent electrochemical stability in doped and undoped states on electrode surfaces (chiral electrodes), which help tune their physical and electronic properties for a wide range of uses. To overcome the limitations of traditional surface immobilization methods, an alternative pathway for the detection of organic and bioorganic targets using chiral electrodes has been developed. Moreover, chiral electrodes have the ability to carry functionalities, which helps the immobilization and recognition of bioorganic molecules. In this review, we describe the use of polythiophenes for the design of chiral electrodes and their applications as electrochemical biosensors.
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Salinas G, Arnaboldi S, Bonetti G, Cirilli R, Benincori T, Kuhn A. Hybrid light-emitting devices for the straightforward readout of chiral information. Chirality 2021; 33:875-882. [PMID: 34617330 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry has gained increasing attention in recent years as an attractive transduction concept in analytical chemistry in general and, more specifically, in the frame of chiral recognition. Herein, we use this concept of wireless electrochemistry, based on the combination of the enantioselective oxidation of a chiral probe with the emission of light from a light-emitting diode (LED), as an alternative for an easy and straightforward readout of the presence of chiral molecules in solution. A hybrid polymer-microelectronic device was designed, using an inherently chiral oligomer, that is, oligo-(3,3'-dibenzothiophene) and a polypyrrole strip as the anode and cathode of a miniaturized LED. The wireless induced redox reactions trigger light emission when the probe with the right chirality is present in solution, whereas no light emission is observed for the opposite enantiomer. The average light intensity shows a linear correlation with the analyte concentration, and the concept opens the possibility to quantify the enantiomeric excess in mixtures of the molecular antipodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Pessac, France
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Pessac, France.,Dip. Di Chimica, Univ. degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, Pessac, France
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Malacrida C, Scapinello L, Cirilli R, Grecchi S, Penoni A, Benincori T, Ludwigs S. In Situ Electrochemical Investigations of Inherently Chiral 2,2′‐Biindole Architectures with Oligothiophene Terminals. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Malacrida
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Luca Scapinello
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Penoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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Novel chiral voltammetric sensor for tryptophan enantiomers based on 3-neomenthylindene as recognition element. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Maistrenko VN, Zil’berg RA. Enantioselective Voltammetric Sensors on the Basis of Chiral Materials. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820120102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Characterization of Inherently Chiral Electrosynthesized Oligomeric Films by Voltammetry and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225368. [PMID: 33212850 PMCID: PMC7698396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A voltammetric and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) investigation was performed on an inherently chiral oligomer-coated gold electrode to establish its general properties (i.e., conductivity and topography), as well as its ability to discriminate chiral electroactive probe molecules. The electroactive monomer (S)-2,2′-bis(2,2′-bithiophene-5-yl)-3,3′-bibenzothiophene ((S)-BT2T4) was employed as reagent to electrodeposit, by cyclic voltammetry, the inherently chiral oligomer film of (S)-BT2T4 (oligo-(S)-BT2T4) onto the Au electrode surface (resulting in oligo-(S)-BT2T4-Au). SECM measurements, performed in either feedback or competition mode, using the redox mediators [Fe(CN)6]4− and [Fe(CN)6]3− in aqueous solutions, and ferrocene (Fc), (S)-FcEA, (R)-FcEA and rac-FcEA (FcEA is N,N-dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine) in CH3CN solutions, indicated that the oligomer film, as produced, was uncharged. The use of [Fe(CN)6]3− allowed establishing that the oligomer film behaved as a porous insulating membrane, presenting a rather rough surface. This was inferred from both the approach curves and linear and bidimensional SECM scans, which displayed negative feedback effects. The oligomer film acquired semiconducting or fully conducting properties when the Au electrode was biased at potential more positive than 0.6 V vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl. Under the latter conditions, the approach curves displayed positive feedback effects. SECM measurements, performed in competition mode, allowed verifying the discriminating ability of the oligo-(S)-BT2T4 film towards the (S)-FcEA and (R)-FcEA redox mediators, which confirmed the results obtained by cyclic voltammetry. SECM linear scans indicated that the enantiomeric discriminating ability of the oligo-(S)-BT2T4 was even across its entire surface.
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10
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Grecchi S, Arnaboldi S, Korb M, Cirilli R, Araneo S, Guglielmi V, Tomboni G, Magni M, Benincori T, Lang H, Mussini PR. Widening the Scope of “Inherently Chiral” Electrodes: Enantiodiscrimination of Chiral Electroactive Probes with Planar Stereogenicity. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Marcus Korb
- The University of Western AustraliaFaculty of Sciences, School of Molecular Sciences 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley Perth Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei FarmaciIstituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Silvia Araneo
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Vittoria Guglielmi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Giorgio Tomboni
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Mirko Magni
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Technische Universität ChemnitzFaculty of Natural SciencesInstitute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Straße der Nationen 62 D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Patrizia R. Mussini
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
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11
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Arnaboldi S, Gupta B, Benincori T, Bonetti G, Cirilli R, Kuhn A. Absolute Chiral Recognition with Hybrid Wireless Electrochemical Actuators. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10042-10047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bhavana Gupta
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
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12
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Arnaboldi S, Vigo D, Longhi M, Orsini F, Riva S, Grecchi S, Giacovelli E, Guglielmi V, Cirilli R, Longhi G, Mazzeo G, Benincori T, Mussini PR. Self‐Standing Membranes Consisting of Inherently Chiral Electroactive Oligomers: Electrosynthesis, Characterization and Preliminary Tests in Potentiometric Setups. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mariangela Longhi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco Orsini
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”Università degli Studi di Milano Via Celoria 16 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Sephira Riva
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Elena Giacovelli
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Vittoria Guglielmi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei FarmaciIstituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di Brescia Sezione di Fisica c/o, Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di Brescia Sezione di Fisica c/o, Viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta tecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Patrizia R. Mussini
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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Arnaboldi S, Benincori T, Penoni A, Vaghi L, Cirilli R, Abbate S, Longhi G, Mazzeo G, Grecchi S, Panigati M, Mussini PR. Highly enantioselective "inherently chiral" electroactive materials based on a 2,2'-biindole atropisomeric scaffold. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2708-2717. [PMID: 30996988 PMCID: PMC6419939 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04862b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral oligothiophene monomers with C 2 symmetry, based on 3,3'-bithiophene atropisomeric cores with high racemization barriers, have recently been shown to provide excellent chiral starting materials with high electroactivity for the easy preparation of enantiopure electroactive films endowed with powerful chirality manifestations. We now introduce an inherently chiral monomer based on a 2,2'-biindole core, as the prototype of a new inherently chiral monomer family, whose properties could be modulable through functionalization of the pyrrolic N atoms. By fast, regular electrooligomerization the new monomer yields inherently chiral films with high, reversible electroactivity and, above all, impressive enantioselectivity towards very different chiral probes, some of pharmaceutical interest, as general-scope electrode surfaces. Such results, while opening the way to a new, attractive inherently chiral selector class, nicely confirm the general validity of the inherent chirality strategy for chiral electrochemistry. Furthermore, the enantioselectivity of the new selectors not only holds with electroactive chiral probes, but also with circularly polarized light components as well as electron spins, resulting in good chiroptical and spin filter performances, which suggests fascinating correlations between the three contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy .
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 Como , Italy .
| | - Andrea Penoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 Como , Italy .
| | - Luca Vaghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materiali , Università di Milano-Bicocca , Via R. Cozzi 55 , 20125 Milano , Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale , Università degli Studi di Brescia , Viale Europa 11 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale , Università degli Studi di Brescia , Viale Europa 11 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale , Università degli Studi di Brescia , Viale Europa 11 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy .
| | - Monica Panigati
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy .
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAC-CNR) , Via E. Bassini, 15 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Patrizia Romana Mussini
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy .
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Benincori T, Arnaboldi S, Magni M, Grecchi S, Cirilli R, Fontanesi C, Mussini PR. Highlighting spin selectivity properties of chiral electrode surfaces from redox potential modulation of an achiral probe under an applied magnetic field. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2750-2757. [PMID: 30996993 PMCID: PMC6419932 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impressive spin-related effects are observed in cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments performed under an applied magnetic field on a non-ferromagnetic electrode modified with a thin electroactive oligothiophene film, either "inherently chiral" or featuring chiral pendants with stereogenic centres. When flipping the magnet's north/south orientation, the CV peaks of two achiral, chemically reversible Fe(iii)/Fe(ii) redox couples in aqueous or organic solution undergo impressive potential shifts (up to nearly 0.5 V depending on protocol conditions), specularly by changing the film's (R)- or (S)-configuration. The magnitude of the potential shift decreases upon increasing both the polymer film thickness and the distance between the permanent magnet and the electrode surface. Such unprecedented spin-related redox potential modulation, obtained in the absence of a magnetic electrode acting as a spin injector, provides striking evidence (as well as an attractive evaluation criterion) of the spin selectivity properties of chiral thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 , Como , Italy
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Mirko Magni
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 , Roma , Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria "Enzo Ferrari" , Università degli Studi di Modena , Via Vivarelli 10 , 41125 , Modena , Italy .
| | - Patrizia Romana Mussini
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
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15
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Palamà IE, Di Maria F, Zangoli M, D'Amone S, Manfredi G, Barsotti J, Lanzani G, Ortolani L, Salatelli E, Gigli G, Barbarella G. Enantiopure polythiophene nanoparticles. Chirality dependence of cellular uptake, intracellular distribution and antimicrobial activity. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23036-23044. [PMID: 35514476 PMCID: PMC9067287 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04782d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of intrinsic chiral molecules opens the door to bio-imaging specific tools and to the development of target-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Politecnico di Milano
- Dept. of Physics
- I-20133 Milano
- Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi
| | | | - Elisabetta Salatelli
- Dept. of Industrial Chemistry Toso Montanari
- University of Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC
- 73100 Lecce
- Italy
- Dept. of Mathematics and Physics Ennio De Giorgi
- University of Salento
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16
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Arnaboldi S, Cauteruccio S, Grecchi S, Benincori T, Marcaccio M, Biroli AO, Longhi G, Licandro E, Mussini PR. Thiahelicene-based inherently chiral films for enantioselective electroanalysis. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1539-1548. [PMID: 30809372 PMCID: PMC6357859 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantiopure inherently chiral films with helicoidal stereogenicity of outstanding enantiodiscrimination potentialities for chiral redox probes and as spin filters.
Chiral electroanalysis could be regarded as the highest recognition degree in electrochemical sensing, implying the ability to discriminate between specular images of an electroactive molecule, particularly in terms of significant peak potential difference. A groundbreaking strategy was recently proposed, based on the use of “inherently chiral” molecular selectors, with chirality and key functional properties originating from the same structural element. Large differences in peak potentials have been observed for the enantiomers of different chiral molecules, also of applicative interest, using different selectors, all of them based on atropisomeric biheteroaromatic scaffolds of axial stereogenicity. However, helicene systems also provide inherently chiral building blocks with attractive features. In this paper the enantiodiscrimination performances of enantiopure inherently chiral films obtained by electrooxidation of a thiahelicene monomer with helicoidal stereogenicity are presented for the first time. The outstanding potentialities of this novel approach are evaluated towards chiral probes with different chemical nature and bulkiness, in comparison with a representative case of the so far exploited class of inherently chiral selectors with axial stereogenicity. It is also verified that the high enantiodiscrimination ability holds as well for electron spins, as for atropisomeric selectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Silvia Cauteruccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 Como , Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" , Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Alessio Orbelli Biroli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , SmartMatLab Centre , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale , Università degli Studi di Brescia , Viale Europa 11 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | - Emanuela Licandro
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
| | - Patrizia Romana Mussini
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi, 19 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ;
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17
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Benincori T, Gámez-Valenzuela S, Goll M, Bruchlos K, Malacrida C, Arnaboldi S, Mussini PR, Panigati M, López Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Appoloni G, Ludwigs S. Electrochemical studies of a new, low-band gap inherently chiral ethylenedioxythiophene-based oligothiophene. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Benincori T, Appoloni G, Mussini PR, Arnaboldi S, Cirilli R, Quartapelle Procopio E, Panigati M, Abbate S, Mazzeo G, Longhi G. Searching for Models Exhibiting High Circularly Polarized Luminescence: Electroactive Inherently Chiral Oligothiophenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:11082-11093. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Giulio Appoloni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Patricia Romana Mussini
- Dipartimento di Chimica and C.I.Ma.I.NA; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and C.I.Ma.I.NA; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Elsa Quartapelle Procopio
- Dipartimento di Chimica and C.I.Ma.I.NA; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Monica Panigati
- Dipartimento di Chimica and C.I.Ma.I.NA; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAC-CNR); Via E. Bassini 15 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale; Università degli Studi di Brescia; viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale; Università degli Studi di Brescia; viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale; Università degli Studi di Brescia; viale Europa 11 25123 Brescia Italy
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19
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Quartapelle Procopio E, Benincori T, Appoloni G, Mussini PR, Arnaboldi S, Carbonera C, Cirilli R, Cominetti A, Longo L, Martinazzo R, Panigati M, Pò R. A family of solution-processable macrocyclic and open-chain oligothiophenes with atropoisomeric scaffolds: structural and electronic features for potential energy applications. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic and linear inherently chiral oligothiophenes have been employed as donors in bulk heterojunction solar cells with fullerenes as acceptors.
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