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Shellaiah M, Sun KW. Review on Carbon Dot-Based Fluorescent Detection of Biothiols. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:335. [PMID: 36979547 PMCID: PMC10046571 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biothiols, such as cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), play a vital role in gene expression, maintaining redox homeostasis, reducing damages caused by free radicals/toxins, etc. Likewise, abnormal levels of biothiols can lead to severe diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), neurotoxicity, hair depigmentation, liver/skin damage, etc. To quantify the biothiols in a biological system, numerous low-toxic probes, such as fluorescent quantum dots, emissive organic probes, composited nanomaterials, etc., have been reported with real-time applications. Among these fluorescent probes, carbon-dots (CDs) have become attractive for biothiols quantification because of advantages of easy synthesis, nano-size, crystalline properties, low-toxicity, and real-time applicability. A CDs-based biothiols assay can be achieved by fluorescent "Turn-On" and "Turn-Off" responses via direct binding, metal complex-mediated detection, composite enhanced interaction, reaction-based reports, and so forth. To date, the availability of a review focused on fluorescent CDs-based biothiols detection with information on recent trends, mechanistic aspects, linear ranges, LODs, and real applications is lacking, which allows us to deliver this comprehensive review. This review delivers valuable information on reported carbon-dots-based biothiols assays, the underlying mechanism, their applications, probe/CDs selection, sensory requirement, merits, limitations, and future scopes.
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2
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Li X, Chen G, Hu A, Xiong Y, Yang T, Ma C, Li L, Gao H, Zhu C, Zhang W, Cai Z. Detection of mercury(II) and glutathione using a carbon dots-based "off-on" fluorescent sensor and the construction of a logic gate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1397-1409. [PMID: 36639530 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we proposed an efficient method for mercury(II) and glutathione detection using a fluorescent nanoprobe as a sensor. Carbon dots were synthesized from polyethyleneimine and ammonium citrate via a one-step hydrothermal method. The fluorescence of carbon dots was quenched since electron transfer occurred due to the interaction between mercury(II) and functional groups on the surface of carbon dots. Adding glutathione to the carbon dots-mercury(II) system, the fluorescence was recovered due to the stronger binding ability of glutathione to mercury(II). Based on the above-mentioned principle, this "off-on" fluorescent sensor can easily achieve the detection of mercury(II) and glutathione, which provided limits of detection of 22.45 nM and 61.89 nM, respectively. In this paper, the proposed method has been applied to detect mercury(II) and glutathione in real lake water and serum, respectively, and a logic gate for sensing glutathione was presented. The developed "off-on" fluorescent sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity has shown great potential for mercury(II) and glutathione detection in environmental and biosensing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Anqi Hu
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Taiqun Yang
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chun Zhu
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zicheng Cai
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi, 214122, China
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3
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Berthou M, Clarot I, Gouyon J, Steyer D, Monat MA, Boudier A, Pallotta A. Thiol sensing: From current methods to nanoscale contribution. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Wang X, Lin T, Wu W, Wu H, Yan D. Synthesis of N-doped carbon dots for highly selective and sensitive detection of metronidazole in real samples and its cytotoxicity studies. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:4213-4226. [PMID: 34184621 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1946164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation reports the synthesis of N-CDs using glucosamine, ascorbic acid, and ethylenediamine precursors by a simple hydrothermal technique. The formation of N-CDs was proved by various characterisation techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR). The optical properties were investigated by fluorescence and UV-vis spectrophotometer. Also, N-CDs showed high selectivity in detecting the MTZ compared to several other analytes. However, the metronidazole serves as an antibiotic against several microbial diseases but also a genotoxic, carcinogenic to the human when used in excessive dosage. The synthesised N-CDs showed high selectivity in detecting the MTZ compared to several other analytes. Besides, the cytotoxicity of the N-CDs was studied to evaluate its toxicity against the HeLa cancer cells. It showed 65.6% cell viability and 34.3% toxicity against the cancerous cells, and similarly 71% of cells viability against H9C2 cells. Thus, the current investigation explores the promising selective sensing of N-CDs against MTZ, along with that, it proved its cytotoxicity against HeLa cancerous cells and non-toxicity against H9C2 cells. The synthesised CDs can be better MTZ sensors and anti-cancer agents on further development at the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulations and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Industry and Technology Corp., Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulations and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Industry and Technology Corp., Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisuo Wu
- Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Industry and Technology Corp., Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Yan
- Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Industry and Technology Corp., Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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5
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Mahat NA, Nor NSM, Shamsudin SA. Effects of Positive Carbon Quantum Dots on Gram-Negative Bacteria as an Antimicrobial Agent. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Liao S, Ding Z, Wang S, Tan F, Ge Y, Cui Y, Tan N, Wang H. Fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots for high selective detecting p-nitrophenol through FRET mechanism. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 259:119897. [PMID: 33989974 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A facile, friendly and one-step hydrothermal protocol was used to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) by utilizing hexamethylenetetramine and ethanediamine as the carbon and nitrogen sources. It demonstrated good water solubility and fluorescence properties were stable, whether in acidic or alkaline. Quantum yield (QY) of N-CDs was 8.3% at an excitation wavelength of 325 nm with maximum emission at 425 nm. The fluorescence of N-CDs achieved very high fluorescence quenching of 60% in the detection of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) in aqueous medium via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms. Under optimum conditions, fluorescence probs of N-CDs had strong selectivity to p-NP, and the fluorescence intensity was linearly proportional to p-NP concentration from 0.5 to 70.0 μM with a detection limit of 0.201 μM. The corresponding cell experiments were also performed, indicating that the prepared N-CDs possessed low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. Meanwhile, the N-CDs can be used for the determination of p-NP in river water and industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, PR China.
| | - Zui Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Fangyu Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Yi Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Yaqing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Ni Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, PR China.
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Muthurasu A, Ganesh V. Tuning optical properties of nitrogen-doped carbon dots through fluorescence resonance energy transfer using Rhodamine B for the ratiometric sensing of mercury ions. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1857-1865. [PMID: 33885634 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00068c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) that exhibit fluorescence properties are generally derived from carbonaceous materials, and possess ultrasmall sizes with various exciting physical, chemical and photo-properties, which have been used in many different fields in recent time. Here, we have focused on the preparation of nitrogen-doped CDs (N-CDs) that emit a bright blue fluorescence upon exposure to UV excitation. Furthermore, by employing Rhodamine B (RhB) as a donor molecule, the emission color of N-CDs is altered from blue to red. Interestingly, the optical tuning based upon emission from one particular color to various other colors has been achieved by varying the doping ratio of the donor molecule, RhB. The reason is mainly attributed to the non-radiative energy transfer of the exciton energy from an excited donor to an acceptor through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Furthermore, this emission behavior is explored for the ratiometric sensing of mercury ion (Hg2+) in aqueous medium. Among different color emissions, we chose one particular emission color, namely violet, for the detection of the Hg2+ ion. The photoluminescence properties of N-CDs are effectively and systematically quenched with the addition of different mercury ion concentrations, leading to efficient energy transformation arising from the synergetic effect of the electrostatic interaction and metal - ligand coordination between the surface functional groups of N-CDs and Hg2+ ion. On the other hand, RhB has no interaction with Hg2+ ions. These findings provide a way for developing a cheap, selective and suitable sensing matrix for the detection of toxic metal ions, such as mercury (Hg2+) at a low concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muthurasu
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEC) Division, CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR - CECRI), Karaikudi - 630003, Tamil Nadu, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - V Ganesh
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEC) Division, CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR - CECRI), Karaikudi - 630003, Tamil Nadu, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
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8
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Batool M, Junaid HM, Tabassum S, Kanwal F, Abid K, Fatima Z, Shah AT. Metal Ion Detection by Carbon Dots-A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:756-767. [PMID: 32985228 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1824117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of economical, sensitive, selective and robust sensors for metal ion sensing is always fascinating for a chemist because traditional routs for their detection involve complicated instrumentation and critical sample preparation procedures. A large number of metal ion detectors including carbon dots (CDs) have been reported for sensitive and selective detection of metal ions. This review comprehensively explores the use of CDs as metallic cation sensors. CDs are being fabricated from variety of carbon sources by employing various synthetic channels. CDs are proved to be efficient colorimetric and fluorimetric detectors due to surface oxygen moieties which are responsible to co-ordinate with metal ions. Doping of CDs with hetero atom such as N, S, B etc. may further enhance their activity toward metal detection. Therefore, designing of CDs having selective sensing properties with low detection limits has gained significant interest.HighlightsCDs have gained much attention as chemical sensors due to their dynamic features i.e. less toxicity, stability, solubility in various solvents, absorption in UV/Vis. region, fluorescence and tunable physico-chemical properties.These are coast effective, sensitive and selective colorimetric and fluorimetric metal ion sensors.Detection of metal ions by CDs involves different mechanisms such as complexation, aggregation, electron transfer, inner filter effect etc.LOD data is an evidence of their greater efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Batool
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Sobia Tabassum
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farah Kanwal
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Abid
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zara Fatima
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Tufail Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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9
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Carbon dots derived fluorescent nanosensors as versatile tools for food quality and safety assessment: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Xu Y, Fan Y, Zhang L, Wang Q, Fu H, She Y. A novel enhanced fluorescence method based on multifunctional carbon dots for specific detection of Hg 2+ in complex samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 220:117109. [PMID: 31141775 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), especially originated from biomass, have emerged as a rising star for the construction of metal ion sensor because they can serve as sensitive, selective and biocompatible probes. The present work describes a novel kind of ascorbic acid (AA)-enhanced CQDs which are synthesized with a kind of famous green teas, Maojian, serving as carbon source. Compared with the CQDs only based on Maojian teas, citric acid (CA)-enhanced and ascorbic acid (AA)-enhanced CQDs had the enhanced fluorescence intensity, and different response characteristics. In addition, the (AA)-enhanced CQDs showed more sensitive and specific fluorescence response to Hg2+ than simple ones, with a detection limit of 6.32 × 10-9 nmol·L-1. A linear response range from 2.00 × 10-7 mol·L-1 to 6.00 × 10-5 mol·L-1 was also achieved. The (AA)-enhanced CQDs also demonstrate good stability. They could effectively sense the Hg2+ in complex samples including waste water, tea and rice. Therefore, these versatile (AA)-enhanced CQDs fluorescence method hold a promising potential in other promising applications such as pharmaceutical quality, environmental quality, and food safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yao Fan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Yuanbin She
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Tang J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Shi Y, Chen Y, Ding L, Xu W. Influence of Group Modification at the Edges of Carbon Quantum Dots on Fluorescent Emission. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:241. [PMID: 31475303 PMCID: PMC6717743 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed investigation on the effect of functional group modulation at the edges of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) on the fluorescence from the CQDs. The CQDs attached by N, S, and P elements are synthesized via pyrolysis of a mixture of citric acid and NH3H2O, H2SO4, and H3PO4, respectively. Thus, part of -COOH at the edges of CQDs can be converted into -C=O and functional groups such as -NH2, -SO2, -HSO3, and -H2PO4 can connect to the carbon bonds. We find that the formation of the N/S/P-CQDs can reduce the amount of -COOH that attaches to the edges of sp2-conjugated π-domains located at centers of these CQDs. This effect can result in the reduction of the non-radiative recombination for electronic transition in these CQDs. As a result, the quantum yield (QY) for fluorescence from the CQDs can be efficiently enhanced. We demonstrate experimentally that the QYs for N/S/P-CQDs can reach up to 18.7%, 29.7%, and 10.3%, respectively, in comparison to 9% for these without functional group modulation. This work can provide a practical experimental approach in improving the optical properties of fluorescent CQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Tang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Quantum Information of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Quantum Information of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Quantum Information of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiming Xiao
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Quantum Information of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanli Shi
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Quantum Information of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhua Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Quantum Information of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Ding
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Quantum Information of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Quantum Information of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 People’s Republic of China
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12
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Abstract
Carbon and graphene quantum dots (CQDs and GQDs), known as zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials, have been attracting increasing attention in sensing and bioimaging. Their unique electronic, fluorescent, photoluminescent, chemiluminescent, and electrochemiluminescent properties are what gives them potential in sensing. In this Review, we summarize the basic knowledge on CQDs and GQDs before focusing on their application to sensing thus far followed by a discussion of future directions for research into CQDs- and GQD-based nanomaterials in sensing. With regard to the latter, the authors suggest that with the potential of these nanomaterials in sensing more research is needed on understanding their optical properties and why the synthetic methods influence their properties so much, into methods of surface functionalization that provide greater selectivity in sensing and into new sensing concepts that utilize the virtues of these nanomaterials to give us new or better sensors that could not be achieved in other ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiu Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jingquan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Devi P, Rajput P, Thakur A, Kim KH, Kumar P. Recent advances in carbon quantum dot-based sensing of heavy metals in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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De Acha N, Elosúa C, Corres JM, Arregui FJ. Fluorescent Sensors for the Detection of Heavy Metal Ions in Aqueous Media. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19030599. [PMID: 30708989 PMCID: PMC6386841 DOI: 10.3390/s19030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the risks that water contamination implies for human health and environmental protection, monitoring the quality of water is a major concern of the present era. Therefore, in recent years several efforts have been dedicated to the development of fast, sensitive, and selective sensors for the detection of heavy metal ions. In particular, fluorescent sensors have gained in popularity due to their interesting features, such as high specificity, sensitivity, and reversibility. Thus, this review is devoted to the recent advances in fluorescent sensors for the monitoring of these contaminants, and special focus is placed on those devices based on fluorescent aptasensors, quantum dots, and organic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea De Acha
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - César Elosúa
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain.
- Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Public University of Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Jesús M Corres
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain.
- Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Public University of Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Arregui
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain.
- Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Public University of Navarra, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain.
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15
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Molaei MJ. A review on nanostructured carbon quantum dots and their applications in biotechnology, sensors, and chemiluminescence. Talanta 2018; 196:456-478. [PMID: 30683392 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a member of carbon nanostructures family which have received increasing attention for their photoluminescence (PL), physical and chemical stability and low toxicity. The classical semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor particles that are able to emit fluorescence by excitation. The CQDs is mainly referred to photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles less than 10 nm, with surface modification or functionalization. Contrary to other carbon nanostructures, CQDs can be synthesized and functionalized fast and easily. The fluorescence origin of the CQDs is a controversial issue which depends on carbon source, experimental conditions, and functional groups. However, PL emissions originated from conjugated π-domains and surface defects have been proposed for the PL emission mechanisms of the CQDs. These nanostructures have been used as nontoxic alternatives to the classical heavy metals containing semiconductor QDs in some applications such as in-vivo and in-vitro bio-imaging, drug delivery, photosensors, chemiluminescence (CL), and etc. This paper will introduce CQDs, their structure, and PL characteristics. Recent advances of the application of CQDs in biotechnology, sensors, and CL is comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafar Molaei
- Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran.
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16
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A novel fluorescent probe for ascorbic acid based on seed-mediated growth of silver nanoparticles quenching of carbon dots fluorescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:877-883. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Zhou J, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Wang S. A novel ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe based on aggregation-induced emission of silver nanoclusters for the label-free detection of biothiols. Talanta 2018; 188:623-629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Liao S, Huang X, Yang H, Chen X. Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots as a fluorescent probe to detect copper ions, glutathione, and intracellular pH. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7701-7710. [PMID: 30269161 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A facile one-step hydrothermal method was developed to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) by utilizing hexamethylenetetramine as the carbon and nitrogen source. The quantum yield (QY) of 21.7% was under the excitation wavelength of 420 nm with maximum emission at 508 nm. This N-CQD fluorescent probe has been successfully applied to selectively determine the concentration of copper ion (Cu2+) with a linear range of 0.1-40 μM and a limit of detection of 0.09 μM. In addition, the fluorescence of N-CQDs could be effectively quenched by Cu2+ and specifically recovered by glutathione (GSH), which render the N-CQDs as a premium fluorescent probe for GSH detection. This fluorescence "turn-on" protocol was applied to determine GSH with a linear range of 0.1-30 μM as well as a detection limit of 0.05 μM. For pH detection, there is good linearity in the pH range of 2.87-7.24. Furthermore, N-CQD is a promising and convenient fluorescent pH, Cu2+, and glutathione sensor with brilliant biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity in environmental monitoring and bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Xueqian Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
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19
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Chen A, Peng X, Pan Z, Shao K, Wang J, Fan M. Visual Assay of Glutathione in Vegetables and Fruits Using Quantum Dot Ratiometric Hybrid Probes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6431-6438. [PMID: 29863863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Future food safety monitoring with simple, fast, and visual methods has become increasingly important. Accordingly, this work was designed to construct a new-style dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent probe (CdSe@SiO2@CdTe) for visual assay of glutathione (GSH) with a "turn on" strategy. After adding Hg2+, the red fluorescence of the outer CdTe quantum dots (QDs) was quenched through both electron transfer and ion-binding processes. Upon the addition of GSH, the red fluorescence occurred again owing to the strong affinity between GSH and Hg2+, whereas the inner green fluorescence of CdSe QDs was unchanged, leading to a clearly recognizable fluorescence color change (from green to orange-red). In the concentration range from 0.1 to 10 μM, the relative fluorescence intensity ratios ( I619/ I535) showed an excellent linear correlation with the concentration of GSH, and the detection limit was as low as 42 nM under optimal conditions. Meanwhile, the ratiometric hybrid probes were successfully applied for direct visual sensing GSH in real vegetable and fruit samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - Xiao Peng
- College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Zaifa Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Kang Shao
- College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Maohong Fan
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
- School of Energy Resources , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
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20
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Retterer ST, Morrell-Falvey JL, Doktycz MJ. Nano-Enabled Approaches to Chemical Imaging in Biosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:351-373. [PMID: 29490189 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and predicting how biosystems function require knowledge about the dynamic physicochemical environments with which they interact and alter by their presence. Yet, identifying specific components, tracking the dynamics of the system, and monitoring local environmental conditions without disrupting biosystem function present significant challenges for analytical measurements. Nanomaterials, by their very size and nature, can act as probes and interfaces to biosystems and offer solutions to some of these challenges. At the nanoscale, material properties emerge that can be exploited for localizing biomolecules and making chemical measurements at cellular and subcellular scales. Here, we review advances in chemical imaging enabled by nanoscale structures, in the use of nanoparticles as chemical and environmental probes, and in the development of micro- and nanoscale fluidic devices to define and manipulate local environments and facilitate chemical measurements of complex biosystems. Integration of these nano-enabled methods will lead to an unprecedented understanding of biosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Retterer
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA;
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | | | - Mitchel J Doktycz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA;
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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21
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Zhao L, Li H, Xu Y, Liu H, Zhou T, Huang N, Li Y, Ding L. Selective detection of copper ion in complex real samples based on nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4301-4309. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Wang H, Zhang P, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Yang H, Chen S, Zeng R, Long Y, Chen J. Real-time monitoring of endogenous cysteine levels in living cells using a CD-based ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4379-4386. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Sun Y, Ding C, Lin Y, Sun W, Liu H, Zhu X, Dai Y, Luo C. Highly selective and sensitive chemiluminescence biosensor for adenosine detection based on carbon quantum dots catalyzing luminescence released from aptamers functionalized graphene@magnetic β-cyclodextrin polymers. Talanta 2018; 186:238-247. [PMID: 29784355 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a highly selective and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) biosensor was prepared for adenosine (AD) detection based on carbon quantum dots (CQDs) catalyzing the CL system of luminol-H2O2 under alkaline environment and CQDs was released from the surface of AD aptamers functionalized graphene @ magnetic β-cyclodextrin polymers (GO@Fe3O4@β-CD@A-Apt). Firstly, GO@Fe3O4@β-CD and CQDs were prepared and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis absorption spectra (UV), fluorescence spectra (FL), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). For GO@Fe3O4@β-CD, Fe3O4 was easy to separate, GO had good biocompatibility and large specific surface area, and β-CD further increased the specific surface area of the adenosine polymers (A-Apt) to provided larger binding sites to A-Apt. Then, A-Apt was modified on the surface of GO@Fe3O4@β-CD while CQDs was modified by ssDNA (a single stranded DNA partially complementary to A-Apt). The immobilization property (GO@Fe3O4@β-CD to A-Apt) and the adsorption property (GO@Fe3O4@β-CD@A-Apt to CQDs-ssDNA) were sequentially researched. The base-supported chain-like polymers - GO@Fe3O4@β-CD@A-Apt/CQDs-ssDNA was successfully obtained. When AD existed, CQDs-ssDNA was released from the surface of GO@Fe3O4@β-CD@A-Apt and catalyzed CL. After that, under optimized CL conditions, AD could be measured with the linear concentration range of 5.0 × 10-13-5.0 × 10-9 mol/L and the detection limit of 2.1 × 10-13 mol/L (3δ) while the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.4%. Finally, the GO@Fe3O4@β-CD@A-Apt/CQDs-ssDNA-CL biosensor was used for the determination of AD in urine samples and recoveries ranged from 98.6% to 101.0%. Those satisfactory results illustrated the proposed CL biosensor could achieve highly selective, sensitive and reliable detection of AD and revealed potential application for AD detection in monitoring and diagnosis of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Chaofan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Yanna Lin
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Weiyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Yuxue Dai
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Chuannan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
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24
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Carbon dots: emerging theranostic nanoarchitectures. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1219-1232. [PMID: 29366761 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has gained significant interest from biomedical and analytical researchers in recent years. Carbon dots (C-dots), a new member of the carbon nanomaterial family, are spherical, nontoxic, biocompatible, and discrete particles less than 10nm in diameter. Research interest has focused on C-dots because of their ultra-compact nanosize, favorable biocompatibility, outstanding photoluminescence, superior electron transfer ability, and versatile surface engineering properties. C-dots show significant potential for use in cellular imaging, biosensing, targeted drug delivery, and other biomedical applications. Here we discuss C-dots, in terms of their physicochemical properties, fabrication techniques, toxicity issues, surface engineering and biomedical potential in drug delivery, targeting as well as bioimaging.
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25
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Gao Y, Jiao Y, Lu W, Liu Y, Han H, Gong X, Xian M, Shuang S, Dong C. Carbon dots with red emission as a fluorescent and colorimeteric dual-readout probe for the detection of chromium(vi) and cysteine and its logic gate operation. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6099-6107. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01580e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A schematic illustration for assaying Cr(vi) and Cys activity by CDs with both fluorescent and colorimetric readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Gao
- Department Institute of Environmental Science
- and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Yuan Jiao
- Department Institute of Environmental Science
- and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- Department Institute of Environmental Science
- and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department Institute of Environmental Science
- and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Hui Han
- Department Institute of Environmental Science
- and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Xiaojuan Gong
- Department Institute of Environmental Science
- and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Ming Xian
- Department Institute of Environmental Science
- and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- Department Institute of Environmental Science
- and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Department Institute of Environmental Science
- and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
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26
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Ratiometric fluorescent sensing of copper ion based on chromaticity change strategy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6655-6662. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Wang KP, Chen JP, Zhang SJ, Lei Y, Zhong H, Chen S, Zhou XH, Hu ZQ. Thiophene-based rhodamine as selectivef luorescence probe for Fe(III) and Al(III) in living cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5547-5554. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Fluorometric determination and imaging of glutathione based on a thiol-triggered inner filter effect on the fluorescence of carbon dots. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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