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Fu Q, Yang X, Wang M, Zhu K, Wang Y, Song J. Activatable Probes for Ratiometric Imaging of Endogenous Biomarkers In Vivo. ACS Nano 2024; 18:3916-3968. [PMID: 38258800 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic variations in the concentration and abnormal distribution of endogenous biomarkers are strongly associated with multiple physiological and pathological states. Therefore, it is crucial to design imaging systems capable of real-time detection of dynamic changes in biomarkers for the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of diseases. Recently, ratiometric imaging has emerged as a widely used technique for sensing and imaging of biomarkers due to its advantage of circumventing the limitations inherent to conventional intensity-dependent signal readout methods while also providing built-in self-calibration for signal correction. Here, the recent progress of ratiometric probes and their applications in sensing and imaging of biomarkers are outlined. Ratiometric probes are classified according to their imaging mechanisms, and ratiometric photoacoustic imaging, ratiometric optical imaging including photoluminescence imaging and self-luminescence imaging, ratiometric magnetic resonance imaging, and dual-modal ratiometric imaging are discussed. The applications of ratiometric probes in the sensing and imaging of biomarkers such as pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), glutathione (GSH), gas molecules, enzymes, metal ions, and hypoxia are discussed in detail. Additionally, this Review presents an overview of challenges faced in this field along with future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Fu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Kang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Jibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Abstract
Biosensing by optical probes is bringing about a revolution in our understanding of physiological and pathological states. Conventional optical probes for biosensing are prone to inaccurate detection results due to various analyte-independent factors that can lead to fluctuations in the absolute signal intensity. Ratiometric optical probes provide built-in self-calibration signal correction for more sensitive and reliable detection. Probes specifically developed for ratiometric optical detection have been shown to significantly improve the sensitivity and accuracy of biosensing. In this review, we focus on the advancements and sensing mechanism of ratiometric optical probes including photoacoustic (PA) probes, fluorescence (FL) probes, bioluminescence (BL) probes, chemiluminescence (CL) probes and afterglow probes. The versatile design strategies of these ratiometric optical probes are discussed along with a broad range of applications for biosensing such as sensing of pH, enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), glutathione (GSH), metal ions, gas molecules and hypoxia factors, as well as the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based ratiometric probes for immunoassay biosensing. Finally, challenges and perspectives are discussed.
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Abstract
We introduce color-shifting fluorophores that reversibly switch between a green and red fluorescent form through intramolecular spirocyclization. The equilibrium of the spirocyclization is environmentally sensitive and can be directly measured by determining the ratio of red to green fluorescence, thereby enabling the generation of ratiometric fluorescent probes and biosensors. Specifically, we developed a ratiometric biosensor for imaging calcium ions (Ca2+ ) in living cells, ratiometric probes for different proteins, and a bioassay for the quantification of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Chemical BiologyMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstrasse 2969120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Julien Hiblot
- Department of Chemical BiologyMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstrasse 2969120HeidelbergGermany
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Popp
- Department of Chemical BiologyMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstrasse 2969120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lin Xue
- Department of Chemical BiologyMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstrasse 2969120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Department of Chemical BiologyMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstrasse 2969120HeidelbergGermany
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
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Ke J, Lu S, Shang X, Liu Y, Guo H, You W, Li X, Xu J, Li R, Chen Z, Chen X. A Strategy of NIR Dual-Excitation Upconversion for Ratiometric Intracellular Detection. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1901874. [PMID: 31763157 PMCID: PMC6864516 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular detection is highly desirable for biological research and clinical diagnosis, yet its quantitative analysis with noninvasivity, sensitivity, and accuracy remains challenging. Herein, a near-infrared (NIR) dual-excitation strategy is reported for ratiometric intracellular detection through the design of dye-sensitized upconversion probes and employment of a purpose-built NIR dual-laser confocal microscope. NIR dye IR808, a recognizer of intracellular analyte hypochlorite, is introduced as energy donor and Yb,Er-doped NaGdF4 upconversion nanoparticles are adopted as energy acceptor in the as-designed nanoprobes. The efficient analyte-dependent energy transfer and low background luminescence endow the nanoprobes with ultrahigh sensitivity. In addition, with the nonanalyte-dependent upconversion luminescence (UCL) excited by 980 nm as a self-calibrated signal, the interference from environmental fluctuation can be alleviated. Furthermore, the dual 808/980 nm excited ratiometric UCL is demonstrated for the quantification of the level of intracellular hypochlorite. Particularly, the intrinsic hypochlorite with only nanomolar concentration in live MCF-7 cells in the absence of exogenous stimuli is determined. Such an NIR dual-excitation ratiometric strategy based on dye-sensitized UCL probes can be easily extended to detect various intracellular analytes through tailoring the reactive NIR dyes, which provides a promising tool for probing biochemical processes in live cells and diagnosing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxi Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Shan Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiaoying Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Yan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Hanhan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Wenwu You
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Xingjun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Jin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Renfu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Xueyuan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Fujian Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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Liu Y, Ren T, Cheng D, Hou J, Su D, Yuan L. An ESIPT-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Highly Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Sulfite in Living Cells. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1251-1257. [PMID: 31608204 PMCID: PMC6779067 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel ratiometric fluorescent probe HPQRB with an ESIPT effect based on Michael addition for highly sensitive and fast detection of sulfite in living HepG2 cells is reported. HPQRB can be easily synthesized by a two-step condensation reaction. HPQRB has a large emission shift (Δλ=116 nm), which is beneficial for fluorescence imaging research, and its sulfite-responsive site is based on a rhodamine-like structure with the emission peak at 566 nm, which decreases with increasing sulfite concentration. and its HPQ structure always has an ESIPT effect throughout the reaction process, keeping the emission peak at 450 nm as a self-reference. In particular, HPQRB has high selectivity for sulfite and responds quickly (within 30 s) with a low detection limit (44 nM). Furthermore, HPQRB has been successfully used for fluorescence imaging of sulfite in HepG2 cells, demonstrating the superior ability to detect sulfite under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Liu
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Tian‐Bing Ren
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Dan Cheng
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Jianing Hou
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124P. R. China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Lab of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
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Chen A, Peng X, Pan Z, Shao K, Wang J, Fan M. Visual Assay of Glutathione in Vegetables and Fruits Using Quantum Dot Ratiometric Hybrid Probes. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:6431-6438. [PMID: 29863863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Future food safety monitoring with simple, fast, and visual methods has become increasingly important. Accordingly, this work was designed to construct a new-style dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent probe (CdSe@SiO2@CdTe) for visual assay of glutathione (GSH) with a "turn on" strategy. After adding Hg2+, the red fluorescence of the outer CdTe quantum dots (QDs) was quenched through both electron transfer and ion-binding processes. Upon the addition of GSH, the red fluorescence occurred again owing to the strong affinity between GSH and Hg2+, whereas the inner green fluorescence of CdSe QDs was unchanged, leading to a clearly recognizable fluorescence color change (from green to orange-red). In the concentration range from 0.1 to 10 μM, the relative fluorescence intensity ratios ( I619/ I535) showed an excellent linear correlation with the concentration of GSH, and the detection limit was as low as 42 nM under optimal conditions. Meanwhile, the ratiometric hybrid probes were successfully applied for direct visual sensing GSH in real vegetable and fruit samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - Xiao Peng
- College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Zaifa Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Kang Shao
- College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Maohong Fan
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
- School of Energy Resources , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
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Ge L, Sun X, Hong Q, Li F. Ratiometric NanoCluster Beacon: A Label-Free and Sensitive Fluorescent DNA Detection Platform. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:13102-13110. [PMID: 28367619 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although researches until now have emphasized the influence of an oligonucleotide sequence on the fluorescence of oligonucleotide-stabilized silver nanoclusters (AgNCs), this influence has been explored as a novel ratiometric fluorescent signal transduction in this work. This study builds on our original discovery of a template-transformation phenomenon, which demonstrated that the connection of a special DNA fragment (5'-CACCGCTTT-3') with a green-emitting AgNC nucleation sequence (GNuS, 5'-TGCCTTTTGGGGACGGATA-3') creates a red-emitting AgNC nucleation sequence (RNuS, 5'-CACCGCTTTTGCCTTTTGGGGACGGATA-3'). Attempts to expand this idea and construct elegant ratiometric NanoCluster Beacons (NCBs) for DNA sequence detection are not straightforward, and, thus, we carried out a series of investigations with the goal of understanding the mechanism of this template-transformation phenomenon. Experimental results showed that the six-nucleotide fragment (5'-CACCGC-3') at the 5'-end of RNuS acts as a template convertor and takes full responsibility for the template transformation from GNuS to RNuS. Moreover, we found that the appropriate proximity of the convertor to GNuS also plays a significant role in the template transformation. We then show that the insights gained here for the template-transformation mechanism allow us to construct ratiometric NCBs by simply appending the convertor and the GNuS onto a rationally designed stem-loop probe. This new type of NCB emits intense red fluorescence without the addition of a target DNA and emerges as a new, bright green emission only when hybridized to its target DNA. By measuring the distinct variation in the fluorescence intensity ratios of green and red emission, this ratiometric NCB was demonstrated to sensitively detect Hepatitis-A virus gene sequences, a proof-of-concept target in this work, with good selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ge
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Ximei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Qing Hong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
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Liu Z, Zhou X, Miao Y, Hu Y, Kwon N, Wu X, Yoon J. A Reversible Fluorescent Probe for Real-Time Quantitative Monitoring of Cellular Glutathione. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5812-5816. [PMID: 28371097 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to monitor and quantify glutathione (GSH) in live cells is essential in order to gain a detailed understanding of GSH-related pathological events. However, owing to their irreversible response mechanisms, most existing fluorescent GSH probes are not suitable for this purpose. We have developed a ratiometric fluorescent probe (QG-1) for quantitatively monitoring cellular GSH. The probe responds specifically and reversibility to GSH with an ideal dissociation constant (Kd ) of 2.59 mm and a fast response time (t1/2 =5.82 s). We also demonstrate that QG-1 detection of GSH is feasible in a model protein system. QG-1 was found to have extremely low cytotoxicity and was applied to determine the GSH concentration in live HeLa cells (5.40±0.87 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Research Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133-002, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Research Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133-002, China
| | - Yu Miao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Research Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133-002, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Nahyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Research Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133-002, China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
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Zhou H, Mei J, Chen YA, Chen CL, Chen W, Zhang Z, Su J, Chou PT, Tian H. Phenazine-Based Ratiometric Hg 2+ Probes with Well-Resolved Dual Emissions: A New Sensing Mechanism by Vibration-Induced Emission (VIE). Small 2016; 12:6542-6546. [PMID: 27346870 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phenazines exhibit intriguing vibration-induced emission (VIE) owing to the fast intrinsic vibration of benzo[a,c]phenazine moiety. For the first time, a phenazine-based ratiometric fluorescent probe DBPST is developed for recognizing Hg2+ via restriction of VIE. Upon binding with Hg2+ , DBPST demonstrates two well-resolved emission peaks (over 130 nm) with a wide tuning color and affords a large signal-to-background ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ju Mei
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, China
| | - Chi-Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, China
| | - Jianhua Su
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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