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Thakur CK, Martins FG, Karthikeyan C, Bhal S, Kundu CN, Moorthy NSHN, Sousa SF. In silico-guided discovery and in vitro validation of novel sugar-tethered lysinated carbon nanotubes for targeted drug delivery of doxorubicin. J Mol Model 2024; 30:261. [PMID: 38985223 PMCID: PMC11236919 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with lysine via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and conjugated to galactose or mannose are potential nanocarriers that can effectively bind to the lectin receptor in MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In this work, a method based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to predict the interaction of these functionalized MWCNTs with doxorubicin and obtain structural evidence that allows a better understanding of the drug loading and release process. The MD simulations showed that while doxorubicin only interacted with pristine MWCNTs through π-π stacking interactions, functionalized MWCNTs were also able to establish hydrogen bonds, suggesting that the functionalized groups improve doxorubicin loading. Moreover, the elevated adsorption levels observed for functionalized nanotubes further support this enhancement in loading efficiency. MD simulations also shed light on the intratumoral pH-specific release of doxorubicin from functionalized MWCNTs, which is induced by protonation of the daunosamine moiety. The simulations show that this change in protonation leads to a lower absorption of doxorubicin to the MWCNTs. The MD studies were then experimentally validated, where functionalized MWCNTs showed improved dispersion in aqueous medium compared to pristine MWCNTs and, in agreement with the computational predictions, increased drug loading capacity. Doxorubicin-loaded functionalized MWCNTs demonstrated specific release of doxorubicin in tumor microenvironment (pH = 5.0) with negligible release in the physiological pH (pH = 7.4). Furthermore, doxorubicin-free MWNCT nanoformulations exhibited insignificant cytotoxicity. The experimental studies yielded nearly identical results to the MD studies, underlining the usefulness of the method. Our functionalized MWCNTs represent promising non-toxic nanoplatforms with enhanced aqueous dispersibility and the potential for conjugation with ligands for targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs to breast cancer cells. METHODS The computational model of a pristine carbon nanotube was created with the buildCstruct 1.2 Python script. The lysinated functionalized groups were added with PyMOL and VMD. The carbon nanotubes and doxorubicin molecules were parameterized using the general AMBER force field, and RESP charges were determined using Gaussian 09. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out with the AMBER 20 software package. Adsorption levels were calculated using the water-shell function of cpptraj. Cytotoxicity was evaluated via a MTT assay using MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Drug uptake of doxorubicin and doxorubicin-loaded MWCNTs was measured by fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Kiran Thakur
- Cancept Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lalpur, Amarkantak, Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh, 484887, India
| | - Fábio G Martins
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, BioSIM-Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Chandrabose Karthikeyan
- Cancept Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lalpur, Amarkantak, Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh, 484887, India
| | - Subhasmita Bhal
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Campus-11, Patia,, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Campus-11, Patia,, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - N S Hari Narayana Moorthy
- Cancept Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lalpur, Amarkantak, Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh, 484887, India.
| | - Sérgio F Sousa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, BioSIM-Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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Ramya M, Senthil Kumar P, Rangasamy G, Uma Shankar V, Rajesh G, Nirmala K, Saravanan A, Krishnapandi A. A recent advancement on the applications of nanomaterials in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136416. [PMID: 36099991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and globalization, both on an international and local scale, have caused large quantities of toxic chemicals to be released into the environment. Thus, developing an environmental pollutant sensor platform that is sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective is extremely important. In current years, considerable progress has been made in the expansion of electrochemical sensors and biosensors to monitor the environment using nanomaterials. A large number of emerging biomarkers are currently in existence in the biological fluids, clinical, pharmaceutical and bionanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensor platforms have drawn much attention. Electrochemical systems have been used to detect biomarkers rapidly, sensitively, and selectively using biomaterials such as biopolymers, nucleic acids, proteins etc. In this current review, several recent trends have been identified in the growth of electrochemical sensor platforms using nanotechnology such as carbon nanomaterials, metal oxide nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, biomaterials and polymers. The integration strategies, applications, specific properties and future projections of nanostructured materials for emerging progressive sensor platforms are also observed. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of nanoparticles in the field of electrochemical sensors and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ramya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - V Uma Shankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India
| | - G Rajesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India
| | - K Nirmala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India
| | - A Saravanan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
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In-situ redox-active hybrid graphene platform for label-free electrochemical biosensor: Insights from electrodeposition and electroless deposition. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nohwal B, Chaudhary R, Pundir C. Amperometric l-lysine determination biosensor amplified with l-lysine oxidase nanoparticles and graphene oxide nanoparticles. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kaçar C, Erden PE. An amperometric biosensor based on poly(L-aspartic acid), nanodiamond particles, carbon nanofiber, and ascorbate oxidase-modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of L-ascorbic acid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5315-5327. [PMID: 32533225 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An amperometric L-ascorbic acid biosensor utilizing ascorbate oxidase (AOx) immobilized onto poly(L-aspartic acid) (P(L-Asp)) film was fabricated on carbon nanofiber (CNF) and nanodiamond particle (ND)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Effects of AOx, ND, and CNF amounts were investigated by monitoring the response currents of the biosensor at different amounts of AOx, ND, and CNF. The electropolymerization step of L-aspartic acid on CNF-ND/GCE surface was also optimized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to enlighten the modification steps of the biosensor. The effects of pH and applied potential were studied in detail to achieve the best analytical performance. Under optimized experimental conditions, the AOx/P(L-Asp)/ND-CNF/GCE biosensor showed a linear response to L-ascorbic acid in the range of 2.0 × 10-7-1.8 × 10-3 M with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10-7 M and sensitivity of 105.0 μAmM-1 cm-2. The novel biosensing platform showed good reproducibility and selectivity. The strong interaction between AOx and the P(L-Asp)/ND-CNF matrix was revealed by the high repeatability (3.4%) and good operational stability. The AOx/P(L-Asp)/ND-CNF/GCE biosensor was successfully applied to the determination of L-ascorbic acid in vitamin C effervescent tablet and pharmaceutical powder containing ascorbic acid with good results, which makes it a promising approach for quantification of L-ascorbic acid. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Kaçar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Esra Erden
- Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Science and Arts, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, 06900, Ankara, Turkey.
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Nohwal B, Chaudhary R, Kumar P, Pundir C. Fabrication and application of an amperometric lysine biosensor based on covalently immobilized lysine oxidase nanoparticles onto Au electrode. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:907-915. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Amperometric Biosensors for Tyramine Determination Based on Graphene Oxide and Polyvinylferrocene Modified Screen‐printed Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhu Y, Li C, Wang L, Chen M, Yu J, Liu Q, Chen X. Differential Pulse Voltammetry Determination of Ofloxacin in Human Serum and Urine Based on a Novel Tryptophan‐graphene Oxide‐carbon Nanotube Electrochemical Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiu Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083, Hunan China
| | - Chengkun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083, Hunan China
| | - Lumin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083, Hunan China
| | - Miao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083, Hunan China
| | - Jingang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083, Hunan China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083, Hunan China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083, Hunan China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product SafetyCentral South University Changsha 410083, Hunan China
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An electrochemical nitric oxide biosensor based on immobilized cytochrome c on a chitosan-gold nanocomposite modified gold electrode. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:250-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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