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Hettiarachchi E, Das M, Cadol D, Frey BA, Rubasinghege G. The fate of inhaled uranium-containing particles upon clearance to gastrointestinal tract. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1257-1266. [PMID: 35916312 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00209d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Uranium-bearing respirable dust can cause various health problems, such as cardiovascular and neurological disorders, cancers, immunosuppression, and autoimmunity. Exposure to elevated levels of uranium is linked to many such health conditions in Navajo Nation residents in northwestern New Mexico. Most studies have focused on the fate of inhaled dust particles (<4 μm) in the lungs. However, larger-sized inhaled particles (10-20 μm) can be cleared to the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT), thereby enabling them to interact with stomach and intestinal fluids. Despite the vital importance of understanding the fate of uranium-bearing solids entering the human GIT and their impact on body tissues, cells, and gut microbiota, our understanding remains limited. This study investigated uranium solubility from dust and sediment samples collected near two uranium mines in the Grants Mining District in New Mexico in two simulated gastrointestinal fluids representing fasting conditions in the GIT: Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) and Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF). The dissolution of uranium from dust depends on its mineralogy, fluid pH, and composition. The dust samples from the Jackpile mine favored higher solubility in the SIF solution, whereas the sediment samples from the St. Anthony Mine favored higher solubility in the SGF solution. Further, geochemical calculations performed with the PHREEQC modeling program suggested that samples rich in the minerals andersonite, tyuyamunite, and/or autunite have higher uranium dissolution in the SIF solution than in the SGF solution. We also tested the effect of added kaolinite and microcline, which are both present in some samples. The ratio of dissolved uranium in SGF relative to SIF decreases with the addition of kaolinite for all mineral phases but andersonite. With the addition of microcline, the ratio of dissolved uranium in SGF relative to SIF decreases for all the tested uranium minerals. The most prevalent oxidation state of dissolved uranium was computationally determined as +6, U(VI). The geochemical calculations made with PHREEQC agree with the experimentally observed results. Therefore, this study gives insight into the mineralogy-controlled toxicological assessment of uranium-containing inhaled dust cleared to the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshani Hettiarachchi
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 87801, USA.
| | - Milton Das
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 87801, USA.
| | - Daniel Cadol
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Bonnie A Frey
- New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Gayan Rubasinghege
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 87801, USA.
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Effects of Artificial Sweat Formulation and Extraction Temperature on Estimation of the Dermal Bioaccessibility of Potentially Toxic Elements in a Contaminated Soil from an E-Waste Recycling Site. GEOSCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Informal recycling of electronic waste leads to soil contamination that can impact human health. To accurately assess exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTE) in soil it is necessary to consider their bioavailability through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. However, bioaccessibility tests that estimate dermal absorption following adhesion of contaminated soil particles to skin are not well established. In this study the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were estimated in the <45 µm particle size fraction of a bulk composite soil from an e-waste recycling site using five different artificial sweat formulations. Extractions were performed at temperatures ranging from 17 to 47 °C to investigate the effect of ambient temperature on bioaccessibility. Results obtained using the different artificial sweats were not consistent with one another. In particular, the NIHS 96-10 formulation solubilized larger amounts of analytes (ranging from 6.3 times the next most effective extractant for Cu to 1700 times the next most effective for Pb). There was a general increase in release of PTE with increasing temperature, except for As. Although trends varied between analytes and formulations, this highlights the need to consider ambient temperature when estimating dermal bioaccessibility of PTE in soil.
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Mishra A, Pervez S, Candeias C, Verma M, Bano S, Dugga P, Verma SR, Tamrakar A, Shafi S, Pervez YF, Gupta V. Bioaccessiblity features of particulate bound toxic elements: Review of extraction approaches, concentrations and health risks. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Innes E, Yiu HHP, McLean P, Brown W, Boyles M. Simulated biological fluids - a systematic review of their biological relevance and use in relation to inhalation toxicology of particles and fibres. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:217-248. [PMID: 33905298 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1903386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of simulated biological fluids (SBFs) is a promising in vitro technique to better understand the release mechanisms and possible in vivo behaviour of materials, including fibres, metal-containing particles and nanomaterials. Applications of SBFs in dissolution tests allow a measure of material biopersistence or, conversely, bioaccessibility that in turn can provide a useful inference of a materials biodistribution, its acute and long-term toxicity, as well as its pathogenicity. Given the wide range of SBFs reported in the literature, a review was conducted, with a focus on fluids used to replicate environments that may be encountered upon material inhalation, including extracellular and intracellular compartments. The review aims to identify when a fluid design can replicate realistic biological conditions, demonstrate operation validation, and/or provide robustness and reproducibility. The studies examined highlight simulated lung fluids (SLFs) that have been shown to suitably replicate physiological conditions, and identify specific components that play a pivotal role in dissolution mechanisms and biological activity; including organic molecules, redox-active species and chelating agents. Material dissolution was not always driven by pH, and likewise not only driven by SLF composition; specific materials and formulations correspond to specific dissolution mechanisms. It is recommended that SLF developments focus on biological predictivity and if not practical, on better biological mimicry, as such an approach ensures results are more likely to reflect in vivo behaviour regardless of the material under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Innes
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Humphrey H P Yiu
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Brown
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
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Ettler V, Cihlová M, Jarošíková A, Mihaljevič M, Drahota P, Kříbek B, Vaněk A, Penížek V, Sracek O, Klementová M, Engel Z, Kamona F, Mapani B. Oral bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s in dust materials from mining areas of northern Namibia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:205-215. [PMID: 30654327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ore mining and processing in semi-arid areas is responsible for the generation of metal(loid)-containing dust, which is easily transported by wind to the surrounding environment. To assess the human exposure to dust-derived metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn), as well as the potential risks related to incidental dust ingestion, we studied mine tailing dust (n = 8), slag dust (n = 5) and smelter dust (n = 4) from old mining and smelting sites in northern Namibia (Kombat, Berg Aukas, Tsumeb). In vitro bioaccessibility testing using extraction in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) was combined with determination of grain-size distributions, chemical and mineralogical characterizations and leaching tests conducted on original dust samples and separated PM10 fractions. The bulk and bioaccessible concentrations of the metal(loid)s were ranked as follows: mine tailing dusts < slag dusts ≪ smelter dusts. Extremely high As and Pb bioaccessibilities in the smelter dusts were caused by the presence of highly soluble phases such as arsenolite (As2O3) and various metal-arsenates unstable under the acidic conditions of SGF. The exposure estimates calculated for an adult person of 70 kg at a dust ingestion rate of 50 mg/day indicated that As, Pb (and also Cd to a lesser extent) grossly exceeded tolerable daily intake limits for these contaminants in the case of slag and smelter dusts. The high risk for smelter dusts has been acknowledged, and the safety measures currently adopted by the smelter operator in Tsumeb are necessary to reduce the staff's exposure to contaminated dust. The exposure risk for the local population is only important at the unfenced disposal sites at Berg Aukas, where the PM10 exhibited high levels of bioaccessible Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Ettler
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Cihlová
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Jarošíková
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mihaljevič
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Drahota
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Kříbek
- Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Vaněk
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Penížek
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondra Sracek
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mariana Klementová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Engel
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Fred Kamona
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ben Mapani
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
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Wang C, Guo J, Liang S, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wang X. Long-term variations of the riverine input of potentially toxic dissolved elements and the impacts on their distribution in Jiaozhou Bay, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8800-8816. [PMID: 29327195 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of the potentially toxic dissolved elements (PTEs) As, Hg, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Cu in the main rivers into Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) during 1981-2006 were measured, and the impact of the fluvial PTE fluxes on their distributions in the bay was investigated. The overall average concentration in the rivers into JZB ranged from 8.8 to 39.6 μg L-1 for As, 10.1 to 632.6 ng L-1 for Hg, 4.1 to 3003.6 μg L-1 for Cr, 8.5 to 141.9 μg L-1 for Pb, 1.1 to 34.2 μg L-1 for Cd, and 13.2 to 1042.8 μg L-1 for Cu. The interannual average concentration variations of the PTEs in these rivers were enormous, with maximum differences of 41-21,680 times, while their relative seasonal changes were far smaller with maximum differences of 3-12 times. The total annual fluvial fluxes for As, Hg, and Cr into JZB exhibited the inverse "U" pattern, while those for Pb and Cd showed the "N" pattern. As a whole, the total annual Cu flux presented a growing tendency from 1998 to 2006. In general, the changing trends of the PTE concentrations in JZB were similar to those of their annual fluxes from the rivers, indicating a great impact of their fluvial fluxes on their distributions in JZB. The annual concentration of Cd in the bay almost remained constant and differed from the fluvial flux of Cd. The diversified pattern of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) represented China's approach to industrialization as "improving while developing."
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Jiangsu Research Center for Ocean Survey Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jinqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shengkang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yanqun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266100, China
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