1
|
Alatta A, Nassar M, Gorduysus M, Alkhatib W, Sayed M. In Vitro Investigation of the Effects of Various Reducing Agents on Dentin Treated with Hydrogen Peroxide. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1473. [PMID: 38891420 PMCID: PMC11174467 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effect of non-protein thiols (NPSH), reduced glutathione (GSH) and n-acetylcysteine (NAC), on resin shear bond strength (SBS) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated dentin, and their effects on the characteristics of dentin in comparison to ascorbic acid (AA) and sodium thiosulfate (STS). H2O2-treated dentin was conditioned with 5% AA, GSH, NAC, or STS applied for 1 or 5 min. The positive control group received H2O2 without antioxidant application, and the first negative control group received distilled water (DW). The specimens received resin bonding immediately after treatment except for the second negative control group (delayed bonding). Microhardness, roughness, and topography were studied. The SBS values of all antioxidants were statistically greater than the positive control group (p < 0.05); however, NAC and AA applied for 1 min demonstrated the highest values, which were comparable to delayed bonding. All treatments removed the smear layer except DW, H2O2, and STS. The negative effect of H2O2 on resin-dentin bonding was mitigated by the application of the antioxidants; however, their efficiencies were dependent on the antioxidant type and time of application. NAC was more effective in optimizing resin bonding to bleached dentin compared to GSH at 1 min application and STS at both application times but was comparable to AA. Negligible negative effects on the substrate's roughness and microhardness were detected. The antioxidant properties of the agent and its capacity to remove the smear layer are the processes underpinning the ability of a certain antioxidant to reverse the effect of H2O2 on bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alatta
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohannad Nassar
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mehmet Gorduysus
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Walaa Alkhatib
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahmoud Sayed
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Emamverdian A, Ding Y, Alyemeni MN, Barker J, Liu G, Li Y, Mokhberdoran F, Ahmad P. Benzylaminopurine and Abscisic Acid Mitigates Cadmium and Copper Toxicity by Boosting Plant Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Reducing Metal Accumulation and Translocation in Bamboo [ Pleioblastus pygmaeus (Miq.)] Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122328. [PMID: 36552536 PMCID: PMC9774587 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the influence of phytohormones on the enhancement of bamboo resistance to heavy metal exposure (Cd and Cu). To this end, one-year-old bamboo plants (Pleioblastus pygmaeus (Miq.) Nakai.) contaminated by 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Cu both individually and in combination were treated with 10 µM, 6-benzylaminopurine and 10 µM abscisic acid. The results revealed that while 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Cu accelerated plant cell death and decreased plant growth and development, 10 µM 6-benzylaminopurine and 10 µM abscisic acid, both individually and in combination, increased plant growth by boosting antioxidant activities, non-antioxidants indices, tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity (TAL), as well as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL). Moreover, this combination enhanced protein thiol, total thiol, non-protein, glycine betaine (GB), the content of proline (Pro), glutathione (GSH), photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll and Carotenoids), fluorescence parameters, dry weight in shoot and root, as well as length of the shoot. It was then concluded that 6-benzyl amino purine and abscisic acid, both individually and in combination, enhanced plant tolerance under Cd and Cu through several key mechanisms, including increased antioxidant activity, improved photosynthesis properties, and decreased metals accumulation and metal translocation from root to shoot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abolghassem Emamverdian
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (G.L.); (P.A.); Tel.: +86-133-9079-8855 (Y.D.)
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - James Barker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Guohua Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (G.L.); (P.A.); Tel.: +86-133-9079-8855 (Y.D.)
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Farzad Mokhberdoran
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Govt Degree College, Pulwama 192301, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (G.L.); (P.A.); Tel.: +86-133-9079-8855 (Y.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Concurrent training is able to increase the activity of adenosine deaminase in platelets in young women. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
4
|
Protective capacity of carotenoid trans-astaxanthin in rotenone-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4594. [PMID: 35301354 PMCID: PMC8931097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-astaxanthin (TA), a keto-carotenoid found in aquatic invertebrates, possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Rotenone is used to induce oxidative stress-mediated Parkinson’s disease (PD) in animals. We probed if TA would protect against rotenone-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Trans-astaxanthin (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 10, and 20 mg/10 g diet) and rotenone (0, 250 and 500 μM) were separately orally exposed to flies in the diet to evaluate longevity and survival rates, respectively. Consequently, we evaluated the ameliorative actions of TA (1.0 mg/10 g diet) on rotenone (500 μM)-induced toxicity in Drosophila after 7 days’ exposure. Additionally, we performed molecular docking of TA against selected pro-inflammatory protein targets. We observed that TA (0.5 and 1.0 mg/10 g diet) increased the lifespan of D. melanogaster by 36.36%. Moreover, TA (1.0 mg/10 g diet) ameliorated rotenone-mediated inhibition of Catalase, Glutathione-S-transferase and Acetylcholinesterase activities, and depletion of Total Thiols and Non-Protein Thiols contents. Trans-astaxanthin prevented behavioural dysfunction and accumulation of Hydrogen Peroxide, Malondialdehyde, Protein Carbonyls and Nitric Oxide in D. melanogaster (p < 0.05). Trans-astaxanthin showed higher docking scores against the pro-inflammatory protein targets evaluated than the standard inhibitors. Conclusively, the structural features of TA might have contributed to its protective actions against rotenone-induced toxicity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jia H, Hou D, O'Connor D, Pan S, Zhu J, Bolan NS, Mulder J. Exogenous phosphorus treatment facilitates chelation-mediated cadmium detoxification in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121849. [PMID: 31843404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an on-going environmental pollutant associated with hindered plant growth. In response, plants possess various strategies to alleviate Cd stress, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and chelation-mediated Cd detoxification. The present study examined the Cd defense mechanism of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), taking into account the effect of exogenous phosphorus (P) input. It was found that despite triggering antioxidant enzyme activity, Cd stress heightened lipid peroxidation levels. Exogenous P input partially mitigated the lipid peroxidation impact and decreased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) antioxidant enzymes, revealing reduced ROS-scavenging activity. Importantly, notable relationships were determined between the amount of Cd uptake in the root and the amount of non-protein thiols (R2 = 0.914), glutathione (R2 = 0.805) and phytochelatins (R2 = 0.904) in proportion to the amount of exogenous P applied. The levels of amino acids proline and cysteine were also enhanced by exogenous P input showing their influence in alleviating Cd stress. Overall, it is reported that Cd detoxification in ryegrass plants can be stimulated by exogenous P input, which facilitates chelation-mediated Cd detoxification processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jia
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shizhen Pan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jan Mulder
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rambabu L, Megson IL, Eddleston M. Does oxidative stress contribute to toxicity in acute organophosphorus poisoning? - a systematic review of the evidence. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 58:437-452. [PMID: 31810386 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1693589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Organophosphorus (OP) insecticide self-poisoning is a global problem, killing tens of thousands of people every year. Oxidative stress has been proposed to play a pathological role in OP poisoning, but whether it plays a direct toxic role is currently unclear.Objectives: To determine whether there is consistent evidence of oxidative stress in patients with acute OP insecticide self-poisoning, and whether there are animal or human trial data that indicate that treatment of oxidative stress provides clinical benefit, which would suggest a direct toxic effect of oxidative stress.Methods: We conducted a systematic review using the PubMed, EMBASE and MEDLINE databases, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews, based upon the following search terms and keywords: "organophosphate poisoning", "oxidative stress" and "antioxidant". All articles relevant to the aims of the study were included. Articles related to chronic OP poisoning, to use of medicines without antioxidant benefits, or to subjects other than oxidative stress were excluded. The search returned 256 results of which 17 studies were considered relevant and grouped under the following categories: observational human studies (n = 11) and intervention studies in animals (n = 4) and humans (n = 2).Oxidative stress markers in human studies: Oxidative damage to lipids and proteins was reported in all eleven human studies. Eight of nine studies reported variable increases in a weak marker of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde. In two case-control studies, erythrocyte membrane malondialdehyde concentrations were 380% and 160% higher in cases than controls, while plasma malondialdehyde concentrations were ∼63% higher in cases than controls in three case-control studies. In a prospective study, plasma malondialdehyde did not increase significantly from baseline in moderate or severely poisoned patients. Five case-control studies measured thiol residues as markers of protein oxidative damage and found variable changes after poisoning. No evidence of oxidative DNA damage was found in the one study that investigated it.Antioxidant intervention studies in animals: After treatment with an antioxidant, all four studies showed an improvement in either markers of oxidative damage or antioxidant activity. One mouse study with a relatively low risk of bias showed that administration of acetylcysteine 200 mg/kg reduced malondialdehyde by 35% and increased survival by more than 60%.Antioxidant intervention studies in humans: We found two small randomised controlled trials reporting the use of acetylcysteine as an adjunct to standard treatment in acute OP poisoning. The trials found that acetylcysteine reduced atropine requirements by 77% and 55%, but did not affect clinically relevant outcomes.Conclusions: Several studies showed evidence of OP insecticide-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant activity, suggesting that endogenous antioxidant defences are triggered in acute OP poisoning. However, the markers of lipid peroxidation used were weak, there was high inter-individual variability between studies in results and quality, and marked variation between the OP insecticides involved. Animal data provide some evidence that antioxidants alleviate adverse effects of acute poisoning, suggesting that oxidative stress may directly cause clinical harm. Acetylcysteine appeared beneficial in animal studies, but this could be mediated via increased synthesis of the endogenous detoxifying agent, glutathione, rather than through a direct antioxidant effect. The two human clinical studies were too small to provide any clear evidence to support the use of acetylcysteine in OP poisoning. Further research into the mechanisms of oxidative stress in acute OP poisoning, combined with large unambiguous clinical trials of antioxidants, are required before they can be used routinely in treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian L Megson
- Free Radical Research Facility, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands & Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science and Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alqahtani Y, Wang S, Huang Y, Najmi A, Guan X. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Bis(7-( N-(2-morpholinoethyl)sulfamoyl)benzo[ c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-5-yl)sulfane for Nonprotein Thiol Imaging in Lysosomes in Live Cells. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15300-15307. [PMID: 31660721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiols are critical to cellular structures and functions. Disturbance of cellular thiols has been found to affect cell functions and cause various diseases. Intracellularly, thiols were found unevenly distributed in subcellular organelles. Probes capable of detecting subcellular thiol density in live cells are valuable tools in determining thiols' roles at the subcellular level. The subcellular organelle lysosome is the place where unwanted macromolecules are removed through degradation by hydrolytic enzymes. The degradation also serves as a regulation of a variety of cellular functions such as autophagy, endocytosis, and phagocytosis to maintain cellular homeostasis. Thiols are found to be involved in the lysosomal degradation process. A probe that can detect lysosomal thiols in live cells will be a valuable tool in unveiling the roles of thiols in lysosomes. We would like to report bis(7-(N-(2-morpholinoethyl)sulfamoyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]-oxadiazol-5-yl)sulfane (BISMORX) as a thiol specific fluorogenic agent for live cell nonprotein thiol (NPSH) imaging in lysosomes through fluorescence microscopy. BISMORX itself shows no fluorescence and reacts readily with a NPSH to form a fluorescent thiol adduct with excitation and emission wavelengths of 380 and 540 nm, respectively. BISMORX does not react with compounds containing nucleophilic functional groups other than thiols such as -OH, -NH2, and -COOH. No reaction was observed either when BISMORX was mixed with protein thiols. BISMORX was able to image, quantify, and detect the change of NPSH in lysosomes in live cells. A colocalization experiment with LysoTracker Red DND-99 confirmed that the thiols imaged by BISMORX were indeed lysosomal thiols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions , South Dakota State University , Box 2202C, Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Shenggang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions , South Dakota State University , Box 2202C, Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions , South Dakota State University , Box 2202C, Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions , South Dakota State University , Box 2202C, Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Xiangming Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions , South Dakota State University , Box 2202C, Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alqahtani Y, Wang S, Najmi A, Huang Y, Guan X. Thiol-specific fluorogenic agent for live cell non-protein thiol imaging in lysosomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6463-6473. [PMID: 31448387 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Thiol molecules play a significant role in cellular structures and functions. These molecules are distributed in cells unevenly at the subcellular level. Disturbance of cellular thiols has been associated with various diseases and disorders. Probes that are able to detect subcellular thiol density in live cells are valuable tools in determining thiols' roles at the subcellular level. Lysosomes are a subcellular organelle involved in the degradation of macromolecules through the action of proteolytic enzymes. The degradation not only serves as a way to dispose of unwanted macromolecules but also a way to regulate a variety of cellular functions such as autophagy, endocytosis, and phagocytosis to maintain cell homeostasis. A probe that can detect lysosomal thiols in live cells will be useful in unveiling the roles of thiols in lysosomes. Currently, limited probes are available to detect lysosomal thiols in live cells. We would like to report 4,4'-{[7,7'-thiobis(benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4,4'-sulfonyl)]bis(oxy))bis(naphthalene-2,7-disulfonicacid) (TBONES) as a thiol-specific fluorogenic agent for lysosomal thiol imaging in live cells through fluorescence microscopy. TBONES exhibits no fluorescence and readily reacts with non-protein thiols to form fluorescent thiol adducts with λex = 400 nm and λem = 540 nm. No reaction was observed when TBONES was mixed with compounds containing nucleophilic functional groups other than thiols such as -OH, -NH2, and -COOH. No reaction was observed either when TBONES was mixed with protein thiols. When incubated with cells, TBONES selectively and effectively imaged lysosomal thiols in live cells. Imaging of lysosomal thiols was confirmed by a co-localization experiment with LysoTracker™ Blue DND-22.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202C, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Shenggang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202C, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202C, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202C, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Xiangming Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202C, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao L, Liang Q, Wei T, Shi Y, Deng T, Meng J. Chromatographic determination and in-situ cell imaging of thiol compounds based on a fluorigenic probe. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1577:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Wang S, Yin H, Huang Y, Guan X. Thiol Specific and Mitochondria Selective Fluorogenic Benzofurazan Sulfide for Live Cell Nonprotein Thiol Imaging and Quantification in Mitochondria. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8170-8177. [PMID: 29842788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular thiols are divided into two major categories: nonprotein thiols (NPSH) and protein thiols (PSH). Thiols are unevenly distributed inside the cell and compartmentalized in subcellular structures. Most of our knowledge on functions/dysfunctions of cellular/subcellular thiols is based on the quantification of cellular/subcellular thiols through homogenization of cellular/subcellular structures followed by a thiol quantification method. We would like to report a thiol-specific mitochondria-selective fluorogenic benzofurazan sulfide {7,7'-thiobis( N-rhodamine-benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole-4-sulfonamide) (TBROS)} that can effectively image and quantify live cell NPSH in mitochondria through fluorescence intensity. Limited methods are available for imaging thiols in mitochondria in live cells especially in a quantitative manner. The thiol specificity of TBROS was demonstrated by its ability to react with thiols and inability to react with biologically relevant nucleophilic functional groups other than thiols. TBROS, with minimal fluorescence, formed strong fluorescent thiol adducts (λex = 550 nm, λem = 580 nm) when reacting with NPSH confirming its fluorogenicity. TBROS failed to react with PSH from bovine serum albumin and cell homogenate proteins. The high mitochondrial thiol selectivity of TBROS was achieved by its mitochondria targeting structure and its higher reaction rate with NPSH at mitochondrial pH. Imaging of mitochondrial NPSH in live cells was confirmed by two colocalization methods and use of a thiol-depleting reagent. TBROS effectively imaged NPSH changes in a quantitative manner in mitochondria in live cells. The reagent will be a useful tool in exploring physiological and pathological roles of mitochondrial thiols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenggang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions , South Dakota State University , Box 2202C , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Huihui Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions , South Dakota State University , Box 2202C , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions , South Dakota State University , Box 2202C , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Xiangming Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions , South Dakota State University , Box 2202C , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| |
Collapse
|