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Sahragard A, Dvořák M, Pagan-Galbarro C, Carrasco-Correa EJ, Kubáň P, Miró M. 3D-printed stereolithographic fluidic devices for automatic nonsupported microelectromembrane extraction and clean-up of wastewater samples. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1297:342362. [PMID: 38438239 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a quest of novel functional and reliable platforms for enhancing the efficiency of microextraction approaches in troublesome matrices, such as industrial wastewaters. 3D printing has been proven superb in the analytical field to act as the springboard of microscale extraction approaches. RESULTS In this work, low-force stereolithography (SL) was exploited for 3D printing and prototyping bespoke fluidic devices for accommodating nonsupported microelectromembrane extraction (μEME). The analytical performance of 3D-printed μEME devices with distinct cross-sections, including square, circle, and obround, and various channel dimensions was explored against that of commonly used circular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubing in flow injection systems. A computer-controlled millifluidic system was harnessed for the (i) automatic liquid-handling of minute volumes of donor, acceptor, and organic phases at the low μL level that spanned from 3 to 44 μL in this work, (ii) formation of three-phase μEME, (iii) in-line extraction, (iv) flow-through optical detection of the acceptor phase, and (v) solvent removal and regeneration of the μEME device and fluidic lines. Using methylene blue (MB) as a model analyte, experimental results evinced that the 3D-printed channels with an obround cross-section (2.5 mm × 2.5 mm) were the most efficient in terms of absolute extraction recovery (59%), as compared to PTFE tubing of 2.5 mm inner diameter (27%). This is attributed to the distinctive convex interface of the organic phase (1-octanol), with a more pronounced laminar pattern, in 3D-printed SL methacrylate-based fluidic channels against that of PTFE tubing on account of the enhanced 1-octanol wettability and lower contact angles for the 3D-printed devices. The devices with obround channels were leveraged for the automatic μEME and in-line clean-up of MB in high matrix textile dyeing wastewater samples with relative recoveries ≥81%, RSD% ≤ 17.1% and LOD of 1.3 mg L-1. The 3D-printed nonsupported μEME device was proven superb for the analysis of wastewater samples with an elevated ionic strength (0.7 mol L-1 NaCl, 5000 mg L-1 Na2CO3, and 0.013 mol L-1 NaOH) with recorded electric currents below 12 μA. NOVELTY The coupling of 3D printing with nonsupported μEME in automatic flow-based systems is herein proposed for the first time and demonstrated for the clean-up of troublesome samples, such as wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sahragard
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Miloš Dvořák
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Pagan-Galbarro
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Enrique Javier Carrasco-Correa
- CLECEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
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Zorina M, Dotsenko VV, Nesterenko PN, Temerdashev A, Dmitrieva E, Feng YQ, Atapattu SN. Phthalylglycyl Chloride as a Derivatization Agent for UHPLC-MS/MS Determination of Adrenaline, Dopamine and Octopamine in Urine. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072900. [PMID: 37049663 PMCID: PMC10095875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine, adrenaline and octopamine are small polar molecules that play a vital role in regulatory systems. In this paper, phthalylglycyl chloride was proposed as a derivatization agent for octopamine, adrenaline and dopamine determination in urine for the first time. The derivatization procedure facilitated the use of reversed-phase liquid chromatography with positive electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry. An LC-HRMS method was developed that provided quantification limits of 5 ng/mL and detection limits of 1.5 ng/mL for all analytes. The 95-97% yield of derivates was observed after a 10 min derivatization with phthalylglycyl chloride at pH 6.5 and 30 °C. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of human urine samples. The obtained results were compared with those of conventional derivatization procedures with 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl chloride and dansyl chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zorina
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Victor V Dotsenko
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
- Department of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, North-Caucasus Federal University, 1 Pushkina St., 355000 Stavropol, Russia
| | - Pavel N Nesterenko
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Azamat Temerdashev
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Dmitrieva
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya St., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Evaluation of complexing agents in the gel electro-membrane extraction: An efficient approach for the quantification of zinc (II) ions in water samples. Talanta 2022; 238:123031. [PMID: 34857349 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, gel electro-membrane extraction (G-EME) combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used for the determination of zinc ions (Zn2+) in water samples. For the first time, the effect of the presence of three types of complexing agents such as phenanthroline (Phen), crown ethers (12C4, 15C5, 18C6), and ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) on the extraction efficiency of zinc ions was studied. In addition, the electroendosmosis (EEO) flow as an unwanted actuator was monitored in the presence and absence of complexing agents. By applying 50 V electrical potential across the membrane, the positive charged Zn2+ ions were migrated from a donor phase (pH 5.0) through the agarose gel membrane (pH 5.0, containing a complexing agent) into the acceptor phase (pH 3.0). The obtained results showed that the highest extraction recoveries were obtained when crown ethers, especially 1% (w/v) 18C6 was added to the gel membrane. In addition, EEO flow was decreased in the presence of all complexing agents (except EDTA), probably due to the increase in electrical resistance. Using the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), and extraction recovery% (ER%) were 5.0 μg L-1, 15.0 μg L-1, and 92.5%, respectively. In the end, the applicability of the developed approach was successfully evaluated to determine Zn2+ in tap, mineral, and river water samples.
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Eie LV, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hansen FA. Electromembrane extraction of polar substances - Status and perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114407. [PMID: 34634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of polar substances (log P < 2) is reviewed. EME is an extraction technique based on electrokinetic migration of analyte ions from an aqueous sample, across an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an aqueous acceptor solution. Because extraction is based on voltage-assisted partitioning, EME is fundamentally suitable for extraction of polar and ionizable substances that are challenging in many other extraction techniques. The article provides an exhaustive overview of papers on EME of polar substances. From this, different strategies to improve the mass transfer of polar substances are reviewed and critically discussed. These strategies include different SLM chemistries, modification of supporting membranes, sorbent additives, aqueous solution chemistry, and voltage/current related strategies. Finally, the future applicability of EME for polar substances is discussed. We expect EME in the coming years to be developed towards both very selective targeted analysis, as well as untargeted analysis of polar substances in biomedical applications such as metabolomics and peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal Eie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Hansen FA, Tirandaz S, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of polar bases with different liquid membranes-Link to analyte properties. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2631-2641. [PMID: 33909952 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present fundamental study, selectivity and efficiency of electromembrane extraction of 50 polar basic substances (-6.7 < log P < +1.0) was systematically studied for ten different supported liquid membranes. For each model substance, 23 molecular descriptors were collected and these were investigated as potential parameters for understanding of extraction efficiency and selectivity by means of partial least squares regression. Overall, a highly aromatic deep eutectic solvent composed of coumarin and thymol with addition of 2% ionic carrier (di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate) provided the highest extraction efficiency with an average extraction yield of 69% from pure water samples, 55% from plasma, and 62% from urine. With this solvent system, ionic, cation-π, and π-π interactions between the supported liquid membrane and analytes were dominant. Supported liquid membranes without aromaticity, however, operated primarily based on hydrogen-bonding interactions. This is the first time the relationship between analyte properties, solvent composition, and extraction yield has systematically been studied for polar bases in electromembrane extraction. This new knowledge represents a first step toward enabling future development and optimization of electromembrane extraction systems for polar bases based on rational design, rather than trial-and-error approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shima Tirandaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Daryanavard SM, Zolfaghari H, Abdel-Rehim A, Abdel-Rehim M. Recent applications of microextraction sample preparation techniques in biological samples analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5105. [PMID: 33660303 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of biological samples is affected by interfering substances with chemical properties similar to those of the target analytes, such as drugs. Biological samples such as whole blood, plasma, serum, urine and saliva must be properly processed for separation, purification, enrichment and chemical modification to meet the requirements of the analytical instruments. This causes the sample preparation stage to be of undeniable importance in the analysis of such samples through methods such as microextraction techniques. The scope of this review will cover a comprehensive summary of available literature data on microextraction techniques playing a key role for analytical purposes, methods of their implementation in common biological samples, and finally, the most recent examples of application of microextraction techniques in preconcentration of analytes from urine, blood and saliva samples. The objectives and merits of each microextration technique are carefully described in detail with respect to the nature of the biological samples. This review presents the most recent and innovative work published on microextraction application in common biological samples, mostly focused on original studies reported from 2017 to date. The main sections of this review comprise an introduction to the microextraction techniques supported by recent application studies involving quantitative and qualitative results and summaries of the most significant, recently published applications of microextracion methods in biological samples. This article considers recent applications of several microextraction techniques in the field of sample preparation for biological samples including urine, blood and saliva, with consideration for extraction techniques, sample preparation and instrumental detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hesane Zolfaghari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Iran
| | - Abbi Abdel-Rehim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Rehim
- Functional Materials Division, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Bavlovič Piskáčková H, Øiestad EL, Váňová N, Lengvarská J, Štěrbová-Kovaříková P, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of anthracyclines from plasma: Comparison with conventional extraction techniques. Talanta 2020; 223:121748. [PMID: 33298272 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) of the polar zwitterionic drugs, anthracyclines (ANT, doxorubicin, daunorubicin and its metabolite daunorubicinol), from rabbit plasma was investigated. The optimized EME was compared to conventional sample pretreatment techniques such as protein precipitation (PP) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), mainly in terms of extraction reliability, recovery and matrix effect. In addition, phospholipids profile in the individual extracts was evaluated. The extracted samples were analyzed using UHPLC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The method was validated within the concentration range of 0.25-1000 ng/mL for all tested ANT. Compared with PP and LLE, the EME provided high extraction recovery (more than 80% for all ANT) and excellent sample clean-up (matrix effect were 100 ± 10% with RSD values lower than 4% for all ANT). Furthermore, only negligible amounts of phospholipids were detected in the EME samples. Finally, practical applicability of EME was proved by analysis of plasma samples taken from a pilot in vivo study in rabbits. Consistent results were obtained when using both EME and LLE to extract the plasma prior to the analysis, which further confirmed high reliability of EME. This study clearly showed that EME is a simple, rapid, repeatable technique for extraction of ANT from plasma and it is an up to date alternative to routine conventional extraction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bavlovič Piskáčková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, P.O. Box 4459 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nela Váňová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Júlia Lengvarská
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Štěrbová-Kovaříková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hansen FA, Kubáň P, Øiestad EL, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of highly polar bases from biological samples – Deeper insight into bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as ionic carrier. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1115:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Khan WA, Arain MB, Yamini Y, Shah N, Kazi TG, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Tajik M. Hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction followed by analytical instrumental techniques for quantitative analysis of heavy metal ions and pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:109-122. [PMID: 32373384 PMCID: PMC7192972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and electromembrane extraction (EME) are miniaturized extraction techniques, and have been coupled with various analytical instruments for trace analysis of heavy metals, drugs and other organic compounds, in recent years. HF-LPME and EME provide high selectivity, efficient sample cleanup and enrichment, and reduce the consumption of organic solvents to a few micro-liters per sample. HF-LPME and EME are compatible with different analytical instruments for chromatography, electrophoresis, atomic spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and electrochemical detection. HF-LPME and EME have gained significant popularity during the recent years. This review focuses on hollow fiber based techniques (especially HF-LPME and EME) of heavy metals and pharmaceuticals (published 2017 to May 2019), and their combinations with atomic spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Balal Arain
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, KPK, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrullah Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohammad Tajik
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
![]()
In
this paper, we report the first example of employing a sacrificial
electrode in the acceptor solution during electromembrane extraction
(EME). The electrode was based on a silver wire with a layer of silver
chloride electroplated onto the surface. During EME, the electrode
effectively inhibited electrolysis of water in the acceptor compartment,
by accepting the charge transfer across the SLM, which enabled the
application of 500 μA current without suffering gas formation
or pH changes from electrolysis of water. The electroplating strategy
was optimized with a design-of-experiments (DOE) methodology that
provided optimal conditions of electroplating. With an optimized electrode,
1 cm of the electrode in contact with the acceptor solution inhibited
electrolysis of water for approximately 30 min at 500 μA current
(redox capacity). Further, the redox capacity of the electrode was
found to increase through multiple uses. The advantage of the electrode
was demonstrated by extracting polar analytes at high-current conditions
in a standard EME system comprising 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE)
as SLM and 10 mM HCl as sample/acceptor solutions. Application of
high current enabled significantly higher recoveries than could otherwise
be obtained at 100 μA. Sacrificial electrodes were also tested
in μ-EME and were found beneficial by eliminating detrimental
bubble formation. Thus, the sacrificial electrodes improved the stability
of μ-EME systems. The findings of this paper are important for
development of stable and robust systems for EME operated at high
voltage/current and for EME performed in narrow channels/tubing where
bubble formation is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik A Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tajabadi F, Ghambarian M. Carrier-mediated extraction: Applications in extraction and microextraction methods. Talanta 2020; 206:120145. [PMID: 31514894 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present review is mainly focused on the overview of carrier mediated extraction (principles and applications) being reported over the last two decades and discusses the extraction process through carriers in various extraction methods such as Bulk liquid membranes, supported liquid membranes, emulsion liquid membranes and polymer inclusion membranes. Several types of carriers such as neutral, anionic, cationic, macrocyclic and supramulecular carriers are discussed. Also their application for metal, anions, drugs and environmental compounds are investigated. Carriers have been demonstrated to be useful for the selective extraction and recovery of numerous cations and anions enhancing the extraction properties of traditional solvent extraction and ion-exchange processes. Several types of carriers have different transport mechanisms. In these mechanisms, transport configurations are addressed and emphasized and the detailed information on the type of carrier are presented along with their specific separation modes. The performance of different carriers in terms of selectivity as well as efficiency are also discussed. Finally, the application of different carriers for the extraction of various compounds are compared and reviewed. To our best knowledge no reviews have been published on carrier-mediated extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Tajabadi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mahnaz Ghambarian
- Iranian Research and Development Center for Chemical Industries, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Electromembrane Extraction of Highly Polar Compounds: Analysis of Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Plasma. Metabolites 2019; 10:metabo10010004. [PMID: 31861366 PMCID: PMC7022788 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a major concern in today’s society, with more than 17.5 million deaths reported annually worldwide. Recently, five metabolites related to the gut metabolism of phospholipids were identified as promising predictive biomarker candidates for CVD. Validation of those biomarker candidates is crucial for applications to the clinic, showing the need for high-throughput analysis of large numbers of samples. These five compounds, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), choline, betaine, l-carnitine, and deoxy-l-carnitine (4-trimethylammoniobutanoic acid), are highly polar compounds and show poor retention on conventional reversed phase chromatography, which can lead to strong matrix effects when using mass spectrometry detection, especially when high-throughput analysis approaches are used with limited separation of analytes from interferences. In order to reduce the potential matrix effects, we propose a novel fast parallel electromembrane extraction (Pa-EME) method for the analysis of these metabolites in plasma samples. The evaluation of Pa-EME parameters was performed using multi segment injection–capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS). Recoveries up to 100% were achieved, with variability as low as 2%. Overall, this study highlights the necessity of protein precipitation prior to EME for the extraction of highly polar compounds. The developed Pa-EME method was evaluated in terms of concentration range and response function, as well as matrix effects using fast-LC-MS/MS. Finally, the developed workflow was compared to conventional sample pre-treatment, i.e., protein precipitation using methanol, and fast-LC-MS/MS. Data show very strong correlations between both workflows, highlighting the great potential of Pa-EME for high-throughput biological applications.
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Electromembrane extraction with solvent modification of the acceptor solution: improved mass transfer of drugs of abuse from human plasma. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:755-771. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Electromembrane extraction (EME) of 37 drugs of abuse with significant differences in terms of polarity (0.68 < log P < 4.3) and basicity (1.17 < pKa < 10.38) was investigated from human plasma. Materials & methods: EME was performed with 250 mM trifluoroacetic acid and DMSO (1:1 v/v) in the acceptor solution. Results & conclusion: The analytes were extracted efficiently with pure 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether as supported liquid membrane when the acceptor solution was modified with DMSO. Thus, using DMSO mixed with 250 mM trifluoroacetic acid (1:1, v/v) as acceptor solution, recoveries from 40 to 105% (relative standard deviation <20%) were obtained for 33 of the analytes under optimized conditions. EME followed by ultra-HPLC–MS/MS analysis was evaluated from human plasma, and the results were satisfactory.
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Lendor S, Hassani SA, Boyaci E, Singh V, Womelsdorf T, Pawliszyn J. Solid Phase Microextraction-Based Miniaturized Probe and Protocol for Extraction of Neurotransmitters from Brains in Vivo. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4896-4905. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lendor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Seyed-Alireza Hassani
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, PMB 407817, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ezel Boyaci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Thilo Womelsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, PMB 407817, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1P3, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Tabani H, Nojavan S, Alexovič M, Sabo J. Recent developments in green membrane-based extraction techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:244-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Drouin N, Rudaz S, Schappler J. New supported liquid membrane for electromembrane extraction of polar basic endogenous metabolites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:53-59. [PMID: 29980019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of polar endogenous compounds remains an important issue in bioanalysis although different techniques have been evaluated. Among them, electromembrane extraction (EME) is a relevant approach but supported liquid membranes (SLMs) dedicated to polar molecules are still lacking. In this study 22 organic solvents were evaluated as SLMs on a set of 45 polar basic metabolites (log P from -5.7 to 1.5) from various biochemical families. To investigate a large variety of organic solvents, a parallel electromembrane extraction device was used and a constant current approach was applied to circumvent the heterogeneous conductivities of the different SLMs. Among the tested organic solvents, 2-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (NPPE) appeared the most efficient SLM with the extraction of a large variety of polar cationic metabolites, high extraction yields, and low extraction variabilities. The applied current and the composition of the acceptor and donor solutions were also evaluated and 300 μA per well and acetic acid 1% (v/v), both as acceptor and donor compartments, were the most efficient conditions. The new SLM and the optimized experimental parameters were successfully applied to the extraction of precipitated plasma samples. Although the extraction recovery decreased for most compounds in the biological matrix, process efficiency (PE) up to 90% and low extraction variability (RSD between 2 and 18%) were obtained for several very polar compounds such as choline or acetylcholine, emphasizing the potential of EME for polar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Drouin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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18
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Drouin N, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Sample preparation for polar metabolites in bioanalysis. Analyst 2018; 143:16-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a primary step of any bioanalytical workflow, especially in metabolomics where maximum information has to be obtained without spoiling the analytical instrument. The sample extraction of polar metabolites is still challenging but strategies exist to enable the phase transfer of hydrophilic metabolites from the biological phase to a clean interference-free phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Drouin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
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